解剖学工作者的职业病在工作环境中举证责任倒置的探讨

甲醛可引起机体一系列异常反应,针对解剖工作者所处的工作环境,可以通过改善工作环境、使用检测仪器和定期进行体检来预防甲醛对机体的危害,在防治职业病的发生的基础上,认识到职业病在工作环境中的举证责任倒置问题,可以对疾病进行早发现和早治疗,并对职业病的法律维权有所帮助。     

一种新的害虫——大豆根瘤条斑蝇

大豆根瘤条斑蝇Rivellia basilaris(Wiedemann)是在广东增城发现的危害大豆根瘤的一种新害虫。准确鉴定该虫是开展调查、监测与防治等各项工作的基础。本文对该虫成虫的形态特征进行了详细描述,并提供了形态和危害状彩色图片,为该虫准确鉴定提供了依据。     

水稻对稻瘿蚊抗性与补偿力初探

近年来 ,我县受稻瘿蚊危害涉及到的乡镇不断增加 ,面积不断扩大 ,被危害的轻则损失 2- 3成 ,重则损失 7- 8成甚至绝收 ,已成为我县水稻生产危害性最大 ,防治成本最高的害虫。为了探明水稻对稻瘿蚊的抗性 ,寻找一条防效好、成本低的新途径 ,我站与县农科所合作于1 998年下半年开展了该课题的探讨 ,现将结果报告如下 :1　材料与方法试验选用特优明 86、特优 70、汕优 6 3、汕优明 86、特优 6 3、汕优多系 1号、D2 97优 6 3、汕优 6 6 9、特优 1 55、GER3十个晚稻组合进行抗性比较。试验在农科所稻田进行 ,早季种烟 ,土壤肥力较好。试验于 6…     

郑州市惠济区2005—2012年NGU疫情流行病学分析

目的通过分析郑州市惠济区2005—2012年非淋菌性尿道炎(NGU)的流行特征,提出惠济区今后对NGU的防治措施。方法采用描述流行病学方法,对惠济区NGU疫情的三间分布及传播途径进行描述。结果2005—2012年惠济区共报告NGU患者450例,疫情呈上升趋势,发病率由3.75/10万上升到30.00/10万。女性发病率明显高于男性,男女之比为1∶8,25~34岁为高发年龄段,占总病例数的80.44%。职业分布以商业服务、农民工、企业工人为主要发病人群,结论惠济区NGU疫情日趋严重,应加强对重点人群的监测和管理,强化各项干预措施,降低发病率。     

172例矽肺患者的血液流变学改变（摘要）

１７２例矽肺患者的血液流变学改变（摘要）广西区职业病防治研究所黎达平本文报告对１７２例矽肺患者血液流变学进行检测。其中矽肺Ⅰ期９８例、Ⅱ期５１例,Ⅲ期２３例。年龄３６～７７岁,平均５６岁。接触尘工龄为１０～３５年,平均１９年。并以１２０例正常健康者作...     

2019年国产口服轮状病毒活疫苗质量控制中病毒滴度趋势分析

目的对口服轮状病毒活疫苗(oral rotavirus vaccine, ORV)质量控制中的病毒滴度进行趋势分析。方法利用CCID_(50)+ELISA检测国内企业2019年生产的ORV的关键控制指标(病毒滴度),根据检测结果计算均值,建立警戒限(均值■和行动限(均值■,绘制趋势分析图,进行连续性和周期性趋势分析;并将中国食品药品检定研究院(National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, NIFDC)病毒滴度结果与企业病毒滴度结果进行比较。结果病毒滴度趋势分析显示NIFDC检测结果未见超趋势(out of trend, OOT),企业检测结果有1次连续10批以上结果高于平均值,经偏差调查证实生产、质控和检测环节均未发现异常情况,分析原因可能是其中有多批成品来自同一批原液。2019年度和2018年度比较结果显示年度间具有较好的一致性。NIFDC与企业病毒滴度结果显示均检测结果差异没有统计学意义(P=0.082 7,P0.05);Bland-Altman法统计显示97%批次的检测结果的差值位于2倍标准差(2s)以内。结论对2019年国产ORV病毒滴度的趋势分析反映出该制品的批间一致性以及生产工艺的稳定性良好。     

