蝽类昆虫破卵器扫描电镜观察

蝽类昆虫破卵器属于脱落型额部破卵器.对我国半翅目异翅亚目陆栖组其中10科30余属50多种蝽类卵的破卵器在扫描电镜下进行了观察比较.陆栖组蝽类卵的破卵器可分为蝽型、缘蝽型及臭虫型三种类型.本文就前两种类型破卵器形态及细微构造特征对比,研究了破卵器在属、种间的差异,为系统分类、胚胎发育及细微形态特征方面提供新的依据.     

双翅目昆虫翅的退化

介绍了双翅目昆虫翅退化的5种主要类型,即短翅型、狭翅型、小翅型、弱翅型和无翅型;及翅退化双翅目昆虫的一些特殊生境诸如高原、海洋、地表以下之类。同时就双翅目昆虫翅退化的原因和机理进行了讨论。     

若干吊飞昆虫的翅振模式及翅振频率

在吊飞状态下,8目24科50种参试昆虫的翅振模式可以分为3类7型：前动类A、B、C型、双动类D、E型、后动类F、G型、本文介绍了各类,型昆虫翅振模式的特点。昆虫翅振频率与翅形态,翅面积、身体各部分的重量等虫体结构参数有关,其中,影响较显著的是翅负载和飞行驱动器官的发达程度。相关分析表明：动力负载(单位重量的飞行驱动器官所负荷的翅面积)与翅振频率呈负相关;翅负载(单位翅面积负荷的虫体重)与翅振频率呈正相关。试虫中已证实具有典型远距离迁飞行为的蛾类翅振模式均属于前动类B型,其翅振频率、翅负载,动力负载等处于参试昆虫的中间类型。     

四合木(Tetraenamongolica)林地昆虫群落的组成、结构及多样性特征

濒危植物四合木(Tetraena mongolica)为我国特有的蒺藜科单种属落叶小灌木.对四合木林地昆虫群落进行了调查,共得昆虫标本11363号,263种.隶属于67个科(或总科)11个目.同翅目的个体数量和优势度指数最高;膜翅目的物种丰富度和多样性指数最大;双翅目的均匀度最大.数量优势类群(＞10％)为木虱和叶蝉类,常见类群(1％～10％)是象甲、小蜂、粒脉蜡蝉、拟步甲、蚂蚁、蝽科、皮蝽、盲蝽、斑翅蝗科昆虫.营养结构中植食性类群在种类和数量上占绝对优势,其中的吸食类昆虫优势度最大;天敌昆虫以寄生性类群为主,多样性最高;捕食性和中性昆虫的种类和数量相对较少,但捕食者的均匀度最高.灌木层与草本层相比,灌木层昆虫群落的物种丰富度和个体数量明显占优;优势种的优势度大.而草本层昆虫群落的多样性和均匀度高.2层整体的相似性低.膜翅目的共有种最多.     

鞘喙蝽总科（半翅目）在中国的首次发现

半翅目鞘喙亚目是一类具有重要演化意义的昆虫。该亚目包括三个科：鞘喙蝽科(Peloridiidae)和卡拉蝽科(Karabasiidae)同属于鞘喙蝽总科;原臭虫科(Progonocimicidae)属于原臭虫总科。鞘喙蝽科是唯一的现生类群,孑遗于南半球。卡拉蝽科化石较丰富,但只发现于中亚、西伯利亚和蒙古中生代地层。本文...     

