蝗虫微孢子虫的生产及田间应用现状

蝗虫微孢子虫是国际上商品化的微孢子虫杀虫剂,在对蝗虫的生物防治方面具有重要作用。介绍了关于蝗虫微孢子虫的基础理论知识、大规模生产技术及田间应用现状,同时对利用蝗虫微孢子虫进行害虫生物防治提出了一些有益的建议。     

内蒙古农牧交错区草地蝗虫防治对策与技术的研究初报

报道了2005年和2006年在内蒙古农牧交错区应用生物制剂防治蝗虫的试验,并提出其控制策略。草地试验区应用蝗虫微孢子虫(Nosema locustae)3×1010个孢子.hm-2剂量防治蝗虫,25 d后虫口校正死亡率可达60%-80%,2005年微孢子虫所引起宽须蚁蝗感染率第10天为14.4%,第45天为59.6%;2006年混合种群的感染率最高为16.7%。应用绿僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliaevar.acridum)3×1012个孢子.hm-2剂量防治蝗虫,20 d后虫口校正死亡率为40%-60%;将微孢子虫1.5×1010个孢子.hm-2剂量和绿僵菌3×1012个孢子.hm-2剂量协调应用治蝗,10 d后可使防效达到80%以上。在农田周遍草地应用卡死克150 mL.hm-2剂量作为保护带来防治蝗虫,其校正死亡率在75%以上,以阻止蝗虫侵入农田危害。由此提出在农田周围草地建立化学农药保护带,防止蝗虫入侵农田危害;草地蝗虫密度不高时单独使用蝗虫微孢子虫和绿僵菌,或协调应用二者长期控制虫口密度的防治策略。     

蝗虫微孢子虫病在草原蝗虫优势种种群及空间的分布

在采用蝗虫微孢子虫Nosema locustae防治过的草场中进行抽样调查,研究了草原蝗虫优势种类、混合种群平均密度与蝗虫微孢子虫疾病分布之关系,以及该疾病的空间分布。在防治后的当年,蝗虫微孢子虫疾病的感染率随着混合种群平均密度及靶标蝗虫亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus asiaticus的感病率的下降而降低。但是,次靶标蝗虫如宽须蚁蝗Myrmeleotettixpalpalis(一种中后期发生的种类)其感病率呈上升趋势,表明该疾病可在不同发生期种类蝗虫之间进行有效地传播。病蝗虫在防治后第7d其空间分布呈随机分布(Poisson),第28d 则是聚集分布,第40d时也呈聚集分布。于1993年、1994年对1988年(样区Ⅱ)、1989 年(样区Ⅲ)采用微孢子虫防治过的草场进行抽样调查。结果表明,在二个样区中,二年混合种群平均虫口密度与混合种群的平均感病率呈正相关(相关系数分别为r=0.289, r=0.479)。蝗虫微孢子虫病在主要优势种,如亚洲小车蝗、宽须蚁蝗、白边痂蝗Bryode maluctuosumluctuosum、皱膝蝗Angaracris /I>spp.、毛足棒角蝗Dasyhippus barbipes均有分布。二个样区中的混合蝗虫种群的平均感病率在1994年显著低于1993年。混合蝗虫种群的种类组成也有所变化,与1993年相比,1994年宽须蚁蝗及白边痂蝗的比例上升较大,而亚洲小车蝗的比例下降。经过5—7年的扩散,蝗虫微孢子虫病至少可扩散距防治区1 000m,其扩散方向可能与风及地势等有关。     

蝗虫微孢子虫对东亚飞蝗的实验感染

蝗虫微孢子虫(Nosema locustae Canning)系Canning(1953,1962)从非洲飞蝗(Locustamigratoria migratorioides)体内分离并命名。Henry(1971、1973)用双带蚱蜢(Melanoplus bivittatus)做替代寄主增殖孢子,用来防治草原蝗虫取得显著成效,后来发展成为第一个商品化的微孢子杀虫剂。 1985年我们从美国John.S.Evans博士处得到蝗虫微孢子虫浓缩液,并成功地在东亚飞蝗体内增殖,从而获得大量孢子。本文报道经东亚飞蝗体内增殖后的孢子超微形态结构、发育过程及孢子产生等方面的观察结果。     

