冬青油与肉桂油对淡色库蚊的生物活性

为进一步明确冬青油（wintergreen oil）与肉桂油（cinnamon oil）对蚊虫的生物活性, 本研究采用浸液法、 “Y”型嗅觉仪法和密闭三角瓶熏蒸法, 分别测定了两种精油对淡色库蚊Culex pipiens pallens幼虫的毒杀作用以及对成虫的驱避和熏杀活性。结果显示： 肉桂油和冬青油对淡色库蚊幼虫均具有较强的毒杀作用, 处理24 h的LC₅₀分别为71.87 mg/L和 102.83 mg/L。在0.5 μL的供试剂量下, 冬青油与肉桂油在20 min内对淡色库蚊的驱避率均在80%以上, 显示了较好的驱蚊活性。冬青油对淡色库蚊具有明显的熏蒸击倒作用, 12 μL/L浓度下的KT₅₀为3.97 min; 而肉桂油则具有较好的熏蒸致死活性, 熏蒸5 h的LC₅₀ 为0.31 μL/L。冬青油与肉桂油按1∶1体积比混配后对淡色库蚊表现出较好的击倒和致死效果。冬青油和肉桂油既对淡色库蚊幼虫具有较强的毒杀作用, 又对淡色库蚊雌成虫表现出较好的驱避和熏杀活性, 具有开发成为植物源蚊虫防控剂的潜力。     

球形芽孢杆菌TS-1丙酮粉对七种蚊虫的毒力测定

用乳糖-丙酮沉淀法制备的球形芽孢杆菌Bacillus sphaericus,TS-1菌粉对七种蚊虫幼虫进行了毒力测定,以淡色库蚊,致倦库蚊最为敏感,其LC₅₀分别为8.1μg/L(1.79×10²cfu/ml),8.9μg/L(1.96×10²cfu/ml),三带喙库蚊敏感性较淡色库蚊差13倍,2龄白纹伊蚊和中华按蚊分别差20和600倍;黄斑伊蚊,二株埃及伊蚊剂量高达10⁵—10⁶cfu/ml相差1,000—10,000倍以上几乎无效.本文结合B.t.I.标准生物测定方法,对毒力测定中检查时间、数据、虫龄、虫数、饲料等问题进行了讨论.     

小蓬草精油对两种蚊虫的毒杀活性和成分分析

【目的】明确小蓬草Conyza canadensis ( L.) Cronq.精油的杀虫潜力及其活性成分。【方法】通过浸虫法和密闭熏蒸法测试了小蓬草精油对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus和致倦库蚊Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus幼虫及成蚊的毒杀活性, 并利用气相色谱 质谱联用仪（GC-MS）对精油的挥发性成分进行了定性分析。【结果】 小蓬草精油对白纹伊蚊1-4龄期幼虫及蛹的24 h LC50值分别为25.01, 45.88, 56.94, 64.60和346.23 μg/mL; 对致倦库蚊幼虫1-4龄期幼虫及蛹的24 h LC₅₀值分别为9.16, 8.65, 32.12, 43.68和197.83 μg/mL。在剂量分别为48, 64, 80, 96, 112和128 μg/cm3时, 小蓬草精油对白纹伊蚊成蚊的KT₅₀值分别为28.81, 22.31, 20.38, 17.05, 13.92和9.74 min; 对致倦库蚊的KT50值分别为34.90, 32.97, 23.97, 19.60, 15.20和10.34 min。 24 h熏蒸对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊成蚊的LC50值分别是75.46和99.19 μg/cm³。小蓬草精油的GC MS定性分析共分离鉴定出31种化合物, 其中单萜类物质6种, 倍半萜烯类物质17种, 含氧萜烯类6种。【结论】结果表明小蓬草精油对这两种蚊虫的毒杀活性较高, 具有深开发潜力。     