宁夏灵武白芨滩国家级自然保护区半翅目昆虫多样性及区系研究

选取宁夏灵武白芨滩国家级自然保护区的人工次生林地(白芨滩样地)、干旱山地(宁东样地)、荒漠干草原(马鞍山样地)、人工固沙治理区(枣泉样地、磁窑堡样地)、流动-半流动沙丘地(甜水河样地、大泉样地、羊场湾样地)等5类生境8个样地,按照样线法进行随机采集,对半翅目昆虫的多样性及区系组成进行了调查研究。结果表明,该保护区共有半翅目昆虫8科29属40种,其中长蝽科为第一大优势科,其次为蝽科。优势种2种:桃红长蝽和横带红长蝽,常见种20种,稀有种18种。8个样地Shannon-Wiener多样性指数由高到低依次为:大泉、白芨滩、马鞍山、甜水河、磁窑堡、宁东、羊场湾、枣泉。以物种在生境中分布的有无,进行0-1数据系统聚类分析,结果显示人工固沙治理区和流动-半流动沙丘地物种组成相似性最高,干旱山地与其他生境差异最大;生境质量是影响半翅目昆虫多样性的主要因素。区系分析显示:保护区在世界地理区划中以古北区占绝对优势(87.50%),在中国动物地理区划中,保护区共有7类21种区系型,区系成分较为复杂。     

关于停止使用"同翅目Homoptera" 目名的建议

长期以来,在我国昆虫学界,“同翅目Homoptera”和半翅目Hemiptera一直被作为2个并列的昆虫目被广泛使用。传统的“同翅目”被分为3亚目10总科,即鞘喙亚目Coleorrhyncha(包括膜翅蝽总科Peloridioidea)、胸喙亚目Stemorrhyncha(包括木虱总科Psylloidea、粉虱总科Aleyrodoidea、蚧总科Coccoidea和蚜总科Aphidoidea)和头喙亚目Auchenorrhyncha[包括蜡蝉子亚目Fulgoromorpha(包括蜡蝉总科Fulgoroidea)和蝉子亚目Cicadomorpha(包括蝉总科Cicadoidea、沫蝉总科Cercopoidea、叶蝉总科Cicadelloidea和角蝉总科Membracoidea)]。近年来,形态学及分子学特征数据的支序分析研究表明,木虱总科、粉虱总科、蚧总科、蚜总科、蜡蝉总科、蝉总科、沫蝉总科、角蝉总科都是单系群;鞘喙亚目、胸喙亚目、蝉子亚目及蜡蝉子亚目也都是单系群,其相互之间的系统发育关系为：胸喙亚目 (蝉子亚目 (蜡蝉子亚目 (鞘喙亚目 异翅亚目(蝽类)))),它们共同组成了单系的半翅目Hemiptera。系统发育分析表明,在半翅目中,鞘喙亚目与异翅亚目具有最近的亲缘关系,蜡蝉子亚目与鞘喙亚目 异翅亚目是姊妹群,蝉子亚目是蜡蝉子亚目 (鞘喙亚目 异翅亚目)的姐妹群,胸喙亚目是半翅目中最早和最原始的一个分枝。因此传统的“同翅目”并不是一个自然的单系类群,而是一个人为的并系类群。目前,在国际昆虫学界,“同翅目”作为一个人为的并系类群已得到公认和普遍接受,并已不再作为昆虫纲的一个有效目被使用。然而,“同翅目”作为昆虫纲的一个有效目在国内一直被广泛使用,为此,作者建议我国的昆虫学工作者今后应停止使用“同翅目”这一人为的并系目名而使用单系的半翅目目名,即将长期以来一直置于“同翅目”的木虱、粉虱、蚧虫、蚜虫、蝉、沫蝉、叶蝉、角蝉及蜡蝉类昆虫与蝽类昆虫一起作为半翅目的成员对待。     

鳞翅目若干迁飞昆虫翅形特征分析(英文)

对鳞翅目蛾类 2科 42种和蝶类 7科 31种昆虫的翅形进行数值分析。结果表明 ,无论是蛾类还是蝶类 ,迁飞昆虫前翅形状均具有区别于非迁飞昆虫的共同特征 ,即前翅相对窄长 ,前缘较平直 ;然而与不同的翅振模式相适应 ,蛾类与蝶类迁飞昆虫的翅形特征又有所不同 :蛾类迁飞昆虫翅外侧较宽阔 ;蝶类迁飞昆虫翅外侧较窄小。     