蝗虫微孢子虫病对东亚飞蝗聚集行为的影响

采用行为生测法和触角电位法研究了感染蝗虫微孢子虫病的东亚飞蝗对其聚集信息素粗提物的行为反应。在第3龄时部分蝗虫每头接种10^6个蝗虫微孢子虫,与健虫同一条件下饲养。用二氯甲烷从健康蝗虫的粪便、体表或卵囊中抽提聚集信息素,粗提物经纯化和浓缩后保存于冰柜中待用。结果表明,感病飞蝗对其信息素的感受能力下降,聚集行为反应减弱。行为生物测定发现,微孢子虫病对第4龄雌性蝗虫和第5龄蝗虫的聚集行为有明显的抑制作用,而对第4龄雄蝗的影响较小;总的看来,信息素粗提物对感病雄蝗和高龄蝗虫的作用分别高于对感病雌蝗和低龄蝗虫的作用。触角电位(EAG)测定表明,感染了微孢子虫病的东亚飞蝗蝗蝻和成虫,对其信息素粗提物的敏感性降低,且对不同来源的聚集信息素的电生理反应不同,其中对从雄性成熟蝗虫、第4龄蝗蝻及第5龄病虫的粪便中抽提制备的信息素粗提物、第4龄蝗蝻粪便挥发物、第4龄蝗蝻活虫体表挥发物的电生理反应显著下降;但对第5龄雌蝗和第5龄散居型蝗虫的粪便抽提物的电生理活性,病健虫无明显差异。此研究结果证明,施用微孢子虫治蝗时,微孢子虫对蝗虫的聚集行为有明显的影响,为微孢子虫的控害机理提供了新的证据。     

昆虫病原微生物及其在蝗灾治理中的应用

本文重点介绍了蝗虫痘病毒、蝗虫微孢子虫、蝗噬虫霉、绿僵菌、白僵菌、米曲霉等的生物学特性、侵染机制、流行病学和应用潜力。蝗虫痘病毒和蝗噬虫霉分别由于生产成本过高和分生孢子在离体条件下存活时间过短而难以开发应用;蝗虫微孢子虫和绿僵菌已广泛应用到蝗灾治理中,有关绿僵菌致病机理的研究最深入全面;白僵菌也已成功应用到蝗灾治理中;介绍了一种新病原——米曲霉对飞蝗的毒力以及产孢量和耐热性等生物学特性。最后,提出蝗虫新病原微生物资源的开发、提高生产工艺水平、研发新的制剂和延长储存时间等是今后蝗虫微生物农药的发展方向。     

试论拓宽生物防治范围，发展虫害可持续治理

该文针对我国生物防治资源极其丰富和农民经济实力薄弱的特点,结合我国微孢子虫治蝗和苹果园植被多样化持续治理虫害的成果,论述了应如何发展和拓宽具有我国特色的害虫生物防治,进一步提高综合防治水平,促进农业可持续发展。     

蝗虫微孢子虫对蝗虫脂肪含量的影响

用东亚飞蝗Locusta migratoria manilensis作为活体寄主,将4龄蝗蝻接种蝗虫微孢子虫Nosema locustae后,对虫体总脂含量和血淋巴中的甘油脂含量、脂肪酶活力进行了测定,结果表明：蝗虫微孢子虫的寄生可导致东亚飞蝗虫体总脂含量和血淋巴甘油酯含量大幅度下降及血淋巴脂肪酶活力大幅度上升。根据病虫生理指标提出了一种新的病级鉴定方法。     

蝗虫微孢子虫及其在蝗害治理中的作用

扼要阐述了蝗虫微孢子虫的生活史、形态特征及其防治蝗虫的原理和方法。指出,用蝗虫微孢子虫治蝗具有显著的社会、经济及生态效益。     

蝗虫微孢子虫及其在蝗害治疗中的作用

扼要阐述了蝗虫微孢子虫的生活史,形态特征及其防治蝗虫的原理和方法。指出用蝗虫微孢子虫治蝗具有显著的社会,经济及生态效益。     

Development of strategies for the incorporation of biological pesticides into the integrated management of locusts and grasshoppers

