剑阁县2001-2010年法定传染病流行特征及防治对策分析

目的：通过分析10年法定传染病疫情的流行趋势和三间分布特征,为制定传染病预防控制策略和措施提供依据。方法：采用描述性流行病学方法分析疫情趋势和三间分布情况,数据资料用SPSS10．0和Excel2003进行统计分析。结果：2001～2010年共报告乙、丙类传染病25种26129例,年均发病率386．89／10万,年均死亡率0．15／10万,10年间报告法定传染病以血源及性传播传染病和呼吸道传染病为主,居第1位的是血源及性传播传染病,共报告5种12453例,占53．03％;其次是呼吸道传染病,共报告5种9828例,占41．85％,近3年发病居于各类传染病首位;第三位的是肠道传染病,共报5种1149例,占4．89％。发病居前5位的传染为乙肝、肺结核、流行性腮腺炎、痢疾、麻疹,主要传染病以乙肝、肺结核为主,近年性传播疾病呈快速增长趋势。结论：血源及性传播传染病和呼吸道传染病是今后重点防控传染病。     

2015年大连高新区传染病疫情分析

摘要：目的 对大连高新区2015年法定报告传染病进行分析,找出其流行规律,为降低和控制传染病发生提供依据。方法 采用描述流行病学分析方法。结果 2015年大连高新区共报告法定传染病13种499例,年发病率390.37/10万,同比上升了19.35%。发病数居前5位的是手足口病、梅毒、猩红热、其他感染性腹泻、肺结核,占发病总数的88.38%。结论 2015年大连高新区法定传染病以肠道传染病、呼吸道传染病、血源及性传播传染病为主,应针对高发传染病的流行特点采取有针对性的预防控制措施,以降低传染病的发病率。     

2006～2008年我院法定报告传染病疫情分析

目的了解鹰潭市人民医院法定传染病报告情况,分析其流行病学特点,为制定传染病防治对策及降低传染病的发生提供科学依据。方法对鹰潭市人民医院2006～2008年法定传染病疫情资料进行分析．结果共报告法定传染病19种,累计报告发病4170例,其中无甲类传染病报告。主要病种为感染性腹泻、肺结核、病毒性肝炎、流行性腮腺炎、菌痢,占报告总数的93．62％;死亡13例（5个病种）．结论肺结核、乙型肝炎、肠道传染病是今后传染病防治工作的重点和难点,应加大管理力度．做好传染病的预防和控制工作．     

鸡西市1957-2003 年法定传染病流行病学分析

目的：分析鸡西市1957-2003年传染病流行趋势和演变规律,为控制和消除传染病制订防治对策提供依据。方法：采用描述流行病学,对鸡西市1957-2003年法定报告传染病发病和死亡情况进行分析。结果：47年共报告传染病22种（328896例）,年平均发病率690．08／10万,死亡率4．90／10万,病死率0,71％。发病率居前5位的为菌痢、麻疹、病毒性肝炎、肺结核和流感;发病率下降幅度较大的有麻疹、百日咳、白喉、脊灰,近10余年相对稳定的主要有病毒性肝炎、菌痢和流行性出血热,呈上升趋势的主要有肺结核、淋病和梅毒。结论：今后应重点加强对病毒性肝炎、菌痢、流行性出血热、肺结核、淋病和梅毒等传染病防治。     

靖西县2007—2011年流行性腮腺炎流行病学分析

目的为了解靖西县流行性腮腺炎的疫情动态,为制定预防控制措施提供依据。方法采用描述流行病学分析方法对靖西县2007—2011年流行性腮腺炎发病情况进行分析。结果 2007—2011年共报告流行性腮腺炎721例,占法定传染病报告数4.03%,占丙类传染病报告数17.82%,报告年均发病率为23.39/10万。2007—2011年发病率呈上升趋势,其中2011年发病率最高达49.32/10万。全年均有发病,以5—7月为发病高峰,占37.86%,5、6、7月发病数分别占13.73%、11.65%、12.48%。全县19个乡镇都有腮腺炎病例发生,以新靖镇发病率居首位达254.52/10万,其次化峒镇的发病率为183.65/10万。发病主要分布0～15岁年龄组,发病人数占89.65%,以4～8岁年龄组发病人数最多,占45.91%。结论靖西县流行性腮腺炎发病率较高,近年发病呈上升趋势,应采取以腮腺炎疫苗接种为重点的综合性预防控制措施,降低学生和托幼机构儿童的发病率。     

活动性肺结核合并下呼吸道感染的致病菌群分析

目的 通过对活动性肺结核合并呼吸道感染的住院患者痰样检测观察,探讨肺结核住院患者下呼吸道致病菌种的分布及药物敏感情况.方法 选取大连市结核病医院1999年1月至2002年1月间住院的活动性肺结核同时合并下呼吸道感染患者164例,对患者晨起漱口后咯出气管深部痰液,置于无菌器皿内及时送检.接种于血平板和伊红美兰平板内24 h后观察,然后按细菌学特征鉴定,及进行抗菌药物体外药敏试验并列表分析.结果 本组肺结核住院患者以Gˉ菌引起的下呼吸道感染为主,占71.8％,真菌感染占28.7％,厌氧菌感染占4.6％,G+球菌占3.8％.单纯感染者59例,占36.0％;伴两种(或两种以上)细菌生长属混合感染105例,占64.0％.结论 肺结核住院患者下呼吸道致病菌种以Gˉ菌为主,真菌感染次之,感染者多为老年复治患者.分析反复发病原因,既往应用多种抗痨药物及抗生素,造成菌群失调导致二重感染.绝大多数肺结核患者营养状况差,住院时间长,极易造成院内感染.菌株检出率相对偏高,且混合感染多.     