不同浓度噻虫嗪对点蜂缘蝽种群的跨代效应

【目的】为探明不同浓度噻虫嗪对点蜂缘蝽Riptortus pedestris种群的跨代效应。【方法】点蜂缘蝽3龄若虫用不同浓度[LC₁₀(5.2 mg/L), LC₂₀(11.2 mg/L), LC₃₀(19.6 mg/L), LC₄₀(31.6 mg/L)和LC₅₀(49.4 mg/L)]噻虫嗪药液浸渍处理的大豆籽粒喂食24 h,存活若虫继续饲养至成虫羽化,继续繁殖建立其F₁代种群,并系统记录其F₁代种群的生长发育和繁殖情况,采用年龄-龄期两性生命表分析F₁代种群生物学参数。【结果】点蜂缘蝽3龄若虫取食不同浓度噻虫嗪处理的大豆籽粒后,其F₁代种群的发育历期和产卵前期均有所延长,其中LC₅₀噻虫嗪处理卵历期和若虫历期最长,较对照(清水)的分别延长了1.01和8.39 d; LC₂₀噻虫嗪处理成虫产卵前期最长,较对照的延长了3.54 d。噻虫嗪处理不...     

椿叶花椒果实精油对两种蚊虫的生物活性及成分分析

为筛选环保型的植物源灭蚊活性物质, 研究了椿叶花椒 Zanthoxylum ailanthoides 果实精油对白纹伊蚊Aedes albopictus和致倦库蚊Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus成蚊的熏杀活性, 并测试了精油对这两种蚊幼虫的毒杀效果。此外, 采用GC-MS分析了该精油的化学成分。 结果表明：在102.145 μg·cm^-3熏杀剂量下, 精油对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊成蚊的KT50值分别为2.788和3.505 min, 24 h致死率分别为100%和97.53%。该精油对白纹伊蚊和致倦库蚊4龄幼虫的LC50值分别为45.237和20.759 mg·L^-1。从椿叶花椒果实精油中共鉴定出14种化合物, 其中2-十一酮为主要成分, 相对含量为89.86%。结果说明椿叶花椒果实精油对两种蚊虫均有明显的杀虫活性, 具有开发成植物源灭蚊剂的潜力。     

氰氟虫腙对小菜蛾阿维菌素抗性和敏感种群的亚致死效应(英文)

在实验室条件下采用生命表技术研究了氰氟虫腙亚致死剂量（LC₂₅）对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella阿维菌素抗性（AV-R）和敏感（AV-S）种群的亚致死效应, 旨在为小菜蛾对阿维菌素的抗性治理提供理论基础。结果表明： 氰氟虫腙对小菜蛾3龄幼虫抗性种群的LC₅₀和LC₂₅分别为0.24 mg/L和0.09 mg/L; 对敏感种群的LC₅₀和LC₂₅分别为0.20 mg/L和0.07 mg/L。氰氟虫腙亚致死剂量0.09 mg/L 处理小菜蛾后, 对处理代的影响表现为显著降低处理种群的化蛹率、 蛹重、 羽化率、 繁殖力; 明显延长蛹期, 缩短成虫产卵期和寿命; 对子代种群的影响表现为显著降低卵的孵化率、 幼虫各龄期的存活率, 延长发育历期。处理种群的内禀增长率（r_m）、 周限增长率（λ）和净增值率（R₀）显著低于对照种群（P<0.0001）。亚致死剂量的氰氟虫腙对小菜蛾抗性种群的影响大于敏感种群, 对处理代种群的影响大于子代种群。氰氟虫腙亚致死剂量可以极大地影响小菜蛾尤其是阿维菌素抗性种群的种群动态, 因此氰氟虫腙对于小菜蛾的抗性治理具有积极的作用。     

