利用AMMI模型分析杂交水稻配合力

配合力分析在亲本育种潜力评价和品种选育中扮演着重要的作用。本试验对5×4不完全双列杂交组合产量性状进行了配合力效应分析,并利用AMMI模型对杂交组合中双亲间互作效应(即特殊配合力)进行了深入剖析。结果表明,利用代表双亲产量特殊配合力效应分值的主成分轴(IPCA)向量可以很好地评价亲本的特殊配合力效应。根据亲本特殊配合力效应分值向量的长度及方向,可将杂交组合中双亲的互作效应分为4种情况:(1)杂交组合中至少有一个亲本的特殊配合力效应分值向量的坐标点比较靠近坐标原点,则测配杂交组合中双亲间的互作效应贡献很小,其杂种优势主要来源于双亲的一般配合力。(2)杂交组合中双亲特殊配合力效应分值向量的方向大致呈垂直状态,则测配杂交组合中双亲间的互作效应很小,其杂种优势也主要来源于双亲的一般配合力。(3)杂交组合中双亲特殊配合力效应分值向量的长度较长但方向大致相反,则杂交组合存在很大的负向特殊配合力效应。(4)杂交组合中双亲特殊配合力效应分值向量的长度均比较大且方向大致相同,则相应杂交组合的正向特殊配合力效应很高。因此,若要获得较大的双亲正向互作效应,则合理选配亲本至关重要;只有当两亲本特殊配合力效应分值向量的长度均比较大且向量方向较一致时才可以达到较大的正向互作效应。     

杂交稻特殊配合力与杂种优势、亲本间遗传距离的相 关性

杂交水稻育种的实质是配合力育种, 筛选高特殊配合力的杂交水稻组合才能选育出在生产上有实用价值的强优势组合。文章利用SSR标记检测了9个三系杂交稻亲本(5个不育系和4个恢复系)之间的遗传距离, 结合20个杂交稻组合(5×4 NCII)的产量表现, 分析了杂交水稻特殊配合力(Special combining ability, SCA)效应与产量杂种优势、亲本间遗传距离的相关性。结果表明, 特殊配合力效应与对照优势(相关系数r₁=0.5609)、平均优势(相关系数_r2=0.541)之间均呈显著正相关, 而与亲本遗传距离之间相关不显著, 相关系数(r=0.2143)较小。说明本研究所配组合的特殊配合力效应能充分反映杂种优势, 选用的杂交亲本能组配出强优势组合; 而杂交亲本遗传距离的大小并不能反映特殊配合力效应, 分子标记遗传距离与特殊配合力的相关性还有待于进一步的探讨。     

苜蓿SSR遗传距离与杂种优势的相关性分析

利用SSR标记技术对40份苜蓿材料（6个雄性不育株系和34个苜蓿品种）的遗传距离进行分析,并利用其中的6个不育株系与14个苜蓿品种测交,进一步对遗传距离(GD)、产量配合力与杂种优势效应进行相关性分析。结果表明,25对SSR引物共扩增出189条谱带,其中多态性条带136条,平均多态性位点百分率为69.23%;40份苜蓿材料的遗传距离为0.1818～0.9091,平均0.4544;各亲本一般配合力及GD均与杂种优势效应存在显著正相关,其中亲本一般配合力与杂种优势的相关性要高于GD.因此,仅以SSR遗传距离还不足以准确的组配强优势组合,需结合各性状配合力的分析,以充分发挥杂种优势效应。     

对生玉米籽粒品质性状的杂种优势和配合力分析

本文利用对生基因转育获得的对生与互生自交系及其杂交组合,研究了对生性状对玉米主要品质性状的杂种优势和配合力的遗传效应的影响。结果表明:对生自交系籽粒品质性状的配合力效应一般高于互生玉米,在蛋白质含量上,对生F1杂种优势与普通互生F1无明显差异,而在油份和淀粉含量上对生F1较互生表现出明显的优势。不同组配方式对F1对生群体籽粒品质性状的杂种优势存在差异,在对生组合利用中通过互×互组配较对×对组配能使F1获得更高的蛋白质含量;选育含油量较高的对生系,利用对×对组合有助于选育高油杂交种;选育淀粉含量较高的含有不同对生基因的互生自交系作亲本,利用互×互组配有助于选育高淀粉对生杂交组合。     

