细胞松弛素B和鬼笔环肽对梨花粉管钙离子浓度和尖端钙离子通道的影响

应用激光共聚焦显微镜和全细胞膜片钳技术研究了微丝骨架解聚剂细胞松弛素B(CB)和稳定剂鬼笔环肽(PD)对梨花粉管细胞内钙离子浓度动态变化和尖端质膜上钙离子通道的影响。结果显示:CB处理能促进花粉管内胞质钙离子[Ca2+]i浓度增加,同时还能激活质膜上的钙离子通道;而PD处理对花粉管内[Ca2+]i浓度及钙离子通道几乎没有影响。研究表明,微丝骨架的解聚激活了花粉管质膜上的钙离子通道,使得胞外钙离子大量流入,胞内钙离子浓度升高,从而抑制花粉管生长。     

应用水稻花粉离体萌发体系观察花粉管内微丝分布

采用非固定、DMSO渗透和异硫氰酸标记的鬼笔环肽（FITC—Ph）染色方法,观察水稻花粉离体萌发过程中花粉管内肌动蛋白微丝的形态和分布。结果表明：（1）水稻花粉水合2min后即可萌发,花粉管生长速度在600～1500μm／h之间。（2）水合而未萌发的花粉粒中,大量较短的梭形微丝束构成微丝网络结构,萌发过程中花粉粒内的梭形微丝束松解,部分微丝转移至萌发的花粉管内沿花粉管纵轴呈束状结构;随着花粉管的伸长,微丝束主要分布在花粉管中前端,但在花粉管顶端区域始终未见明显的微丝束。（3）水合后不能正常萌发的花粉粒内肌动蛋白微丝呈弥散不规则分布,在相同萌发时间生长迟缓的花粉管中,微丝束较少,且主要位于花粉管近萌发孔的部位。表明微丝骨架的形态和分布影响水稻花粉管的萌发和生长。     

紫萼花粉粒和花粉管中微丝的超微结构

用常规化学固定和化学固定前用鬼笔环肽处理两种电镜样品制作技术,分别研究了紫萼[Hosta venteicosa (=H.coerulea]成熟花粉粒和幼花粉管中的微丝的超微结构。结果表明,在常规电镜固定中花粉粒中的微丝能保存,但在花粉管中的则遭受破坏。用鬼笔环肽处理后化学固定的方法,微丝在花粉管中能良好地保存。在花粉粒中平行的微丝形成束,表现为具分布的特点,即限于分布在它们功能的区域,并且微丝束经常紧密地与营养核贴近。在幼花粉管中微丝束表现为在线粒体、质体、内质网、小泡和小液泡的表面通过,并常常与脂体紧密联结。这些现象表明在花粉萌发和花粉管生长时,微丝与营养核及与其它细胞器的运动之间存在某些联系的迹象。     

梨花柱S-RNase对花粉管超微结构的影响

采用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜研究了离体条件下不同品种梨花柱S—RNase对异花(亲和)及自花(不亲和)花粉萌发和花粉管生长及其超微结构的影响。结果表明,花柱S—RNase抑制不亲和花粉的萌发和花粉管的生长,对亲和花粉的萌发和花粉管的生长基本没有影响。花粉生长初期,亲和及不亲和花粉管超微结构相似;但培养24h以后,亲和花粉管中充满细胞质和细胞器,而不亲和花粉管中只有靠近花粉管前端有少量细胞质,细胞壁增厚,细胞壁与细胞质之间有一层胼胝质和电子透明区间隔。     

G蛋白调节剂对梨花粉萌发及花粉胞内Ca2+浓度变化的影响

用激光共聚焦技术研究了异三聚体G蛋白活性调节剂对梨花粉萌发、花粉管生长及花粉细胞内游离钙离子浓度动态的影响。结果表明：异三聚体G蛋白激活剂霍乱毒素(CTX)可促进梨花粉萌发与花粉管生长,而其抑制剂百日咳毒素(PTX)则抑制花粉萌发与花粉管生长;霍乱毒素处理后,花粉细胞内产生特异性的“钙瞬变”信号,而百日咳毒素处理后则引起花粉细胞内游离钙离子浓度的持续下降。这表明：异三聚体G蛋白可能参与了梨花粉萌发与花粉管生长的调控过程,G蛋白的活性变化对花粉萌发的效应可能是通过调控花粉细胞内游离Ca^2 浓度的动态变化产生特异性的钙信号来实现的。     