苦豆子生物碱对萝卜蚜的毒力及其对几种酯酶的影响

苦豆子Sophora alopecuroids(L.)的次生代谢物质为喹诺里西定生物碱类。本研究明确了该生物碱中的野靛碱对萝卜蚜(Lipaphis erysimi)有很高的毒杀作用,对其无翅成蚜的致死中浓度(LC₅₀浸渍法)为(432.59±2.12)mg/L,优于著名的杀蚜生物碱毒黎碱和烟碱,两者对该试虫的LC₅₀分别为(684.70±2.28)mg/L和(1090.65±2.01)mg/L。用小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)幼虫作试虫,得知苦豆子7种主要生物碱对昆虫的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)有抑制作用,其抑制程度排序为：总碱>野靛碱>槐胺碱>槐定碱>槐果碱>氧化苦参碱>苦参碱>苦豆碱。野靛碱和苦豆碱对a-乙酸萘酯酶、a-乙酸萘酯羧酸酯酶及酯酶同功酶的活性亦表现不同程度的抑制作用。     

亚致死浓度氯虫苯甲酰胺可降低亚洲玉米螟的种群增长

为了探讨氯虫苯甲酰胺对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)的抗性风险评估, 为科学使用氯虫苯甲酰胺防治亚洲玉米螟提供理论基础, 本研究在实验室条件下采用饲料混毒法测定了新型杀虫剂氯虫苯甲酰胺对亚洲玉米螟的毒力, 利用生命表技术研究了氯虫苯甲酰胺对亚洲玉米螟 3龄幼虫的亚致死效应。结果表明： 氯虫苯甲酰胺对亚洲玉米螟3龄幼虫的LC₁₀, LC₄₀ 和LC₅₀分别为0.038, 0.098 和0.123 mg a. i. /L。以氯虫苯甲酰胺LC₁₀和LC₄₀剂量分别处理亚州玉米螟3龄幼虫后, 幼虫和蛹的发育历期明显延长, 成虫寿命缩短, 产卵量也显著降低, 但对蛹重（雌： P=0.337, 雄： P=0.121）、卵孵化率（P=0.087）和性比（P=0.379）无显著影响。处理种群的净增值率（R₀）、内禀增长率（r_m）和周限增长率（λ）显著低于对照种群（P<0.0001）。结果提示, 氯虫苯甲酰胺的亚致死浓度可降低亚洲玉米螟的种群增长。     

氰氟虫腙对草地贪夜蛾的毒力与田间防效

【目的】本研究旨在明确氰氟虫腙对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda幼虫的毒力水平和田间防治效果,为科学使用氰氟虫腙防治草地贪夜蛾提供参考依据。【方法】采用饲料混毒法在室内测定了氰氟虫腙与4种常用杀虫剂甲维盐、氯虫苯甲酰胺、虱螨脲和茚虫威对草地贪夜蛾3和6龄幼虫的致死中浓度(LC₅₀)及LC₉₀值,以及LC₉₀浓度的这些杀虫剂对3龄幼虫的致死中时(medium lethal time, LT₅₀)值。采用人工喷雾方法测定了玉米田中22%氰氟虫腙悬浮剂(6.6 g/667 m²)、22%氰氟虫腙悬浮剂(17.6 g/667 m²)、5.7%甲维盐水分散剂(1 g/667 m²)和150 g/L茚虫威悬浮剂(2 g/667 m²)对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的防效。【结果】室内生测结果显示,供试的5种杀虫剂中氰氟虫腙对草地贪夜蛾3和6龄幼虫均具有较高的毒力,其LC₅₀值分别为2.64和4.3...     

α-萜品醇熏蒸对大麦虫体内抗氧化酶活性的影响

为研究植物挥发性有机化合物α-萜品醇的杀虫活性及作用机理, 本研究采用熏蒸法测定了α-萜品醇对大麦虫Zophobas morio（鞘翅目： 拟步行甲科）4龄幼虫的急性毒性, 并测定了不同熏蒸时间后幼虫体内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、 过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性。结果表明： 熏蒸48 h时, α-萜品醇对大麦虫4龄幼虫的LC₅₀和LC₂₀值分别为69.425 μg/L和59.916 μg/L。α-萜品醇（LC₂₀和LC₅₀）处理的4龄幼虫SOD, POD和CAT活性均表现为先升高后降低的趋势。据此推测, α-萜品醇在幼虫体内积累显著影响幼虫体内SOD, POD和CAT活性, 降低虫体内自由基的清除能力, 从而对其产生毒害作用。     