中国二十个省、自治区蝽科昆虫种数比较

从广泛和长期的采集工作中可以体会到:南方昆虫种类多,北方昆虫种类少;植被丰茂的地方昆虫种类多,植被贫乏的地方昆虫种类少。但我国各省、区的昆虫种数,多的究竟多到什么程度,少的究竟少到什么程度,却始终没有见到一个具体的数据,足资比较说明。下面选取对蝽科昆虫采集工作做得比较细致的20个省、区,代表国内不同方位及生态类型,列出每一省、区所采蝽科及各亚科的种数,供分析比较。 观表1,知参加比较的蝽科昆中计共389种,其中属于盾蝽亚科44种,荔蝽亚科24种,兜蝽亚科15种,短喙蝽亚科16种,益蝽亚科46种,蝽亚科244种。这个数字,与1935年胡经甫教授编写的《中国昆虫名录》所列蝽科301种及1977年肖采瑜教授等编著的《中国蝽类昆虫鉴定手册》第一册所列蝽科     

螳螂掇趣

螳螂是节肢动物门、昆虫纲、螳螂目一类动物的总称,共有一千八百多种。身体中型或大型,前胸甚长,前足为捕攫足;口器咀嚼式;头三角形,颈可自由转动;前翅革质,后翅膜质;渐变态。在数百万年的进化过程中,螳     

Interactions Between Multiple Forms of Nuptial Feeding in the Wood Cricket Nemobius sylvestris (Bosc): Dual Spermatophores and Male Forewings

Nuptial feeding is widespread in insects, with many species showing one form of feeding. In the wood cricket Nemobius sylvestris, the male may provide multiple forms of feeding during an encounter: two kinds of edible spermatophores (microspermatophore and macrospermatophore) and forewing secretions. We examined the roles and interactions of the spermatophores and forewing exposure in the mating sequence of this species. The small microspermatophore was not found to contain sperm, whereas the larger macrospermatophore contained sperm. In mating trials, the microspermatophore may be transferred to the female early in the trial. Transfer of the microspermatophore was not a necessary prerequisite to the subsequent transfer of one or more sperm‐filled macrospermatophores. Forewing exposure increased male mating success, as males with exposed forewings were more successful in transferring the macrospermatophore than males with experimentally covered forewings, both in terms of occurrence of successful transfer and the number of macrospermatophores transferred. Male mating success was very low when the male’s forewings were covered and when the male did not transfer a microspermatophore. The sperm‐filled macrospermatophore may have nutritional value, as females eventually consumed all transferred macrospermatophores, and males consumed all rejected macrospermatophores. Somewhat unexpectedly, this study casts doubt on the role of the forewings in nuptial feeding. Although males with exposed forewings were more successful in macrospermatophore transfer, females actually palpated these males’ forewings less. We posit the alternative hypothesis that the forewing secretions play a role in chemical communication to the female (e.g., signaling male quality), possibly instead of female nourishment.     

消室叶蝉属一新种：同翅目：叶蝉科：隐脉叶蝉亚科

消室叶蝉属Chudania由Distant建立于1908年,张雅林、杨集昆(张雅林,1990)对该属作了订正,将Chudania exposita Jacobi移出本属,报道了8个新种,使本属已知种数目增加到10种。本文报道1新种西藏消室叶蝉Chudania tibeta。正模()保存在西北农业大学昆虫博物馆,副模(1)保存在北京农业大学植物保护系昆虫标本室。     

中国裸齿角石蛾属三新种(毛翅目,齿角石蛾科)

描述了裸齿角石蛾属3新种,即脊状裸齿角石蛾Psilotreta vertebrata sp.nov.(广东)、方背裸齿角石蛾Psilotreta cuboides sp.nov.(云南)和凹入裸齿角石蛾Psilotreta excavata sp.nov.(江西)。模式标本保存于南京农业大学昆虫标本馆。     