2006～2008年我院法定报告传染病疫情分析

目的了解鹰潭市人民医院法定传染病报告情况,分析其流行病学特点,为制定传染病防治对策及降低传染病的发生提供科学依据。方法对鹰潭市人民医院2006～2008年法定传染病疫情资料进行分析．结果共报告法定传染病19种,累计报告发病4170例,其中无甲类传染病报告。主要病种为感染性腹泻、肺结核、病毒性肝炎、流行性腮腺炎、菌痢,占报告总数的93．62％;死亡13例（5个病种）．结论肺结核、乙型肝炎、肠道传染病是今后传染病防治工作的重点和难点,应加大管理力度．做好传染病的预防和控制工作．     

刺槐掌舟蛾的生物学特性及防治

刺槐掌舟蛾PhaleragroleiMoors属鳞翅目、舟蛾科,是危害刺槐的重要害虫。为探讨科学防治技术,1993～1995年作者在日照市东港区对该虫的生物学特性进行了系统观察研究,现将结果报告如下。1危害在鲁东南日照沿海和苏北地区调查发现,刺槐掌舟蛾只危害刺槐,虫株率达引％,危害严重的植株,幼虫把叶片,叶柄和嫩梢全部食光,致使树势明显衰弱,影响生长。2生物学特性2．l生活史刺槐掌舟蛾在鲁东南沿海地区一年发生2代,以老熟幼虫在树下10cm左右深土下化蛹越冬。翌年4月下旬成虫羽化、产卵,5月上旬第一代幼虫开始孵化危害,5月中旬开始老…     

黑尾卷象的初步研究

黑尾卷象ApoderusnigroapicatusJekel近年来在山东荣成地区是危害刺槐的主要害虫。1年发生2代,以成虫于土中越冬。5～9月危害,10月上旬入土越冬。卵、幼虫、蛹在卷叶筒内生活;成虫食叶危害。本文报告了该虫的形态特征、年生活史、生活习性及天敌等,并提出了防治措施。     

加强传染病管理与医院感染管理

目的:探讨传染病防治管理措施的应用价值与效果.方法:以2009年1月至2010年6月间的院内管理为对照组;以2010年7月至2011年12月间的院内管理措施为研究组,采用传染病防治管理措施.结果:两组管理方法传染病患者发生率无显著差异(P＞0.05);研究组传染病预防管理措施院内感染发生率明显低于对照组,数据经统计学比较具有显著差异(P＜0.05).研究组管理方法下患者临床满意度明显高于对照组,数据经统计学比较具有显著差异(P＜0.05).结论:传染病预防管理措施有利于有效阻断院内感染源的传播,进而减少交叉感染发生率,提高患者满意度.     

Zoonoses of occupational health importance in contemporary laboratory animal research

In contemporary laboratory animal facilities, workplace exposure to zoonotic pathogens, agents transmitted to humans from vertebrate animals or their tissues, is an occupational hazard. The primary (e.g., macaques, pigs, dogs, rabbits, mice, and rats) and secondary species (e.g., sheep, goats, cats, ferrets, and pigeons) of animals commonly used in biomedical research, as classified by the American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, are established or potential hosts for a large number of zoonotic agents. Diseases included in this review are principally those wherein a risk to biomedical facility personnel has been documented by published reports of human cases in laboratory animal research settings, or under reasonably similar circumstances. Diseases are listed alphabetically, and each section includes information about clinical disease, transmission, occurrence, and prevention in animal reservoir species and humans. Our goal is to provide a resource for veterinarians, health-care professionals, technical staff, and administrators that will assist in the design and on-going evaluation of institutional occupational health and safety programs.     

剑阁县2001～2010 年法定传染病流行特征及防治对策分析

目的:通过分析10年法定传染病疲情的流行趋势和三间分布特征,为制定传染病预防控制策略和措施提供依据.方法:采用描述性流行病学方法分析疫情趋势和三间分布情况,数据资料用SPSS10.0和Excel 2003进行统计分析.结果:2001～2010年共报告乙、丙类传染病25种26 129例,年均发病率386.89/10万,年均死亡率0.15/10万,10年间报告法定传染病以血源及性传播传染病和呼吸道传染病为主,居第1位的是血源及性传播传染病,共报告5种12 453例,占53.03％;其次是呼吸道传染病,共报告5种9828例,占41.85％,近3年发病居于各类传染病首位;第三位的是肠道传染病,共报5种1149例,占4.89％.发病居前5位的传染为乙肝、肺结核、流行性腮腺炎、痢疾、麻疹,主要传染病以乙肝、肺结核为主,近年性传播疾病呈快速增长趋势.结论:血源及性传播传染病和呼吸道传染病是今后重点防控传染病.     

