鞭蝽次目分类学研究进展

鞭蝽次目是异翅亚目(蝽类昆虫)的7个次目之一,由于其体型微小、颜色暗淡、生活习性隐秘等特点,导致其成为蝽类昆虫中目前研究最少、资料最不详尽的类群。该类群在异翅亚目中处在近基部的位置,对于研究异翅亚目的系统发育关系具有重要作用。本文简述了鞭蝽次目的分类学研究历史,回顾了世界及中国的研究概况,并且从经典分类学、比较形态学以及分子系统学等方面对鞭蝽次目最新的研究进展进行综述,简要讨论了目前研究中存在的问题和研究前景。     

关于停止使用"同翅目Homoptera" 目名的建议

长期以来,在我国昆虫学界,“同翅目Homoptera”和半翅目Hemiptera一直被作为2个并列的昆虫目被广泛使用。传统的“同翅目”被分为3亚目10总科,即鞘喙亚目Coleorrhyncha(包括膜翅蝽总科Peloridioidea)、胸喙亚目Stemorrhyncha(包括木虱总科Psylloidea、粉虱总科Aleyrodoidea、蚧总科Coccoidea和蚜总科Aphidoidea)和头喙亚目Auchenorrhyncha[包括蜡蝉子亚目Fulgoromorpha(包括蜡蝉总科Fulgoroidea)和蝉子亚目Cicadomorpha(包括蝉总科Cicadoidea、沫蝉总科Cercopoidea、叶蝉总科Cicadelloidea和角蝉总科Membracoidea)]。近年来,形态学及分子学特征数据的支序分析研究表明,木虱总科、粉虱总科、蚧总科、蚜总科、蜡蝉总科、蝉总科、沫蝉总科、角蝉总科都是单系群;鞘喙亚目、胸喙亚目、蝉子亚目及蜡蝉子亚目也都是单系群,其相互之间的系统发育关系为：胸喙亚目 (蝉子亚目 (蜡蝉子亚目 (鞘喙亚目 异翅亚目(蝽类)))),它们共同组成了单系的半翅目Hemiptera。系统发育分析表明,在半翅目中,鞘喙亚目与异翅亚目具有最近的亲缘关系,蜡蝉子亚目与鞘喙亚目 异翅亚目是姊妹群,蝉子亚目是蜡蝉子亚目 (鞘喙亚目 异翅亚目)的姐妹群,胸喙亚目是半翅目中最早和最原始的一个分枝。因此传统的“同翅目”并不是一个自然的单系类群,而是一个人为的并系类群。目前,在国际昆虫学界,“同翅目”作为一个人为的并系类群已得到公认和普遍接受,并已不再作为昆虫纲的一个有效目被使用。然而,“同翅目”作为昆虫纲的一个有效目在国内一直被广泛使用,为此,作者建议我国的昆虫学工作者今后应停止使用“同翅目”这一人为的并系目名而使用单系的半翅目目名,即将长期以来一直置于“同翅目”的木虱、粉虱、蚧虫、蚜虫、蝉、沫蝉、叶蝉、角蝉及蜡蝉类昆虫与蝽类昆虫一起作为半翅目的成员对待。     

基于18S rDNA序列的蝽次目(半翅目：异翅亚目)

利用18SrDNA分子约1 912 bp的序列对蝽次目21个科53个种进行系统发育分析。运用MP法、ML法和NJ法分析后的结果表明:蝽次目的单系性得到很高的支持;扁蝽总科成为毛点类的姐妹群;毛点类基本确定为两大分支:一支包含蝽总科和红蝽总科;另一支主要由长蝽总科、缘蝽总科和南蝽总科组成;长蝽总科和缘蝽总科都是多系;长蝽总科中,跷蝽科和皮蝽科的关系最近,构成姐妹群,位于整个毛点类的基部;与长蝽总科中另外两个科长蝽科和地长蝽科的关系很远。说明利用18SrDNA分子对研究蝽次目的系统发育关系是适合的,能够重建蝽次目;扁蝽总科和蝽总科单系性的结果与形态学的研究以及Li et al (2005)的研究一致;但较Li et al(2005)的研究更进一步把红蝽总科从广义的缘蝽总科中分出来;并建议皮蝽科作为一个独立的总科更合适。     