• 1 Effective biological pesticides based on oil formulation of deuteromycete fungal spores have been developed for use against locusts and grasshoppers. The isolate IMI 330189 of Metarhizium anisopliae (flavoviride) var. acridum has been registered, extensively field tested and its operating characteristics explored. It should form an powerful component technology in the integrated management of locust and grasshopper pests.
• 2 The particular advantages of Metarhizium anisopliae were found to be efficacy and persistence, low vertebrate toxicity, little environmental impact, conservation of natural enemies and potential for recycling. Additional socio-economic advantages include the possibility of local production, ease of disposal and versatility in use. The principal disadvantages relate to operating characteristics such as slower speed of kill and slightly greater lability in storage than chemical pesticides.
• 3 Strategies are being developed to integrate biological control agents into locust and grasshopper management schemes; for Metarhizium the accent is placed on: (i) treating the pest before it invades crops and (ii) situations with a high premium on environmental issues.
• 4 For some pest situations, fast-acting chemical pesticides will still be necessary for crop protection.
• 5 A cheaper biological agent, such as Nosema locustae, with the capacity to persist in the pest insect population would be useful. Research is recommended on the long-term impact of Nosema in Africa.
• 6 An evaluation of the utility of the manual destruction of egg pods leads to the conclusion that we should consider the possibility of importing egg parasitoids, such as Scelio parvicornis from Australia, into Africa.
• 7 Further development work is needed to clarify the economics and politics of locust and grasshopper control; to improve the regulatory framework for biopesticides; to inform key decision makers of the availability and potential of Metarhizium; and to implement the bio-intensive IPM strategies described.

     

Differential susceptibility of two locust pests to the microsporidium Paranosema (Antonospora) locustae at suboptimal rearing temperature

Paranosema (Antonospora) locustae (Canning) is a microsporidium with an extensive host range including >100 reported insect hosts from the order Orthoptera. The susceptibility of two species of locusts (Orthoptera: Acrididae) – the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria subsp. migratorioides (Fairmaire & Reiche), and the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria Forsskål – to P. locustae was compared under laboratory conditions at a decreased temperature of 27 °C to enhance susceptibility to infection. Locusta migratoria was found highly vulnerable as infection percentages exceeded 70% at 10⁴, 10⁵, and 10⁶ spores per insect, and mortality increased with increasing dosage. Conversely, P. locustae spores were not found in S. gregaria throughout the experiment. Only at 10⁷ spores per insect, as many as 20% of S. gregaria were infected. This suggests that the desert locust is resistant to P. locustae infection, as opposed to the migratory locust. The laboratory models of these parasite–host systems may be useful for elucidating mechanisms of insect immunity to microsporidia.     

Effects of a combined infection with Paranosema locustae and Beauveria bassiana on Locusta migratoria and its gut microflora

Even though Paranosema locustae is widely used in China as a biological agent for controlling grasshoppers,the mortality rate is initially quite low.This study sought to determine whether the simultaneous use of P.locustae and Beauveria bassiana would be a more effective control strategy.Additionally,changes in the intestinal microbial communities of migratory locusts infected with the two pathogens were analyzed to investigate the roles of gut microbes in pathogen-host interactions.The mortality rate of locusts inoculated with B.bassiana and P.locustae simultaneously was not significantly higher than expected but the mortality rates of locusts inoculated with B.bassiana 3,6,and 9 days after inoculation with P.locustae were significantly higher than if their effects were additive,indicating synergism.A MiSeq analysis found that Weissella was the most common bacterium,representing 41.48%and 51.62%of the total bacteria in the mid-and hindguts,respectively,and the bacterial declines were greatest during dual infections with B.bassiana and P.locustae.The appropriately timed combined application of P.locustae and B.bassiana was more effective against locusts than either treatment alone.Moreover,the combined inoculation of the two pathogens changed the gut microflora of locusts,indicating the potential relevancy of their synergistic effects on locust control.     