Insecticidal activities of leaf essential oils from Cinnamomum osmophloeum against three mosquito species

The larvicidal activities of leaf essential oils and their constituents from six chemotypes of indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kaneh.) trees were evaluated against three mosquito species. Results of larvicidal tests demonstrated that the leaf essential oils of cinnamaldehyde type and cinnamaldehyde/cinnamyl acetate type had an excellent inhibitory effect against Aedes albopictus larvae, and their LC(50) values in 24h were 40.8 microg/ml (LC(90)=81.7 microg/ml) and 46.5 microg/ml (LC(90)=83.3 microg/ml), respectively. Results of the 24-h mosquito larvicidal assays also showed that the effective constituents in leaf essential oils were trans-cinnamaldehyde and benzaldehyde and that the LC(50) values of these constituents against A. albopictus larvae were below 50 mug/ml. In addition, cinnamaldehyde type leaf essential oil and trans-cinnamaldehyde have also exhibited great larvicidal performance against Culex quinquefasciatus and Armigeres subalbatus larvae. Comparisons of mosquito larvicidal activity of trans-cinnamaldehyde congeners revealed that alpha-methyl cinnamaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and trans-cinnamaldehyde exhibited strong mosquito larvicidal activity.     

Field larvicidal and oviposition repellent efficacy of three essential oil formulations for the control of filaria vector mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae): A kill and push concept

Biological control of larval mosquitoes is in great demand due to the development of resistance against synthetic insecticides, environmental toxicity and the inability to protect habitats from further oviposition. In the present study, three botanical essential oils (BEOs) – citronella, eucalyptus, and pine oils – were formulated for the assessment of larvicidal and oviposition repellent efficacies against Culex quinquefasciatus Say, the filaria vector. The GC–MS profiling of BEOs showed the presence of 16 – 19 compounds covering 87.7–93% of oil composition. The resistance status of Culex quinquefasciatus population was evaluated with temephos (LC₅₀ = 0.001 ppm, LC₉₀ = 0.01 ppm). Larval bioassay of emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations prepared from eucalyptus and pine oils showed promising efficacy (LC₅₀ = 22.7 and 23.2 ppm) and LC₉₀ (63.8 and 62.4 ppm) compared to citronella oil EC (LC₅₀ = 43.4 ppm and LC₉₀ = 199.0 ppm). The field trials of eucalyptus + pine (1:1 ratio) EC showed 100% larval mortality for 3 weeks at 300 ppm compared to 2 weeks of individual oils. Further, the oviposition attraction index (OAI) for ECs of eucalyptus, pine, and their combination showed complete protection of breeding habitats from oviposition at 1st week and ?0.9 to ?1.0 OAI at 2nd week with slight reduction to ?0.5 at 3rd week. Citronella EC provided shortest larvicidal and oviposition repellent efficacy under the field conditions. The promising mosquitocidal activities of EC formulations of eucalyptus and pine or their combination suggest them as potential biocontrol vector control candidates over citronella oil.     