Flight motor patterns of locusts responding to thermal stimuli

Correctional and intentional steering manoeuvres in locusts differ in several important respects. The most profound difference between the two is the production of large forewing asymmetries in angle of elevation during the downstroke in intentional steering that are not obvious in correctional steering. We investigated the flight motor patterns during intentional steering responses to a radiant heat source. We found asymmetries in the timing of forewing first basalar (m97) activity on the left and right sides that were strongly and positively correlated with forewing asymmetries. Timing asymmetry in the second basalar (m98) and pleuroalar (m85) muscles was not significantly different from the changes observed in m97. The hindwing first basalar (m127) shifted its asymmetry in the opposite direction. The forewing subalar muscle (m99) did not shift its asymmetry with the same magnitude as m97, but instead was phase-shifted relative to m97 on the left and right sides, suggesting its role as a supinator. We conclude that large asymmetries in the elevation angle of the forewings during the downstroke, as are evident in intentional steering, are generated by bulk shifts in the activation times of forewing depressor muscles to cause a relative shift in the time of stroke reversals of the two forewings. Accepted: 19 June 1998     

北京西山石炭-二叠系蜚蠊类化石的发现兼论北京地区昆虫化石的时代

报道产于北京西山门头沟区色树坟石炭-二叠系太原组的一块蜚蠊类前翅化石,可归入Phyloblatta,代表一新种Phyloblatta beijingensis sp. nov.,以狭小的爪区别于该属其他已知种类。Phyloblatta蜚蠊类在我国山西省下二叠统山西组曾发现多种类型。对北京地区以前报道的昆虫化石所属时代和地层均进行厘定,如土城子组、大灰厂组、夏庄组的昆虫化石。     

耳叶蝉科一新属新种：同翅目：叶蝉总科

本文记述耳叶蝉科肩叶蝉属Paraconf ucius gen.nov.及其模式种淡缘叶蝉P.pallidus sp.nov.。模式标本保存于安徽农学院。     

Environmental stress and fluctuating asymmetry in the grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus (Acrididae: Gomphocerinae)

We examined the effect of agrochemical pollution/fertilisation of the soil and climatic conditions at high altitudes on fluctuating asymmetry (FA) level in hindfemur and forewing lengths of the grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus (Zetterstedt). All traits and samples exhibited ideal FA. Forewings, which are less functionally significant in this species, generally exhibited greater FA than the more functionally significant femora. Forewing FA was also more affected by stress induced by climatic conditions at high altitudes than femur FA. The high altitude sample was the most asymmetric sample for both traits, followed by the two control samples. The two samples from agrochemically contaminated habitats showed the lowest asymmetry in femora and forewings of C. parallelus. These results suggest that high altitude imposes more stress on this grasshopper species than does agrochemical contamination although the stress response was more dramatic in the less functional trait.     

Geometric morphometrics of the forewing shape and size discriminate Plebeia species (Hymenoptera: Apidae) nesting in different substrates

Historically, studies evaluating morphological diversity in stingless bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae: Meliponini) by geometric morphometrics have been used to successfully discriminate taxa and/or populations. Moreover, the use of geometric morphometrics to evaluate phylogenetic morphological variation among stingless bee species has received less attention. Here, we used geometric morphometrics to assess taxonomic discrimination and putative phylogenetic signals for six diapausing stingless bee species (Plebeia) occurring in southern Brazil. In all, 12 landmarks were captured from forewings of P. droryana, P. saiqui, P. emerina, P. remota, P. nigriceps and P. wittmanni. Our data show that the centroid size of the forewings reliably discriminated, for example, between P. droryana and P. emerina from P. saiqui. Moreover, this trait does not have a significant phylogenetic signal. In turn, we found that the overall accuracy in discriminating between the six Plebeia species according to forewing shape was 84%, while the confusion matrix achieved 71%. Interestingly, our discriminant analysis separated Plebeia species nesting in tree cavities from those nesting under granitic rocks. The latter group has second cubital (landmarks = 5, 6, 7), first medial (landmarks = 2, 3, 8) and first submarginal cells (landmarks = 3, 4, 9, 10) that are larger than those of species nesting in trees. The forewing shape showed a strong phylogenetic signal, therefore suggesting that its variation may be due to an evolutionary history shared between Plebeia species studied here rather than to environmental features. This work sheds light on the value of forewing size and shape attributes in discriminating Plebeia species within same genus. We suggest that landmarks separating different taxonomic groups could be incorporated into dichotomous keys to help in identifying clades of complex resolution.     