谷子产量和品质相关性状的杂种优势及遗传特性分析

为了解谷子(Setaria italica)两系杂交后代的产量和品质相关性状的杂种优势,以3个高度雄性不育系为母本(A1、A2和A3),6个抗除草剂恢复系为父本(R1、R2、R3、R4、R5和R6),采用不完全双列杂交(NCⅡ)设计配制了18个组合,分析组合的株高、粒重和蛋白含量等11个性状的配合力和杂种优势特性。结果表明,不同亲本间及杂交组合间的性状均存在显著差异。其中,两系杂交组合的小区产量与千粒重、单穗粒重、株高、穗长显著相关,而与小米的品质(粗蛋白、粗脂肪、总淀粉)无显著相关。同一性状不同亲本的一般配合力(GCA)效应值不同,A1 (不育系)和R1 (恢复系)的产量和品质性状的GCA正效应值较大,是改良谷子高产优质的潜在优良亲本。而杂交组合的特定特殊配合力(SCA)效应值与亲本GCA效应值表现并不一致,其中A1×R5、A1×R6、A2×R1、A2×R4的SCA效应值较高,属于优异组合。此外,各性状的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力均大于65%,主要受加性效应和非加性效应共同控制。谷子杂交组合的株高、穗重、小区产量具有显著的中亲优势,部分杂交组合具有较强的超亲优势。株高、穗长、穗码、千粒重、脂肪的狭义遗传力较高,加性遗传作用较大,而穗重、茎节数、蛋白非加性遗传作用更为突出。虽然产量性状和品质性状的杂种优势特性不同,但均由加性效应与显性效应共同作用决定。     

4个春性基因型小麦品种与‘京841’杂交F_1代的表型分析

选用4个具有不同显性春化基因型的小麦品种与冬性小麦品种‘京841’进行杂交实验,通过显性春化基因特异性PCR分析技术鉴定杂交F1代植株,并分析4个杂交组合的正反交F1代植株表型特性。结果显示,各显性春化基因已经导入到各杂交F1代植株中,且其苗穗期受显性春化基因的控制而有效缩短;3个杂交组合的F1代穗粒数在正反交之间存在显著差异,推测穗粒数受细胞质遗传因素的影响较大,其中以‘新春2号’和‘豫麦18’分别为母本和父本与‘京841’杂交后F1代的穗粒数表现出较强的杂种优势,4个杂交组合的F1代千粒重均表现出较强的杂种优势。     

大麦籽粒蛋白质含量的配合力研究

采用蛋白质含量不同的6个大麦品种,以双列杂交设计,经过2年3个世代研究大麦籽粒蛋白质含量的杂种优势与配合力。试验表明:(1)大麦籽粒蛋白质含量在F_2、F_3代几乎全为负向优势(-10.81—16.92%)。低蛋白质含量为显性;(2)一般配合力方差为特殊配合力方差的3—4倍。亲本的表型与一般配合力效应相关密切。通过亲本可以大体预测杂种群体的蛋白质含量。Hiproly为高蛋白含量的优良亲本,Pally为低蛋白含量的优良亲本。(3)杂种组合籽粒蛋白质含量的特殊配合力高低与杂种优势相关密切,但与表型不密切,故不能完全以此评定杂种组合的价值。 对亲本籽粒蛋白质含量配合力的应用作了讨论。     

醃白菜杂种优势与配合力的分析

本文旨在分析江淮下游酶白菜代表品种的杂种优势与配合力。产量、抗病性的杂种优势因组合、正反交而异。有些组合的表现还因年份、地点等环境条件而不同。评选出优势强而稳的高×瓢、瓢×花、花×高组合可供生产应用。亲本间在一般配合力、特殊配合力以及它们的波动程度上都有各自的特点,选配组合时对一般配合力、特殊配合力以及正反交效应都需注意。产量杂种优势利用的广义遗传力估计值为76.7—81.7％。     

高梁亲本遗传距离与杂种优势和特殊配合力的关系 Studies on the Relationships of Genetic Distance of Sorghum Parental Lines with Hetewosis and Specific Combining Ability

采有Griffing交配设计,对30个高梁恢复系的杂种一代及其6 个亲本进行两年(1989—1990)比较试验,探索高梁亲本遗传距离与F1产量的杂种优势和组合特殊配合力的关系,结果表明:亲本遗传距离与杂种优势、遗传距离与特殊配合力均呈显著或极显著的抛物线回归关系。遗传距离在一定范围内 (0相似文献   

六倍体小黑麦T型细胞质雄性不育体系杂种优势与配合力的研究

用具提莫菲维小麦细胞质的六倍体小黑麦的3个不育系和3个恢复系作为亲本,进行3×3不完全双列杂交,对所组配的F1代8个农艺性状的杂种优势分析结果表明,除千粒重外,其余性状出现正向超亲优势的组合较少,多数呈低亲或中亲遗传,且各组合间的差异比较显著。配合力分析表明,一般配合力与特殊配合力的方差均达到了显著水平,F1各性状均受基因加性效应和非加性效应共同作用;从总体上看,不育系A1、A2及恢复系R1、R2的一般配合力良好,其配制的组合优势较强,具一定的利用价值。对一般配合力与亲本表型值进行了相关分析,二者无显著的相关关系。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.