2004—2013年深圳市乙型病毒性肝炎流行特征分析

目的了解深圳市乙型病毒性肝炎(乙肝)流行特征,为制定乙肝防控策略提供科学依据。方法用描述性流行病学方法对2004—2013年深圳市乙肝疫情资料进行分析。结果深圳市2004—2013年共报告乙肝病例90 292例,剔除慢性病例71 435例,年均报告发病率为19.72/10万,发病率最高年份2007年为33.29/10万,最低年份2013年为9.32/10万。发病年龄构成中,15岁占1.58%,15~44岁占89.91%,≥45岁占8.52%;以20~30岁为发病高峰期;男性多于女性,男女性别比为3.33∶1(14 503/4 354);工人发病数最多,占总病例数42.3%;市郊发病率高于市区。结论深圳市近6年乙肝发病率呈下降趋势;15岁儿童病例显著减少,表明乙肝疫苗接种成效显著。     

768例肺结核患者下呼吸道感染致病菌耐药性探讨

目的探讨肺结核患者合并下呼吸道感染的致病菌及其耐药性。方法对768例确诊的肺结核患者进行痰和／或支气管肺泡灌洗液进行细菌培养。结果革兰阴性菌596株,占58．1％,对哌拉西林／舒巴坦及头孢哌N／舒巴坦耐药率在5．7％-14．3％。革兰阳性菌201株,占19．6％,对万古霉素耐药率为0。真菌228株,占22．2％,对伊曲康唑耐药,耐药率为10．6％。结论肺结核患者下呼吸道感染,以革兰阴性菌为主,真菌比例呈上升趋势。     

2004—2018年青海省乙型病毒性肝炎流行病学特征分析

目的 了解青海省2004—2018年乙型病毒性肝炎(简称乙肝)流行病学特征,为乙肝防治工作提供科学依据。方法 对青海省15年间乙肝监测数据进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 15年来青海省共报告乙肝患者201931例,年平均报告发病率239.71/10万,总体呈下降趋势。2004—2018年西宁市乙肝报告病例98218例,占48.64%;果洛藏族自治州最低,乙肝报告病例6766例,仅占3.35%。玉树藏族自治州乙肝报告发病率最高332.89/10万,海东市最低133.43/10万,不同地区乙肝报告发病率有统计学意义(χ^2=21997.32,P<0.05)。报告病例主要分布在25~55岁人群中,50~<55岁组发病率最高为454.99/10万,0~<5岁组发病率最低为23.69/10万;男、女性别比为1.57∶1。报告病例职业分布以农、牧民为主,占47.19%。结论 青海省经过多年的计划免疫的实施,乙肝防控效果明显,2009年以后乙肝报告病例呈现平稳状况。     

1990-2011年潍坊市乙型肝炎流行趋势分析

目的分析1990-2011年潍坊市乙型病毒性肝炎（乙肝）流行规律,为预防和控制乙肝提供依据。方法用描述性流行病学方法对1990-2011年潍坊市乙肝疫情资料进行分析。结果1990-2011年潍坊市报告乙肝病例16461例,年均发病率为8．79／10万,发病率最高为16．11／10万,最低为5．01／10万。各地区均有发病,其中寿光市、青州市、临朐县发病率相对较高;无明显的季节性,男女比例为2．22：1。乙肝病例以15-59岁人群为主,15岁以下人群年发病率呈逐年下降趋势。结论15-59岁的成人是潍坊市乙肝发病的主要对象,15岁以下儿童乙肝发病率呈逐年下降趋势。应尽快制定成人乙肝疫苗免疫策略,以抑制乙肝高发病状态。     

The COVID-19 epidemic and other notifiable infectious diseases in China

Many infection control measures have been implemented to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 during COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 epidemic on the other notifiable infectious diseases in China, including respiratory infectious diseases, diseases transmitted through the digestive tract and animal-borne diseases. Compared with 2019, the overall decline rate of respiratory infectious diseases in 2020 is the highest (60–90%), and the diseases transmitted by the digestive tract and animal-borne diseases are similar at 20–30%. Both hepatitis and sexually transmitted diseases decreased significantly in February, and there were basically no significant changes in other months compared with previous years. The series of measures taken by China government to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 are also very effective in preventing the spread of respiratory infectious diseases. But they also have a certain degree of prevention against notifiable infectious diseases spread by other routes.     