Correlations between spatiotemporal changes in gene expression and apoptosis underlie wing polyphenism in the ant Pheidole morrisi

Wing polyphenism, which is the ability of a single genome to produce winged and wingless castes in a colony in response to environmental cues, evolved just once and is a universal feature of ants. The gene network underlying wing polyphenism, however, is conserved in the winged castes of different ant species, but is interrupted at different points in the network in the wingless castes of these species. We previously constructed a mathematical model, which predicts that a key gene brinker (brk) mediates the development and evolution of these different "interruption points" in wingless castes of different ant species. According to this model, brk is upregulated throughout the vestigial wing discs of wingless ant castes to reduce growth and induce apoptosis. Here, we tested these predictions by examining the expression of brk, as well as three other genes up- and downstream of brk-decapentaplegic (dpp), spalt (sal), and engrailed (en)-in the winged reproductive and wingless soldier castes in the ant Pheidole morrisi. We show that expression of these genes is conserved in the wing disc of winged castes. Surprisingly, however, we found that brk expression is absent throughout development of the vestigial soldier forewing disc. This absence is correlated with abnormal growth of the soldier forewing disc as revealed by En expression and morphometric analyses. We also discovered that dpp and sal expression change dynamically during the transition from larval-to-prepupal development, and is spatiotemporally correlated with the induction of apoptosis in soldier forewing disc. Our results suggest that, contrary to our predictions, brk may not be a key gene in the network for suppressing wings in soldiers, and its absence may function to disrupt the normal growth of the soldier forewing disc. Furthermore, the dynamic changes in network interruptions we discovered may be important for the induction of apoptosis, and may be a general feature of gene networks that underlie polyphenism.     

Beetle or roach: systematic position of the enigmatic Umenocoleidae based on new material from Zhonggou Formation in Jiuquan,Northwest China,and a morphocladistic analysis

The Umenocoleidae is among the most perplexing fossil insect taxa, widespread at lower and middle latitudes during the Early Cretaceous and probably becoming extinct after the mid-Cretaceous. This problematic taxon was first described from the Lower Cretaceous of China and has been variously assigned to stem-group Coleoptera, Protelytroptera, Blattaria, stem-group Dictyoptera, or Mantodea. The systematic position of the enigmatic family — especially its type species Umenocoleus sinuatus Chen et T’an, 1973 — has remained highly controversial owing to the lack of preserved phylogenetically informative or diagnostic characters. Here, we describe a new specimen of the type species from the type horizon of the type locality (Lower Cretaceous Zhonggou Formation at Jiuquan, Yumen City, China), and additionally two forewings of Ponopterix. We found that the Umenocoleidae is similar to stem-group Coleoptera in its forewing venation but differs in its multi-segmented antennae, orthognathous orientation of the head, subdivision of the pronotum by a transverse furrow, ultrastructure of the forewing punctures, and unfolded hindwings. Our phylogenetic analysis, using an extended matrix of 72 characters and 37 taxa, indicates that the Umenocoleidae is likely a specialized taxon of Dictyoptera, sister to Alienoptera. The beetle-like appearance is interpreted to be a result of convergent evolution.