基于18S rDNA序列的蝽次目(半翅目：异翅亚目)

利用18S rDNA分子约1 912 bp的序列对蝽次目21个科53个种进行系统发育分析。运用MP法、ML法和NJ法分析后的结果表明：蝽次目的单系性得到很高的支持；扁蝽总科成为毛点类的姐妹群；毛点类基本确定为两大分支：一支包含蝽总科和红蝽总科；另一支主要由长蝽总科、缘蝽总科和南蝽总科组成；长蝽总科和缘蝽总科都是多系；长蝽总科中，跷蝽科和皮蝽科的关系最近，构成姐妹群，位于整个毛点类的基部；与长蝽总科中另外两个科长蝽科和地长蝽科的关系很远。说明利用18S rDNA分子对研究蝽次目的系统发育关系是适合的，能够重建蝽次目；扁蝽总科和蝽总科单系性的结果与形态学的研究以及Li et al (2005)的研究一致；但较Li et al (2005)的研究更进一步把红蝽总科从广义的缘蝽总科中分出来；并建议皮蝽科作为一个独立的总科更合适。     

大头隆胸长蝽线粒体基因组测序及分析(半翅目:地长蝽科)

地长蝽科隶属于半翅目异翅亚目蝽次目长蝽总科,该科包括15个族,缢胸族是其中包含属最多的族,而目前该族物种尚无线粒体基因组报道.该族中的隆胸长蝽属昆虫是一个仅在东洋界分布的类群,其中大头隆胸长蝽Eucosmetus incisus(Walker,1872)在中国水稻种植地区广泛发生,是重要的水稻害虫.因此,对大头隆胸长蝽开展线粒体基因组研究具有重要意义.本研究测定了大头隆胸长蝽线粒体基因组编码区域的全部基因序列,并分析了其主要特征,结果如下:(1)共测得大头隆胸长蝽线粒体基因序列长度为14 562 bp,由一部分控制区和典型的37个基因组成,包括22个转运RNA基因,13个蛋白编码基因和2个核糖体RNA基因.其线粒体基因排列顺序同果蝇Drosophila yakuba和大多数蝽次目昆虫排列顺序相同.(2)除tRNA-His缺少TΨC环、不能正常折叠外,其它21个tRNA均能折叠成经典三叶草结构.16SrRNA的结构域IV和V比结构域Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅵ更保守,12S rRNA的结构域Ⅲ比结构域Ⅰ和Ⅱ更保守.在蝽次目昆虫中,存在两个较稳定的重叠区域,分别位于ATP8和ATP6,ND4和ND4L之间,并且这两段基因重叠区互为反向互补序列(ATGATAA).(3)核苷酸组成和密码子的使用都表现出了很高的AT偏向性,在13个蛋白编码基因和2个核糖体RNA中,由N链编码的基因都是TA偏移和GC偏移,而除C0I之外所有由J链编码的基因都刚好相反,都是AT偏移和CG偏移,COI为TA偏移和CG偏移.使用最频繁的密码子均由AT组成,且多数不与tRNA反密码子严格配对.本文为对缢胸族昆虫线粒体基因组序列的首次报道,为将来开展缢胸族昆虫相关的分子系统发育研究初步提供了基础数据.除对大头隆胸长蝽本身的分析外,我们还联合了蝽次目毛点类中其它物种的同源序列,针对红蝽总科、缘蝽总科和长蝽总科间的系统发育关系进行了研究,结果表明了长蝽总科的单系性,与其亲缘关系最近的是缘蝽总科.     