Effect of Paranosema (Nosema) locustae (Microsporidia) on morphological phase transformation of Locusta migratoria manilensis (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

Field and laboratory studies demonstrated that Paranosema (Nosema) locustae had significant effects on the morphological phase transformation of Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen 1835). In the field, spraying P. locustae on gregarious locusts caused a substantial population reduction by 16 days after treatment, with most of the surviving locusts being phase solitaria. However, the effects of P. locustae on locust phase transformation began before direct mortality had caused a substantial reduction in locust density: locust numbers were still high at day 10, but locusts had already transformed to phase transiens. Laboratory assays showed that while a low dose of P. locustae had no effect on phase transformation, at a higher dose of 1×10⁵ spores/mL, locusts had F/C ratios that were significantly (P<0.05) more solitaria than untreated locusts, with locusts having ratios that were either phase solitaria or on the solitaria side of phase transiens. In a second laboratory experiment that analysed the effects of locust density on phase transformation by P. locustae, there was no obvious effect of density on female locusts 10 days later as all were solitaria at all locust densities. At day 16, female locusts were transiens at higher densities, but were solitaria at 4/cage. With males there were lesser effects. These results provide new evidence for P. locustae having sub-lethal effects on locust phase transformation at a wide range of locust densities.     

截头堆砂白蚁研究概况

截头堆砂白蚁Cryptotermes domestictis是世界性蛀木害虫, 也是我国主要危害木材的白蚁之一。本文重点综述了我国截头堆砂白蚁补充型繁殖蚁的形成、生存、繁殖和扩散, 以及成熟群体的分飞, 原始繁殖蚁的形成周期和行为特点, 初建群体的形成、发展发育和取食行为的生物学和生态学研究进展。并且对该种白蚁的控制进行了探讨, 为控制该种白蚁的扩散、传播和为害提供理论依据。     

六六六对于飞蝗蝻期的熏蒸作用

一、前言 六六六不但是一种强有力的胃毒兼接触剂,并且具有相当的熏蒸作用,过去从事研究六六六熏蒸作用的为人不多,Srivastava和Wilson(1947)曾用德国蟑螂,东方天幕毛虫和五种仓库害虫装入金属纱笼里边,在容积二五二.二八立方尺的减压瓶里,分四种方法研究。(1)测定六六六蒸气对以上几种昆虫的熏蒸作用,认为六六六蒸气对於不同种类的昆虫和时期有不同程度的作用。(2)研究六六六     

Persistence of Nosema locustae Spores in Soil as Determined by Fluorescence Microscopy

Nosema locustae, a protozoan parasite of grasshoppers, is used as a bioinsecticide. In the present study, the persistence of N. locustae spores in soil and the interaction of these spores with the indigenous soil microflora were examined with various forms of microscopy and staining. Fluorescence microscopy was found to be better than phase-contrast or bright-field microscopy for detecting and viewing spores in soil. Fluorescein isothiocyanate was a better fluorescent stain than acridine orange or fluorescein diacetate; water-soluble aniline blue did not stain spores. The eight bright-field microscopy stains tested (phenolic erythrosin, phenolic rose bengal, malachite green, crystal violet, safranin, Congo red, methyl red, and eosin B) were not satisfactory, as spore staining characteristics were either poor or masked by overstained soil debris. A procedure was developed which allowed spores to be extracted from soil with a peptone-phosphate buffer, recovered on a membrane filter, and stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate for microscopic counting. This procedure was used to assess the persistence of N. locustae spores in field and laboratory soils. The number of N. locustae spores in a laboratory model soil system persisted at a high level for over 8 weeks when the soil was incubated at 5°C but exhibited a 1,000-fold decrease after 1 week of incubation at 27°C. Persistence was related to the temperature-dependent activity of the indigenous soil microflora, which, on the basis of microscopic observations, appeared to prey on N. locustae spores. N. locustae spores were detected in an N. locustae-treated field soil at a low level consistent with the level for laboratory soil incubated at 27°C, and they persisted at this level for over 2 months. No spores were detected on vegetation from this field or in the soil from an adjacent, nontreated control field. N. locustae-like spores were also detected in soil from nontreated fields supporting large grasshopper populations.