四川老君山自然保护区的鸡形目种群密度研究

2006年4月~5月,对四川省老君山自然保护区鸡形目鸟类种群的鸣叫雄鸟的密度进行了调查。调查发现了4种鸡形目鸟类:灰胸竹鸡(Bambusicola thoracica)、白腹锦鸡(Chrysolophus amherstiae)、四川山鹧鸪(Arborophila rufipectus)和红腹角雉(Tragopan temminckii)。采用鸣叫计数的方法,在调查区域的3种生境(原始林、人工林和次生林)中记录了鸣叫雄鸟的数量和距调查点的距离。应用距离取样法对数据的计算估计,4种鸡形目鸟类的鸣叫雄鸟在调查区域的密度(只/km2)分别为20.19±6.07、1.48±0.46、4.24±0.60和11.19±2.97。在原始林、人工林和次生林3种生境的鸡形目鸟类密度,灰胸竹鸡分别为7.19±4.19、26.89±8.92和17.79±9.49;白腹锦鸡密度分别为0.74±0.43、2.92±1.42和1.19±0.58;四川山鹧鸪密度分别为7.94±0.99、1.99±1.63和3.06±0.60;红腹角雉密度分别为17.66±5.98、0和12.58±4.85。鸡形目鸟类群落Shannon-Weiner物种多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数大小依次均为次生林>人工林>原始林,Simpson优势度指数大小则相反。     

2种调查方法对四川黑竹沟国家级自然保护区3种雉类种群密度调查的比较

种群数量是物种的重要生态学基础资料,合适的密度调查方法是数量估算的基础。2016年4-5月,采用广泛应用于鸡形目Galliformes鸟类种群密度调查的样线法和样点法,调查了四川黑竹沟国家级自然保护区3种鸡形目鸟类(白腹锦鸡Chrysolophus amherstiae、红腹角雉Tragopan temminckii和血雉Ithaginis cruentus)的种群密度。样线法和样点法估算的雄体密度分别是:白腹锦鸡1.20只/km^2和(6.31±0.98)只/km^2,红腹角雉5.41只/km^2和(0.39±0.17)只/km^2,血雉3.01只/km^2和(5.97±2.70)只/km^2。除红腹角雉外,样点法估算的白腹锦鸡、血雉种群密度均大于样线法。建议针对不同鸡形目鸟类采用不同的调查方法,并尽量扩大样本数量,从而提高调查结果的准确性。     

四川老君山自然保护区不同生境鸟类多样性研究

2006年4~5月采用"点样带法"(point transects)对四川老君山自然保护区的鸟类物种组成和种群数量进行了调查,共记录到85种鸟类,分属7目22科。其中,国家级保护鸟类5种,我国特有种13种,优势种4种。把调查区域划分为3种生境:原始林、次生林和人工林,并对各生境鸟类群落的鸟类数量级、鸟类群落的物种多样性、鸟类群落间的相似性进行了比较分析,其结果表明:1)国家级保护鸟类在原始林中最多,次生林中最少;我国特有种则是次生林中最多,人工林中最少。2)鸟类群落Shannon-Wiener物种多样性指数原始林最高,人工林最低。3)原始林和次生林之间的B ray-Curtis相似性指数最高,原始林和人工林之间相似性指数最低。     

四川嘛咪泽自然保护区不同生境类型鸟类多样性调查

2006年4~5月采用样点法对四川嘛咪泽自然保护区的鸟类组成和种群数量进行了调查,共记录到鸟类7目23科105种,数量1948只,其中国家重点保护鸟类6种,我国特有鸟类7种。鸟类区系以东洋界成分为主。对不同生境鸟类多样性的分析结果表明:1)人工林和灌丛草地生境间的鸟类群落相似性指数最高,灌丛草地和原始林之间鸟类群落相似性最低;2)次生林鸟类多样性指数最高,灌丛草地最低;3)原始林内国家级保护鸟类最多,特有种仅次于次生林;4)林中鸟类垂直分布中间层密度最大。     

三种同域高山鸡形目鸟类的生境选择

研究同域物种的生境选择对认识物种共存、竞争及生态位分化具有重要理论意义,对物种的区域整合保护与管理也有重要实践价值。本文对川西高原3种典型同域分布的珍稀濒危鸡形目Galliformes鸟类,即四川雉鹑Tetraophasis szechenyii、白马鸡Crossoptilon crossoptilon和血雉Ithaginis cruentus的生境选择进行了研究。研究于2014年4月—2015年1月在四川省雅江县格西沟国家级自然保护区进行,共布设17条调查样带,在春、秋、冬季分别发现了3个物种65、61、66处生境使用点。通过Jacobs指数法和Bonferroni修正检验对物种生境选择进行分析,结果表明:(1)春季,四川雉鹑显著喜好冷杉-红杉林,拒绝高山栎丛;白马鸡显著拒绝杜鹃或杂灌草丛;而血雉对各生境的喜好或拒绝并不显著。(2)秋季,血雉显著拒绝杜鹃或杂灌草丛,四川雉鹑和白马鸡对各生境的喜好或拒绝均不显著。(3)冬季,所有物种均显著拒绝杜鹃或杂灌草丛;此外,白马鸡还显著偏好高山栎丛。研究表明,同域鸡形目物种的生境选择具有差异,而同一物种的生境选择模式在不同季节也存在一定差异。建议在保护管理中维持多样式、镶嵌式的植被群落,以保护川西高原鸡形目物种种群。     