Distribution and Impacts of Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumor Disease

The Tasmanian devil, Sarcophilus harrisii, is the largest extant marsupial carnivore. In 1996, a debilitating facial tumor was reported. It is now clear that this is an invariably lethal infectious cancer. The disease has now spread across the majority of the range of the species and is likely to occur across the entire range within 5 to 10 years. The disease has lead to continuing declines of up to 90% and virtual disappearance of older age classes. Mark-recapture analysis and a preliminary epidemiological model developed for the population with the best longitudinal data both project local extinction in that area over a timeframe of 10 to 15 years from disease emergence. However, the prediction of extinction from the model is sensitive to the estimate of the latent period, which is poorly known. As transmission appears to occur by biting, much of which happens during sexual encounters, the dynamics of the disease may be typical of sexually transmitted diseases. This means that transmission is likely to be frequency-dependent with no threshold density for disease maintenance. Extinction over the entire current range of the devil is therefore a real possibility and an unacceptable risk.     

Macaque models of human infectious disease

Macaques have served as models for more than 70 human infectious diseases of diverse etiologies, including a multitude of agents-bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, prions. The remarkable diversity of human infectious diseases that have been modeled in the macaque includes global, childhood, and tropical diseases as well as newly emergent, sexually transmitted, oncogenic, degenerative neurologic, potential bioterrorism, and miscellaneous other diseases. Historically, macaques played a major role in establishing the etiology of yellow fever, polio, and prion diseases. With rare exceptions (Chagas disease, bartonellosis), all of the infectious diseases in this review are of Old World origin. Perhaps most surprising is the large number of tropical (16), newly emergent (7), and bioterrorism diseases (9) that have been modeled in macaques. Many of these human diseases (e.g., AIDS, hepatitis E, bartonellosis) are a consequence of zoonotic infection. However, infectious agents of certain diseases, including measles and tuberculosis, can sometimes go both ways, and thus several human pathogens are threats to nonhuman primates including macaques. Through experimental studies in macaques, researchers have gained insight into pathogenic mechanisms and novel treatment and vaccine approaches for many human infectious diseases, most notably acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which is caused by infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Other infectious agents for which macaques have been a uniquely valuable resource for biomedical research, and particularly vaccinology, include influenza virus, paramyxoviruses, flaviviruses, arenaviruses, hepatitis E virus, papillomavirus, smallpox virus, Mycobacteria, Bacillus anthracis, Helicobacter pylori, Yersinia pestis, and Plasmodium species. This review summarizes the extensive past and present research on macaque models of human infectious disease.     

The impact of infection on population health: results of the ontario burden of infectious diseases study

Background

Evidence-based priority setting is increasingly important for rationally distributing scarce health resources and for guiding future health research. We sought to quantify the contribution of a wide range of infectious diseases to the overall infectious disease burden in a high-income setting.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We used health-adjusted life years (HALYs), a composite measure comprising premature mortality and reduced functioning due to disease, to estimate the burden of 51 infectious diseases and associated syndromes in Ontario using 2005–2007 data. Deaths were estimated from vital statistics data and disease incidence was estimated from reportable disease, healthcare utilization, and cancer registry data, supplemented by local modeling studies and national and international epidemiologic studies. The 51 infectious agents and associated syndromes accounted for 729 lost HALYs, 44.2 deaths, and 58,987 incident cases per 100,000 population annually. The most burdensome infectious agents were: hepatitis C virus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, human papillomavirus, hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus, Staphylococcus aureus, influenza virus, Clostridium difficile, and rhinovirus. The top five, ten, and 20 pathogens accounted for 46%, 67%, and 75% of the total infectious disease burden, respectively. Marked sex-specific differences in disease burden were observed for some pathogens. The main limitations of this study were the exclusion of certain infectious diseases due to data availability issues, not considering the impact of co-infections and co-morbidity, and the inability to assess the burden of milder infections that do not result in healthcare utilization.

Conclusions/Significance

Infectious diseases continue to cause a substantial health burden in high-income settings such as Ontario. Most of this burden is attributable to a relatively small number of infectious agents, for which many effective interventions have been previously identified. Therefore, these findings should be used to guide public health policy, planning, and research.     

Hepatitis C antibodies in groups at epidemic risk

Blood sera from patients with acute virus hepatitis, sexually transmitted diseases, psychiatric and oncological diseases and pulmonary tuberculosis were studied for the presence of antibodies to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) and HBsAg with the use of solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. Anti-HCV were detected, respectively, in 9.1% and 67.8% of patients with acute virus hepatitis, in 5.7% and 6.1% of patients with sexually transmitted diseases, in 7.5% and 9.2% of psychiatric patients, in 7.5% and 13% with pulmonary tuberculosis and malignant tumors.     

Sexually transmitted diseases in animals

The sexual transmission of infectious agents is one of a suite of characteristics that enhance the ability of an infection to persist in low-density populations. Gary Smith and Andrew Dobson review the characteristics and control of sexually transmitted diseases in domestic animals and wildlife species.