基于线粒体COⅡ基因的中国蝽科分子系统学研究(半翅目,异翅亚目)

扩增并测定了我国蝽科4亚科8属11种昆虫线粒体COⅡ基因585 bp的序列,对序列的碱基组成、转换颠换、遗传距离等进行分析,探讨了COⅡ基因在该科的分子进化机制.并基于COⅡ基因序列数据,分别采用邻接法(NI)、最大简约法(MP)和贝叶斯推论法(BI)建立蝽科分子系统发育关系.研究结果表明,蝽科昆虫COⅡ基因A T含量平均为71.7%,存在较强的A T含量偏向性,氨基酸的变异率为27.2%;亚科间的遗传距离介于0.168～0.242之间,大于亚科内属种间的遗传距离,蝽科与盾蝽科2外群之间遗传距离最大,两科之间存在明显的间断.分子系统发育树表明,短喙蝽亚科为蝽科中较为原始的类群,分化较早,益蝽亚科与舌盾蝽亚科关系较近,形成一对姐妹群,蝽科中捕食性种类--益蝽亚科是较为特化的类群,它是由植食性种类分化而来.蝽科4亚科间的分子系统发育关系为Phyllocephalinae (Pentatominae (Asopinae Podopinae).     

缘蝽科的比较形态学研究Ⅱ（异翅亚目：缘蝽总科）

缘蝽科的比较形态学研究Ⅱ（异翅亚目：缘蝽总科）李新正（中国科学院海洋研究所青岛２６６０７１）６缘蝽族（ＣｏｒｅｉｎｉＬｅａｃｈ）（图２８—３０）繁复庞杂的一类,世界性分布,中、南美的属相对较多。历史上曾有几次将该类群分成若干族或亚族的尝试（Ｂｅｒｇｒ...     

五种真蝽(Pentatoma Olivier) mtDNA-COII基因序列分析及系统发育关系初探(半翅目:蝽科)

测定并比较分析了真蝽属(Pentatoma)5种昆虫：褐真蝽P．semiannulata、斜纹真蝽P．illuminata、红足真蝽P．rufipes、H本真蝽P．japonica和金绿真蝽P．metallifera以及益蝽亚科2种外群种类(并蝽Pinthaeus humeralis和蠋蝽Arma custos)mtDNA—COII基因部分序列,依据分子数据建立了该5种昆虫的系统发育关系。结果显示,5种真蝽COII基因A T平均含量(73％)高丁弹尾目、缨尾目和直翅目昆虫,低于双翅目、鳞翅目及膜翅目昆虫,而与缨翅目的蓟马和半翅目的突角长蝽Oncopeltus fasciatus非常接近。系统发育结果显示,红足真蝽与日本真蝽亲缘关系最近,形成一个姊妹群,斜纹真蝽与金绿真蝽亲缘关系较近,也形成一个姊妹群,褐真蝽为较早分化的种类。     

蛛缘蝽科系统发育初探(半翅目:缘蝽总科)

本文通对蛛缘蝽科各亚群16个代表属的比较形态学研究,以支序分析方法探讨了属间系统发育关系,其结果证实蛛缘蝽科为一单源群,支持Schaefe(1965)将该科分为蛛缘蝽亚科和微缘蝽亚科的意见,并认为扁缘蝽属和锥缘蝽属应分别单独成立族。Ahmad(1965)等将原有蛛缘蝽族、稻缘蝽族和微翅缘蝽族分别提升为亚科从而将该科分为三亚科的观点得不到文中支序图的支持。     

前翅鞘翅型的蝽类昆虫

鞘翅型蝽类昆虫前翅发达,与甲虫的前翅相似。类群涉及鞭蝽型、蝎蝽型、细蝽型、臭虫型、蝽型中的栉蝽科、裂蝽科、小潜蝽科、固蝽科、蚤蝽科、涯蝽科、网蝽科、盲蝽科、长蝽科、缘蝽科共10个科。它们的生境多样,包括水底小石块下面、水生植物上、海岸潮间区石隙中、蚂蚁巢穴中、沙漠灌木植物上、土中、沙砾中、枯枝落叶层和苔藓上,这些生境的共同点是其对前翅的保护功能的选择压力明显大于对前翅飞行功能的选择压力。此类昆虫的前翅特化的类型分为两类,一类膜区完全退化或极度退化,由革区和爪区(愈合或不愈合)构成鞘质前翅的主体;另一类膜区发达,占鞘质前翅的主体;大部分前翅鞘质化的蝽类属于第一种类型;仅个别长蝽科的昆虫属于第二类,如巨膜长蝽Jakowleffiasetulosa(Jakowleff)。     

Socioeconomic Value and Growth of Naturalized <Emphasis Type="Italic">Musa balbisiana</Emphasis> L. A. Colla Leaves in Honduras