三峡重庆库区不同鸟类群落的物种组成及多样性研究

1996～1997年,对三峡工程重庆库区的鸟类群落物种组成和种群数量进行了调查,共调查记录库区鸟类15目48科226种,数量18929只。用鸟类数量级划分、Sorensen相似性指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数分析库区各种生境鸟类群落物组成和物种多样性结果表明：1）库区天然林、人工林、灌草丛和水域生境中鸟类群落的组成与农田生境具有较高的相似性,尤以人工林和农田的相似性最高;2）库区人工林生境鸟类群落物种多样性最高;3）库区由于长期以来人类活动的影响,生境日趋单一,已逐渐形成一种以农田灌丛鸟类为主的鸟类生态系统。     

繁殖季节同域分布的红腹角雉和血雉的觅食生境选择

红腹角雉（Tragopan temminckii）和血雉（Ithaginis cruentus）是主要分布在中国的受胁雉类,到目前为止,对这两种雉类的生态学特征的了解并不多。作者于2006年5-8月,在四川省栗子坪自然保护区公益海,运用样线法和样方取样法对红腹角雉和血雉在繁殖季节的觅食生境选择进行了对比研究。研究结果表明,两种雉在海拔分布和觅食生境上都存在重叠,红腹角雉主要分布在较低海拔（1,950？3,450m）,血雉分布在相对较高海拔（2,760？3,800m）。它们对针叶林和针阔混交林都表现出正选择性,而对箭竹林表现出负选择性。微生境尺度上,两种雉觅食生境的乔木和草本盖度均较大,草本高度高;两种雉的活动区内针叶林面积较大,距林区公路较近;红腹角雉对坡向没有选择性,血雉偏好西南坡向的生境。与对照样方相比,红腹角雉的觅食生境的箭竹高度和盖度小,血雉觅食生境的箭竹高度和盖度与对照样方无显著差异。红腹角雉活动区内的箭竹林面积比例显著小于血雉活动区,针阔混交林面积比例显著大于血雉活动区。表明两种雉类在需要某些共同资源的情况下,对觅食生境的利用产生了分异,这是两种雉类能够同域分布的基础条件之一。     

高黎贡山雉类生境预测

物种分布信息对野生动物的保护和管理至关重要。基于物种访查数据和气候数据,采用基于物种生境偏好、利比希最小因子定律和谢尔福德耐受性定律构建的生态位模型,综合考虑物种出现点和环境变量,预测了高黎贡山白尾梢虹雉Lophophorus sclateri、血雉Ithaginis cruentus、白鹇Lophura nycthemera、白腹锦鸡Chrysolophus amherstiae的潜在分布区域。结果表明,模型对4种雉类的预测均达到较好效果;白尾梢虹雉、血雉、白鹇和白腹锦鸡的潜在生境总面积分别为6 432 km^2、8 464 km^2、9 573 km^2和13 691 km^2,白鹇和白腹锦鸡的潜在生境面积大于白尾梢虹雉和血雉,但后两者具有更多的高质量生境。高黎贡山北段是4种雉类潜在生境的重叠区,为高黎贡山雉类保护的优先区域,尤其是白尾梢虹雉,建议加大该区域的雉类调查和保护力度。     

雉鸡的活动痕迹及种群密度的初步研究

本文报道了在不同生境中采用样方法对雉鸡及其活动痕迹进行调查,并根据Ｄ＝Ｎ／Ｂ公式对所得的数据加以处理,其结果表明雉鸡在活动过程中所留下的巢、粪便等痕迹均以灌草丛为最多,而取食刨土所留下的痕迹则以农耕地为最多。其种群密度,在草坡为５６只／ｋｍ２,稀树灌丛草坡为７８只／ｋｍ２,灌丛草坡为１５６只／ｋｍ２。     

滇西北迪庆州鸡类区系调查

云南省西北部迪庆藏族自治州是我国鸡类资源宝库之一。由于它地处边远、交通闭塞,所以过去对其考察较少。解放前仅Oustalet(1896),Beebe(1912),Rothschild(1923,1926),Riley(1925,1926),Greenway(1933)等人报道过采自该地区的鸟类。解放后也只在1959—1960年的南水北调综合考察时涉及过此州(郑作新等,1962)。该州文献中有纪录的鸡类共有八种,计为;勺鸡Pucrasia macrolopha,雉鹑Tetraophasis obscurus,血雉Ithaginis cruentus,红腹角雉Tragopan temminckii,藏马鸡Crossoptilon crossoptilon,白腹锦鸡Chrysolophus amherstiae,雉鸡Phasianus colchicus,鹌鹑Coturnix Coturnix。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various