微丝骨架动态参与花粉萌发的研究

利用改进的Alex-phalloidin活细胞染色方法和激光共聚焦显微镜技术,观察川百合(Lilium davidii Duch)花粉原生质体极性形成及萌发过程中微丝骨架的列阵变化.结果表明,花粉原生质体从贮存状态,经过水合、极性形成至萌发花粉管,其微丝结构从短小的梭形体,经过形成均匀的网状结构、向细胞边缘汇集的平行排列的束状结构,逐渐变成多层连续环绕细胞的微丝束结构.用酪氨酸磷酸酶抑制剂苯胂化氧(PAO)处理花粉原生质体,在微丝的汇合处,肌动蛋白聚集成小的团块,花粉的萌发受到抑制;而利用酪氨酸磷酸激酶抑制剂genistein处理细胞,微丝结构的列阵变化与对照相似.结果说明,在川百合花粉萌发过程中,有某种酪氨酸磷酸酶参与了反应.     

梨远缘花粉原位萌发及生长特性

应用荧光标记方法对梨远缘花粉在‘丰水’和‘噢嗄二十世纪’柱头上萌发及花粉管生长特性进行观察,结果表明:(1)梨远缘花粉均能在柱头上萌发,但其萌发率不同,授粉后24 h,在‘丰水’柱头上‘红叶桃’花粉萌发率最高,达62.8%,而‘盖县大李’花粉萌发率仅为12.0%,各种远缘花粉在‘丰水’柱头萌发率均高于‘噢嗄二十世纪’柱头。(2)各种远缘花粉管在梨柱头或花柱内生长情况也有差异,‘红叶桃’等核果类花粉管在梨柱头上均表现为扭曲、盘绕等现象,不能穿过柱头;‘红星’和‘红富士’花粉管虽然有少量穿过柱头,但不能进一步在花柱内生长,表现为扭曲变形、先端膨大等不亲和性现象。因此,梨与远缘果树杂交不亲和在柱头上就已发生,这与梨自交不亲和反应发生在花柱内的现象不同。     

南瓜雌蕊与自花及远缘花粉的相互作用

南瓜柱头表面经去垢剂、蛋白酶及Con A处理后花粉不能萌发或花粉管生长受阻,Con A能专一地与柱头表面结合。柱头块加入培养液可促进花粉萌发。不同的远缘花粉授粉后在雌蕊不同部位受阻。在成熟南瓜雌蕊提取液中检测到血凝活性,凝集素可能参与雌蕊对远缘花粉的抑制。     

‘晚大新高’梨授粉及受精过程的显微动态研究

应用荧光显微法和石蜡切片解剖法对‘晚大新高’梨授粉受精过程进行了系统观察研究。结果表明：‘晚大新高’梨自花授粉不结实;异花最佳授粉品种为‘黄花’,其次为‘翠冠’和‘丰水’。与选用‘黄花’为异花授粉品种相比,自花和异花的授粉受精过程存在明显差异,自花花粉在授粉后2h开始萌发,8h花粉管生长至离柱头约1／3处停止生长,顶端膨大呈球形,表现出自交不亲和性;异花花粉在授粉后1h开始部分萌发,8h花粉管生长至花柱中部,24h到达花柱基部并进入子房,48h进入胚囊,72h完成双受精过程。     

姜花花粉萌发时花粉和花粉管内微丝结构变化的共焦镜观察

用ＴＲＩＴＣ－鬼笔碱荧光显微探针入共焦激光扫描镜,观察了不同萌发阶段的姜花花粉和花粉管内肌动蛋白微丝的结构和分布格局的变化,花粉水合后在花粉内的微丝呈不规则网络状。但在靠近萌发孔周围,由於网络微丝向萌发孔汇集而延伸拉长,因此在萌发孔前缘出现荧光特别明亮区,显示微丝在此外开始密集。花粉水合后１０－３０分钟,大多数花粉管从萌发孔伸出,此时,在花粉管顶形成一个长约１０－２０μｍ的顶端区域微丝网络;在花粉     

Pollen monitoring in Perugia and information about aerobiological data

Summary The results of six years (1982–1987) of aerobiological study in Perugia (central Italy) are reported. During this period a total of 80 different types of pollen belonging to 52 families were identified in the Perugia atmosphere. The highest percentages of pollens were found in the mid-March to mid-July period. For main taxa principal periods of pollination were identified. The outlines for the weekly issue in a newspaper of the concentration pattern of the allergenic pollens are reported.     