Statistical measurements of accuracy in cervical cytology

Statistical measures that can be used to monitor the level of accuracy of cervical cytologic screening are examined: sensitivity, the false-negative rate, the interval cancer rate among women with negative reports and the predictive value of a positive test. Sensitivity and the false-negative rate are subject to biases and problems of determination that may make them less useful as measures of accuracy. The interval cancer rate and the positive predictive value may be better methods of assessing the frequency of serious abnormalities following negative cytologic reports and the accuracy of cytologic reports of serious abnormalities, respectively. It is important to recognize that no single measure of accuracy can adequately define a laboratory's performance. The use of statistical analyses can be invaluable in placing in context the criticisms of cervical cytology as an appropriate screening test for the prevention of cervical cancer; statistical analysis should be used as one component of quality control.     

Coronary heart disease and mortality in middle aged men from different occupational classes in Sweden.

In the Gothenburg primary prevention study 7083 middle aged men were classified into five categories by occupational state. A retrospective analysis of the data showed that low occupational class was associated with slight increases in smoking rates, systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol concentration, body mass index, and heart rate. Alcohol abuse was strongly associated with low occupational class. After a mean of 11.8 years'' follow up the incidence of coronary heart disease was found to be strongly and inversely related to occupational class. For death from coronary heart disease this association fell just below significance when other risk factors were taken into account, but the inverse association between non-fatal myocardial infarction and occupational class persisted even in multivariate analysis. A weak but independent inverse relation was found between occupational class and fatal cancer. Mortality from all causes in the lowest occupational class was 12% compared with 6% in the highest class, and this difference could only partly be explained by other factors. After 10 years a sub-sample of the men were examined again. Risk factors had decreased in all occupational classes, but the changes in risk were not associated with occupational class. Social class, defined by occupation, in Sweden is clearly related to the incidence of coronary heart disease.     

Tuberculosis in Healthcare Workers: A Matched Cohort Study in Taiwan

Background

Proportional mortality ratio data indicate that healthcare workers (HCWs) have an elevated tuberculosis (TB) mortality. Whether this is caused by an increased TB incidence, a worse TB treatment outcome, or a combination of effects, remains unclear. To elucidate the hazard components of occupational TB, we assessed TB incidence and TB treatment outcome among HCWs in Taiwan.

Methods

We compared the incidence of active TB among HCWs at a major medical center in Taiwan with that of Taiwan general population in 2004–2012. We also compared the TB treatment outcome of HCWs with that of age/sex-matched non-HCW patients treated at the same hospital, as well as that of nationally registered TB patients.

Results

The standardized TB incidence ratio of the HCWs was 1.9 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2–2.9), compared with the general population. HCWs with pulmonary TB (n = 30) were less likely to have underlying diseases, delay in diagnosis, delay in treatment, or side effects of treatment, compared with age/sex-matched non-HCW TB patients (n = 120) (all Ps<0.05). The TB treatment outcome of HCWs was significantly better than that of non-HCW patients (TB-related mortality: 0.0% vs. 5.8%, P = 0.008, Mantel-Haenszel test). The standardized TB-related mortality rate was 1.08% [95% CI: 0.96% - 1.20%] for all of the nationally registered TB patients in Taiwan.

Conclusions

HCWs are at increased risk of active TB, compared with general population. To mitigate this occupational hazard, more efforts need to be directed towards the prevention of nosocomial TB transmission. Healthy worker effect, more rapid diagnosis, and less delay in treatment contribute to a lower TB-related mortality in HCWs.     

Study on the Trend and Disease Burden of Injury Deaths in Chinese Population, 2004–2010

Injuries are a growing public health concern in China, accounting for more than 30% of all Person Years of Life Lost (PYLL) due to premature mortality. This study analyzes the trend and disease burden of injury deaths in Chinese population from 2004 to 2010, using data from the National Disease Surveillance Points (DSPs) system, as injury deaths are classified based on the International Classification of Disease-10^th Revision (ICD-10). We observed that injury death accounted for nearly 10% of all deaths in China throughout the period 2004–2010, and the injury mortality rates were higher in males than those in females, and higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Traffic crashes (33.79–38.47% of all injury deaths) and suicides (16.20–22.01%) were the two leading causes of injury deaths. Alarmingly, suicide surpassed traffic crashes as the leading cause of injury mortality in rural females, yet adults aged 65 and older suffered the greatest number of fatal falls (20,701 deaths, 2004–2010). The burden of injury among men (72.11%) was about three times more than that of women''s (28.89%). This study provides indispensible evidence that China Authority needs to improve the surveillance and deterrence of three major types of injuries: Traffic-related injury deaths should be targeted for injury prevention activities in all population, people aged 65+ should be encouraged to take individual fall precautions, and prevention of suicidal behavior in rural females should be another key priority for the government of China.     