Socioeconomic Value and Growth of Naturalized Musa balbisiana L. A. Colla Leaves in Honduras. Musa balbisiana (Musaceae) is a seed–producing diploid banana indigenous to Southeast Asia. After it was introduced to Honduras it became naturalized in nearby second–growth areas of the north coast. Local residents were quick to recognize the socioeconomic value of these wild banana leaves as a wrap for traditional nacatamales. To estimate the monetary value and to provide preliminary data on sustainable harvest of these leaves, interviews and field research were undertaken in 2009. From July to September of that year, each of 38 harvesters averaged a weekly sale of 4,400 cut, de–veined, and blanched M. balbisiana leaves. This weekly harvest sold for Lempiras (Lps.) 550.00 or ca. U.S. 30.00 to truckers, who transported them to major markets. The number of leaves produced in three months was estimated by two techniques: 1) The traditional cut of the entire pseudostem and 2) a careful cut to only remove useful leaves. The number of useful leaves cut at the onset of the study and three months later was 11 and 13 for techniques 1 and 2, respectively. This difference was not significant, but the more careful method did yield significantly wider, longer, and a greater number of total leaves (useful plus immature). This is the first field study to estimate leaf production by naturalized < i > M. balbisiana < /i > plants in Honduras. All leaves are currently harvested from wild populations and no sustainable management plans exist. The socioeconomic value and cultural use of < i > M. balbisiana < /i > leaves in Honduras is an example of an exotic species that has important socioeconomic benefits. This naturalized < i > Musa < /i > appearsM. balbisiana plants in Honduras. All leaves are currently harvested from wild populations and no sustainable management plans exist. The socioeconomic value and cultural use of M. balbisiana leaves in Honduras is an example of an exotic species that has important socioeconomic benefits. This naturalized Musa appears to have few of the negative impacts typically attributed to exotic plants.     

橡胶树橡胶生物合成调控相关基因表达丰度比较

蛋白质是构成生命系统的基本元件之一,是大部分生物学功能的执行者。蛋白质丰度与其生物学功能息息相关,其丰度受基因表达过程中各环节严格精密的调控。其中,蛋白质丰度与其相应mRNA丰度存在较强的相关性,蛋白质丰度差异的40%可由mRNA丰度来解释。茉莉酸信号途径调节巴西橡胶树中的天然橡胶生物合成,但相关基因彼此间的表达丰度差异尚待阐明。该文比较了S/2D d3割胶制度下,15个橡胶生物合成调控相关基因COI1、JAZ1、JAZ2、JAZ3、MYC1、MYC2、MYC3、MYC4、MYC5、GAPDH、HMGR1、SRPP、REF、HRT1、HRT2以及2个常用内参基因18S、ACTIN1在10个橡胶树种质胶乳中的表达丰度差异;将ACTIN1的表达丰度设定为1,以此为标准计算出样品中其他基因的表达丰度。结果表明:相同个体中不同基因的转录丰度差异明显,不同个体中相同基因集的丰度大小排序存在一定差异;同一基因在不同个体中的转录丰度差异明显,这16个基因的最大丰度分别是最低丰度的9.43、6.04、10.02、12.29、18.82、9.22、38.46、112.83、121.36、15.34、19.09、13.54、10.05、19.80、24.83、11.82倍,他们的变异系数分别为73.05%、55.19%、69.09%、67.37%、66.59%、53.87%、83.25%、122.02%、166.34%、59.89%、70.59%、75.67%、74.20%、68.34%、84.23%、78.59%;总的来说,在群体水平上,16个基因的转录丰度从高到低依次为18S SRPPHMGR1REFMYC2/HRT1COI1MYC1/MYC4GAPDH/JAZ1/MYC5JAZ2HRT2/MYC3/JAZ3,他们的群体平均丰度依次为ACTIN1的28 382.26、43.64、11.39、7.16、5.47、5.10、1.07、0.75、0.74、0.45、0.42、0.33、0.12、0.06、0.06、0.04倍。值得注意的是,无论在个体水平还是群体水平上,18S的丰度毫无疑问是最大的,在mRNA中,SRPP的丰度最大,JAZ1大于JAZ2和JAZ3,MYC2大于MYC1、MYC3、MYC4、MYC5,HRT1大于HRT2。综上结果表明,结构基因和功能基因的丰度高于调控基因。在基因相对表达分析中,常对目的基因和内参基因作均一化处理,从而掩盖了不同基因间的真实丰度差异,因此,在基因表达分析中,既要关注基因的相对表达量,也要关注基因间的丰度差异,这有助于更全面地理解基因的功能。     