四种植物精油成分对枸杞棉蚜的生物活性

【目的】研究植物精油4种成分丁香酚(eugenol)、α-松油醇(α-terpineol)、肉桂油(cinnamon oil)和香茅油(citronella oil)对枸杞棉蚜Aphis gossypii的生物活性以及马来酸二乙酯和水杨酸乙酯对这些化合物对枸杞棉蚜毒力的影响,为无公害防治枸杞(Lycium spp.)害虫奠定科学基础。【方法】采用二项选择法测定上述4种精油成分(1%)对枸杞棉蚜无翅成蚜的驱避作用;玻璃管药膜法进行生物测定,评估这4种化合物及其与马来酸二乙酯或水杨酸乙酯的混合液对枸杞棉蚜成蚜的毒力;采用生物化学方法分析这些化合物处理后枸杞棉蚜成蚜乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)和三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)的离体活性。【结果】α-松油醇(1%)对枸杞棉蚜无翅成蚜的驱避作用明显,1, 2和3 h的驱避率分别为58.1%, 58.6%和55.7%; 3 h时测试的4种化合物对枸杞棉蚜成蚜的驱避率由大到小依次为α-松油醇>香茅油>肉桂油>丁香酚。丁香酚对枸杞棉蚜成蚜的毒杀作用最强,处理4 h时的LC₅₀值为0.48 mL/L,肉桂油、α-松油醇、香茅油对枸杞棉蚜成蚜的LC₅₀值分别为1.23, 6.24和11.97 mL/L。对枸杞棉蚜成蚜的生物测定结果表明,马来酸二乙酯对香茅油、肉桂油、丁香酚和α-松油醇的增效比分别为2.75, 2.86, 1.78和1.56;水杨酸乙酯对香茅油、肉桂油、丁香酚和α-松油醇的增效比分别为3.41, 2.67, 2.00和1.89。毒力比结果表明,所测定的4种化合物对枸杞棉蚜的毒力相差49.9倍,丁香酚与马来酸二乙酯或水杨酸乙酯的混合液对枸杞棉蚜的触杀毒力最高。4种精油成分对枸杞棉蚜成蚜AChE和ATPase活性有不同的作用,丁香酚对AChE活性的抑制作用最强,但对ATPase活性表现为低浓度促进,高浓度抑制。【结论】α-松油醇对枸杞棉蚜驱避作用最好;丁香酚、α-松油醇、肉桂油和香茅油这4种精油成分对枸杞棉蚜的毒力相差很大;丁香酚与马来酸二乙酯或水杨酸乙酯混合后对枸杞棉蚜的毒力提高,具有进一步开发应用的潜力;所测精油成分对枸杞棉蚜离体AChE和ATPase活性有一定抑制作用。     

Variations in insecticidal activity and chemical compositions of leaf essential oils from Cryptomeria japonica at different ages

The larvicidal effects of the essential oils extracted from the leaves of Cryptomeria japonica at different ages (58, 42, and 26 years old) against 2 mosquito species, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, were studied. The analysis of major constituents of these essential oils was also investigated. Results obtained from the larvicidal tests, using essential oil from the leaves of 58-year-old C. japonica was found to be most effective against both A. aegypti and A. albopictus larvae, indicating tree age has significant influence on mosquito larvicidal activity. In addition, the eleven pure constituents from C. japonica leaf essential oil were also tested individually against the two mosquito larvae. Among them, alpha-terpinene, gamma-terpinene, p-cymene, 3-carene, terpinolene, and beta-myrcene shows strong larvicidal effect against the two mosquito larvae. Among these pure constituents, 3-carene exhibits the best larvicidal effect against A. aegypti and terpinolene shows an excellent inhibitory action against A. albopictus larvae. The results of this study show that the leaf essential oil and its effective constituents might be considered as a potent source for the production of fine natural larvicides.     

Efficacy and repellency of some essential oils and their blends against larval and adult house flies,Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae)

House flies are global pests and notoriously difficult to control. Essential oils of vetiver, cinnamon, and lavender and their blends were tested for toxic and repellent effects against larval and adult flies. All of the oils had moderate toxicity for eggs. Mortality of 2^nd instar larvae was 57–78% in dipping assays, 38–100% in contact assays, and 94–100% in treated media. Lavender was less effective (38% mortality) than the others (91–100%) in contact bioassays. Oil blends were not more effective against larvae than individual oils. Vetiver and cinnamon oils were strongly repellent (84 and 78%, respectively) for larvae in treated media. None of the oils were repellent for adult house flies in olfactometer assays, but testing of additional products demonstrated significant repellency for neem oil, p‐menthane‐3,8‐diol (PMD), and vanillin. Contact/fumigant toxicity of vetiver, cinnamon, and lavender oils was 100%, significantly higher than mortality from sunflower oil (67%). Blends of oils were not more effective against adults than the individual oils, but blends diluted with sunflower oil were as effective as the individual oils. Essentials oils of vetiver and cinnamon may have potential for fly management in situations where conventional insecticides cannot be used.     