三甲综合医院住院医师职业倦怠现状调查与影响因素分析

目的:探究三甲综合医院住院医师职业倦怠的发生现状及其影响因素,为预防三甲综合医院住院医师发生职业倦怠提供依据。方法:选择三甲综合医院各临床住院医师218名为研究对象,采用问卷调查住院医师性别、年龄、文化程度、职务、婚姻状况、职称、工作时间、编制及身体健康情况等基线资料及职业倦怠程度,采用logistics回归分析住院医师职业倦怠的影响因素。结果:218例三甲住院医师中119例人(54.59%)发生职业倦怠,其中轻度倦怠者60人(27.52%),中度倦怠者49人(22.48%),重度倦怠者10人(4.59%);身体健康状况一般、差(OR=1.547,5.342;P0.05)是住院医师发生职业倦怠的危险因素,职称为初级、中级、副高及以上(OR=0.893,0.827,0.736;P0.05)是住院医师发生职业倦怠的保护因素。结论:三甲住院医师职业倦怠发生的现状不容乐观,无编制、身体健康状况一般、差是住院医师发生职业倦怠的危险因素,职称为初级、中级、副高及以上是住院医师发生职业倦怠的保护因素。     

佛山市南海区2004—2010年麻疹流行病学特征分析及控制策略探讨

了解佛山市南海区2004—2010年麻疹流行病学特征,为进一步完善和制订消除麻疹策略与措施提供科学依据。采用流行病学方法对佛山市南海区2004—2010年麻疹发病资料进行分析。结果显示,佛山市南海区2004—2010年累计确诊麻疹病例1 376例,年平均发病率为9.24/10万;全年均有发病,3～8月是麻疹高发季节,但近年来随着麻疹防控措施的落实,季节性已不明显;麻疹发病以5岁以下儿童为主,占总发病数的55.7%,,近年来麻疹发病年龄趋势向<1岁人群组和≥15岁人群组发展,这两个年龄组发病数占总发病人数的62.8%;病例中无免疫史或免疫史不详者占92.2%。佛山市南海区麻疹发病年龄分布已逐步呈现"双向位移"现象,加强对重点人群、重点地区的免疫规划管理,提高麻疹疫苗接种率,是控制麻疹发病的有效措施。同时适时开展强化免疫接种是保护易感人群,进而实现消除麻疹的重要策略.     

The epidemiology of occupational heat exposure in the United States: a review of the literature and assessment of research needs in a changing climate

In recent years, the United States has experienced record-breaking summer heat. Climate change models forecast increasing US temperatures and more frequent heat wave events in the coming years. Exposure to environmental heat is a significant, but overlooked, workplace hazard that has not been well-characterized or studied. The working population is diverse; job function, age, fitness level, and risk factors to heat-related illnesses vary. Yet few studies have examined or characterized the incidence of occupational heat-related morbidity and mortality. There are no federal regulatory standards to protect workers from environmental heat exposure. With climate change as a driver for adaptation and prevention of heat disorders, crafting policy to characterize and prevent occupational heat stress for both indoor and outdoor workers is increasingly sensible, practical, and imperative.     

提高医院传染病管理的实践

目的：总结解放军第302医院在防控传染病方面所践采取的措施,提高医院传染病管理相关工作。方法：完善传染病管理组织,明确责任;认真落实传染病管理相关制度;加强相关知识培训,强化医护人员责任意识,提高能动性、自觉性。总结分析以上相关措施实施后,2005年-2010年期间传染病报告情况。结果：2005年-2010年每年传染病疫情报告卡填写完整率逐渐提高,医院传染病报告漏报率呈逐年下降趋势,近两年呈现填写完整无漏报的情况。结论：提高医院传染病管理的相关措施的实施,使医护人员对的传染病防控意识有所提高,做到早发现、早报告、早隔离、早治疗,降低传染病传播风险,有效减少了医院交叉感染的发生,保障人们的生命健康和社会的发展稳定。