Afrotropical Polypedilum subgenus Tripodura, with a review of the subgenus (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Vårdal, H., Bjørlo, A. & Sæther, O. A. (2002). Afrotropical Polypedilum subgenus Tripodura, with a review of the subgenus (Diptera: Chironomidae). —Zoologica Scripta, 31, 331–402. A subgeneric diagnosis for all stages of the subgenus Tripodura Townes, 1 945 of the genus Polypedilum Kieffer, 1 912 is given. Nine new Afrotropical species of Tripodura are described: P.(T.)chelum Vårdal sp. n., P.(T.)amplificatus Bjørlo sp. n., P.(T.)patulum Bjørlo sp. n., P.(T.)spinalveum Vårdal sp. n., P.(T.)ewei Bjørlo sp. n., P.(T.)ogoouense Bjørlo sp. n., P.(T.)akani Bjørlo sp. n., P.(T.)dagombae Bjørlo sp. n., and P.(T.)amputatum Bjørlo sp. n.; all as male imagines only. P.(T.)alboguttatum Kieffer, P.(T.)albosignatum Kieffer, P.(T.)tropicum Kieffer, P.(T.)pruina Freeman, P.(T.)quinqueguttatum Kieffer, P.(T.) aegyptium Kieffer, P.(T.) tridens Freeman, P.(T.)allansoni Freeman, P.(T.)longicrus Kieffer, P.(T.)annulatipes Kieffer and P.(T.)abyssiniae Kieffer are re‐described as male and female imagines, while P.(T.)majiis Lehmann, P.(T.)subovatum Freeman, P.(T.)griseoguttatum Kieffer, P.(T.)aferum Lehmann and P.(T.)kijabense Freeman are re‐described as male imagines only. Keys to the male and the known female imagines of the 30 Afrotropical species in the subgenus are presented. A phylogenetic analysis based on all available information on Tripodura from all over the world (135 species) is presented and discussed. The monophyly of the subgenus Tripodura is confirmed. The subgenus can be divided into 20 groups with the acifer group forming the sister group of two larger assemblages of groups in the order acifer (titicacae (ginzansecundum ((aferum (ewei (malickianum (floridense (halterale, pullum)))))) (subovatum (labeculosum ((parascalaenum (allansoni (apfelbecki (udominatum, parvum))))) ((((alboguttatum, aegyptium) quinqueguttatum) annulatipes)). Only in the titicacae, halterale, pullum and apfelbecki groups are the larvae of more than one species described, while one larva is known in each of the subovatum, parascalaenum, aegyptium and quinqueguttatum groups. Three or more pupae are known only from the halterale, pullum, apfelbecki and aegyptium groups. Thus, the tentative nature of the group divisions is obvious. Geographical co‐evolutionary analyses (Brooks parsimony analyses) of the subgenus as a whole and of the major groups are performed and the areas most likely to be part of the original areas estimated. Most probably, eastern South America and Africa were part of the ancestral area. There are multiple sister‐group relationships and generalized tracks between South and East Asia and Africa, between Africa and the Palaearctic region, between South and East Asia, between tropical Brazil and Africa, between East Asia and North America across a former Beringian land bridge, and between the Indo‐West Pacific region and New Zealand, but no evidence for transantarctic relationships.     