Nematicidal Activity of Plant Essential Oils against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)

The nematicidal activity and poisoning symptoms of 88 plant essential oils against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus were examined by an immersion bioassay. Results were compared with those of three trunk-injection nematicides: fenitrithion, levamisol hydrochloride, and morantel tartrate. As judged by 24 h LC₅₀ values, cinnamon bark oil (0.12 mg/ml) was the most effective nematicide, followed by coriander herb oil (0.14 mg/ml). Potent nematicidal activity was also observed with lemongrass, oregano, thyme red, and clove bud oils (LC₅₀, 0.57-0.88 mg/ml). Fenitrothion was ineffective (LC₅₀, > 10 mg/ml). In typical poisoning symptoms in B. xylophilus, these essential oils exerted rapid nematicidal action and the nematodes killed usually showed an extended shape, whereas levamisole hydrochloride and morantel tartrate usually exhibited semicircular and coiling shapes, respectively. The essential oils described merit further study as botanical nematicides for the control of pine wilt disease caused by B. xylophilus.     

Larvicidal activity of the essential oil from Lippia sidoides Cham. Against Aedes aegypti linn

The aim of this work was to study the larvicidal activity of Lippia sidoides essential oil against Aedes aegypti larvae. The essential oil and its hydrolate (saturated solution of essential oil in water) were obtained by vapor extraction and their chemical composition determined by GL-chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy. Bioassays were run with the essential oil, pure and diluted hydrolate and with their main constituents thymol and carvacrol. The results obtained showed that L. sidoides essential oil and its hydrolate have larvicidal action against the mosquito A. aegypti, causing an almost instantaneous mortality. Thymol, an alkylated phenol derivative and one of the major components of L. sidoides essential oil, was identified as the active principle responsible for the larvicidal action, causing 100% larval mortality at the lowest tested concentration of 0.017% (w/v). These results suggest that the essential oil of L. sidoides is promising as larvicide against A. aegypti and could be useful in the search of newer, more selective, and biodegradable larvicidal natural compounds to be used in official combat programs and at home.     

Effect of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) essential oil supplementation on lamb growth performance and meat quality characteristics

A trial was conducted to examine the effect of cinnamon essential oil supplementation on lamb growth performance and meat quality. Sixteen male lambs were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group served as control and was given a basal diet, and the second group was given the same diet supplemented with cinnamon oil (1 ml/kg of concentrated feed) for 35 days. Incorporation of cinnamon oil did not affect growth performance (P>0.05). Meat pH, colour, water-holding capacity, shear force, intramuscular fat and lipid oxidation values of longissimus thoracis muscle were not significantly influenced by cinnamon oil supplementation (P>0.05). The post-inoculation counts of Salmonella enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes on raw meat during refrigerated storage for 6 days did not differ (P>0.05) between the two groups. The results show that cinnamon oil supplementation may not have the potential to improve lamb growth performance and meat quality characteristics.     

Liposome containing cinnamon oil with antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm

The global burden of bacterial disease remains high and is set against a backdrop of increasing antimicrobial resistance. There is a pressing need for highly effective and natural antibacterial agents. In this work, the anti-biofilm effect of cinnamon oil on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was evaluated. Then, cinnamon oil was encapsulated in liposomes to enhance its chemical stability. The anti-biofilm activities of the liposome-encapsulated cinnamon oil against MRSA biofilms on stainless steel, gauze, nylon membrane and non-woven fabrics were evaluated by colony forming unit determination. Scanning electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy analyses were employed to observe the morphological changes in MRSA biofilms treated with the encapsulated cinnamon oil. As a natural and safe spice, the cinnamon oil exhibited a satisfactory antibacterial performance on MRSA and its biofilms. The application of liposomes further improves the stability of antimicrobial agents and extends the action time.