前翅鞘翅型的蝽类昆虫

鞘翅型蝽类昆虫前翅发达,与甲虫的前翅相似。类群涉及鞭蝽型、蝎蝽型、细蝽型、臭虫型、蝽型中的栉蝽科、裂蝽科、小潜蝽科、固蝽科、蚤蝽科、涯蝽科、网蝽科、盲蝽科、长蝽科、缘蝽科共10个科。它们的生境多样,包括水底小石块下面、水生植物上、海岸潮间区石隙中、蚂蚁巢穴中、沙漠灌木植物上、土中、沙砾中、枯枝落叶层和苔藓上,这些生境的共同点是其对前翅的保护功能的选择压力明显大于对前翅飞行功能的选择压力。此类昆虫的前翅特化的类型分为两类,一类膜区完全退化或极度退化,由革区和爪区(愈合或不愈合)构成鞘质前翅的主体;另一类膜区发达,占鞘质前翅的主体;大部分前翅鞘质化的蝽类属于第一种类型;仅个别长蝽科的昆虫属于第二类,如巨膜长蝽Jakowleffiasetulosa(Jakowleff)。

Heteropteran bugs with coleoptery forewings

Ten heteropteran families, Ceratocombidae, Schizopteridae, Potamocoridae, Pleidae, Helotrephidae, Omaniidae, Tingidae, Miridae, Lygaeidae and Coreidae, have been reported with coleoptery forewings. They belong to Diosocoromorpha, Nepomorpha, Leptopodomorpha, Cimicomorpha, and Pentatomomorpha. The habitats of those bugs are much more diversified as below, undersides of pebbles of stream, aquatic vegetation, intertidal zone of marine coral or pinnacles, nest of ants, shrubs in desert, soil, pebbles or small stones, or grains of sands, litter or moss in rainforest, wet sclerophyll forest or wet scrub sites, which make more selective pressures on forewings as protective structures than that as flight apparatus. Coleoptery forewings of these species cover whole or most of abdomens of them, and can be divided into 2 groups. One group of them are with membrane completely or nearly completely vestigial, and corium with clavus in coalescence or not, forming the forewing or most of it. Another group is with membrane well-developed, occupying most of forewing, and with corium and clavus vestigial. Most of cleoptery forewings true bugs belong to the first group and only a few lygaeid species, such as Jakowleffia setulosa (Jakowleff), belong to the second group.