Effect of mutations affecting coat color on the blood lymphocyte structure in the american mink (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Mustela vison</Emphasis> Schreber, 1777)

American minks with different genotypes containing the Aleutian coat color allele in the homozygous state, including the single recessive Aleutian (a/a); double recessive sapphire (a/a p/p) and lavender (m/m a/a); triple recessive violet (m/m a/a p/p); and dominant-recessive cross sapphire (S/+ a/a p/p), sapphire leopard (S ^K /+ a/a p/p), and shadow sapphire (S ^H /+ a/a p/p) minks, as well as American minks without the Aleutian allele, including the standard (+/+); single recessive silver-blue (p/p) and hedlund-white (h/h); double recessive pearl (k/k p/p), Finnish topaz (t ^S /t ^S b/b); incompletely dominant royal silver (S ^R /+), standard leopard (S ^K /+), and black crystal (C _R /+); and dominant-recessive snowy topaz (C _R /+ t ^S /t ^S b/b) and Kujtezhyspotted (S ^K /+ b/b) minks have been studied. Homozygosity for the a allele has been found to disturb the subcellular structure of leukocyte, namely the formation of abnormally large granules.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">α</Emphasis>-Amylase inhibitor-1 gene from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaseolus vulgaris</Emphasis> expressed in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coffea arabica</Emphasis>plants inhibits α-amylases from the coffee berry borer pest

Background  

Coffee is an important crop and is crucial to the economy of many developing countries, generating around US70 billion per year. There are 115 species in the < i > Coffea < /i > genus, but only two, < i > C. arabica < /i > and < i > C. canephora < /i > , are commercially cultivated. Coffee plants are attacked by many pathogens and insect-pests, which affect not only the production of coffee but also its grain quality, reducing the commercial value of the product. The main insect-pest, the coffee berry borer ( < i > Hypotheneumus hampei < /i > ), is responsible for worldwide annual losses of around US70 billion per year. There are 115 species in the Coffea genus, but only two, C. arabica and C. canephora, are commercially cultivated. Coffee plants are attacked by many pathogens and insect-pests, which affect not only the production of coffee but also its grain quality, reducing the commercial value of the product. The main insect-pest, the coffee berry borer (Hypotheneumus hampei), is responsible for worldwide annual losses of around US500 million. The coffee berry borer exclusively damages the coffee berries, and it is mainly controlled by organochlorine insecticides that are both toxic and carcinogenic. Unfortunately, natural resistance in the genus Coffea to H. hampei has not been documented. To overcome these problems, biotechnological strategies can be used to introduce an α-amylase inhibitor gene (α-AI1), which confers resistance against the coffee berry borer insect-pest, into C. arabica plants.     

Length–weight relationships of 24 fish species from the North Aegean Sea, Turkey

Length–weight relationship parameters of the form W = aL^b are presented for 24 fish species from the North Aegean Sea: Scyliorhinus canicula, Mustelus mustelus, Squalus acanthias, Torpedo marmorata, Dipturus oxyrinchus, Raja clavata, R. miraletus, Dasyatis pastinaca, Gymnura altavela, Myliobatis aquila, Chimaera monstrosa, Conger conger, Argentina sphyraena, Chlorophthalmus agassizi, Caelorinchus caelorhincus, Gadiculus argenteus argenteus, Phycis blennoides, Hoplostethus mediterraneus, Capros aper, Macroramphosus scolopax, Helicolenus dactylopterus, Peristedion cataphractum, Lesueurigobius friesii and Lepidopus caudatus.     

On the difference between gauss-markov and least squares estimates

For the usual full rank univariate least squares regression model y = XB + e, E(e) = 0, E(ee) = A, the equality of the estimates occurs when B-B^* = (XA^?1X)^?1XA^-1y-(XX)^?1Xy = 0. A necessary and sufficient condition for this equality is that A has some N - k + 1 roots equal where N is the rank of A and k is the rank of X.     

Untersuchungen zur Embryonalentwicklung des RädertieresAsplanchna girodi De Guerne

Ohne ZusammenfassungAn Abkürzungen werden stets verwendet: Bc Blastocoel - Bp Blastoporus - Cg Cingulum - D Dotterstock - Da Dotterstocksanlage - Dt Dorsaltaster - Em Embryo - Ent Entoderm - g Ganglion - gc Cerebralganglion - gca Cerebralganglionanlage - gm Mastaxganglion - gma Mastganglionanlage - Hb Harnblase - I Integument - Inta Integumentanlage - K Keimlagermutterzelle - Ka Kauer - Lt Öltropfen - M Mastax - MCg Matrixzellen des Cingulums - Mes Mesoderm - Mg Magen - Mga Magenanlage - Mgd Magendrüsen - Ms Muskel - Mu Mundbucht - Oda Oviduktanlage - Oes Ösophagus - Oesa Ösophagusanlage - Ov Ovar - Ova Ovaranlage - Oz Oozyte - Ozk Oozytenkern - Pc Pseudocoel - Ph Pharynx - Pha Pharynxanlage - Pr Protonephridium - Pz Propagationszellen - Q Quadrant - Rk Richtungskörper - T 1–4 Typen strahlengeschädigter Tiere - Ud Urdotterzelle - Ug Urgeschlechtszelle - Ugm Urgeschlechtsmutterzelle - Uk Urkeimzelle - Ur Urogenitalkanal - UV 40 kreisrunder Bestrahlungsfleck von 40 Durchmesser - UV alt nicht vergleichbarer Wert wegen veränderter Versuchsbedingungen.     

Relaxation measured by EMG as a function of vibrotactile stimulation

The present study investigated the effect of vibrotactile stimulation on relaxation as measured by EMG recording. Forty-eight subjects from three age groups were randomly divided into 8 experimental groups:(1) simultaneous footrest vibration and back vibration(A ₁ C ₁ );(2) simultaneous footrest vibration and back roller(A ₁ C ₂ ); (3) simultaneous footrest vibration, back vibration and back roller(A ₁ C ₃ ); (4) footrest vibration alone(A ₁ C ₄ ); (5) back vibration alone(A ₂ C ₁ ); (6) back roller alone(A ₂ C ₂ ); (7) simultaneous back vibration and back roller(A ₂ C ₃ ); and(8) control group (no vibration/stimulation)(A ₂ C ₄ ). The three major variables studied were footrest vibration(A ₁ andA ₂ ), pre- and post-EMG measures(B ₁ andB ₂ ), and back vibration(C ₁ C ₂ C ₃ C ₄ ). Results showed that footrest vibration had a significant effect on relaxation. Other conditions (except the control) produced a decrease in EMG levels, but did not reach significance. Pre- and postmeasures by experimental conditions were also significantly different. Application of vibration as an aid in relaxation is discussed.Research supported by the Niagara Therapy Mfg. Co.     

Correspondence of environmental tolerances with leaf and branch attributes for six co-occurring species of broadleaf evergreen trees in northern California

 For the angiosperm dominants of northern California’s mixed evergreen forests, this study compares the display of photosynthetic tissue within leaves and along branches, and examines the correspondence between these morphological attributes and the known environmental tolerances of these species. Measurements were made on both sun and shade saplings of six species: Arbutus m e n z i e s i i (Ericaceae), C h r y s o l e p i s c h r y s o p h y l l a (Fagaceae), L i t h o c a r p u s d e n s i f l o r u s (Fagaceae), Quercus c h r y s o l e p i s (Fagaceae), Quercus w i s l i z e n i i (Fagaceae), and Umbellularia c a l i f o r n i c a (Lauraceae). All species had sclerophyllous leaves with thick epidermal walls, but species differed in leaf specific weight, thickness of mesophyll tissues and in the presence of a hypodermis, crystals, secretory idioblasts, epicuticular deposits, and trichomes. The leaves of Arbutus were 2 – 5 times larger than those of C h r y s o l e p i s, L i t h o c a r p u s and Umbellularia and 4 – 10 times larger than those of both Quercus species. Together with differences in branch architecture, these leaf traits divide the species into groups corresponding to environmental tolerances. Shade-tolerant C h r y s o l e p i s, L i t h o c a r p u s, and Umbellularia had longer leaf lifespans and less palisade tissue, leaf area, and crown mass per volume than the intermediate to intolerant Arbutus and Quercus. Having smaller leaves, Quercus branches had more branch mass per leaf area and per palisade volume than other species, whereas Arbutus had less than other species. These differences in display of photosynthetic tissue should contribute to greater growth for Quercus relative to the other species under high light and limited water, for Arbutus under high light and water availability, and for C h r y s o l e p i s, L i t h o c a r p u s, and Umbellularia under limiting light levels. Accepted: 22 March 1996