Types of pollen dispersal units in orchids,and their consequences for germination and fertilization

The various pollen dispersal units (PDU) found in orchids are discussed together with possible evolutionary trends and the consequences for germination and fertilization. Orchids with monad and tetrad pollen form more complex dispersal units by means of pollenkitt, elastoviscin, a callosic wall, common walls or a combination of these. Evolutionary trends include (1) from pollenkitt to elastoviscin; (2) from monad to tetrads and multiples of tetrads; (3) from partially dehydrated (<30 %) to partially hydrated (>30 %) pollen; and (4) from monad pollen to PDUs with many pollen grains. The biological consequences concern both male and female reproductive systems. Some features of the male side are present in all orchids irrespective of the pollen dispersal unit, whereas other characters are found only in orchids with pollinia; the same applies for the female counterpart. Pollen grains of orchids with pollinia germinate at least 24 h after pollination because the pollen grains/tetrads must swell and make space for the growth of pollen tubes.     

Consumptive emasculation: the ecological and evolutionary consequences of pollen theft

Many of the diverse animals that consume floral rewards act as efficient pollinators; however, others 'steal' rewards without 'paying' for them by pollinating. In contrast to the extensive studies of the ecological and evolutionary consequences of nectar theft, pollen theft and its implications remain largely neglected, even though it affects plant reproduction more directly. Here we review existing studies of pollen theft and find that: (1) most pollen thieves pollinate other plant species, suggesting that theft generally arises from a mismatch between the flower and thief that precludes pollen deposition, (2) bees are the most commonly documented pollen thieves, and (3) the floral traits that typically facilitate pollen theft involve either spatial or temporal separation of sex function within flowers (herkogamy and dichogamy, respectively). Given that herkogamy and dichogamy occur commonly and that bees are globally the most important floral visitors, pollen theft is likely a greatly under-appreciated component of floral ecology and influence on floral evolution. We identify the mechanisms by which pollen theft can affect plant fitness, and review the evidence for theft-induced ecological effects, including pollen limitation. We then explore the consequences of pollen theft for the evolution of floral traits and sexual systems, and conclude by identifying key directions for future research.     

Pollen layering and male–male competition: Quantum dots demonstrate that pollen grains compete for space on pollinators

Premise

Almost nothing is known about what happens to pollen grains once they attach to pollinators, although some have postulated that pollen from different donors may form complex, two- or three-dimensional landscapes (e.g., layers or mosaics) that can facilitate male–male competition. For example, pollen that is already on pollinators may preclude the deposition of subsequent pollen grains.

Methods

Using quantum dots to mark the pollen of individual flowers, we explored the possibilities of layering and preclusion in a fly-pollinated iris, Moraea lurida.

Results and Conclusions

The proportion of labeled pollen from the last flower visited diminished in sequential pollen samples taken from the top to the bottom of the pollen load, representing the first empirical evidence for pollen layering. However, the consequences in terms of pollen preclusion were equivocal: Although the pre-existing pollen load size was not a good predictor of new pollen receipt, labeled pollen loads from the last flower visited were significantly smaller than pollen loads from the previous flower visited. Thus, pollen from the previous flower may preclude pollen placement from a subsequently visited flower, and pollen from different flowers may compete for space on pollinators.

     

The collection of pollen by bees

Bees require pollen for their reproduction and pollen comprises the basic larval food for bees. Most bees acquire pollen passively during flower visitation, but female bees may also collect pollen actively with the aid of various structural and behavioral adaptations. Most bees have evolved adaptations to concentrate pollen into discrete loads and transport pollen back to their nests. The various structural and behavioral adaptations of female bees for acquiring and transporting pollen are the basis of this review.     

Pollen viability,germination capability and pollen production level of some grape varieties (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> L.)

In this study, pollens of Burdur dimriti, Sariemin, Tilki kuyrugu, Razaki, Buzgulu, Siyah buzgulu, and Siyah gemre table grape varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in Isparta, Turkey were tested in vitro for viability, germination capability, and production level. It was determined that active pollen levels varied between 23.8 % and 80.8 % in FDA (flourescein diacetat), 31.5 % and 68.8 % in TTC (2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride) tests. In respect to pollen germination rates, the best medium in hanging drop method and saturated petri method were 20 % sucrose concentration and 1 % agar+15 % sucrose solution, respectively. The highest and the lowest pollen production levels per flower were determined 9000 in Siyah gemre and 2906 in Siyah dimrit grape varieties, respectively.     

Structure and development of the stigma, style and ovary of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw., post-anthesis, pre- and post-pollination

The stigma of Caesalpinia pulcherrima is crateriform. The crater continues as a slit-like canal through the style and into the ovary. Both crater and canal are lined by several layers of fusiform and thin-walled cells which are continuous in two narrow regions in the ovary. Postanthesis and before pollination, the middle lamella of cells lining the stigmatic crater and stylar transmitting tissue undergoes dissolution. This occurs in a progression down the style with cells separating partially or wholly from neighbours. Dissolution is initiated at intercellular junctions where wall fibrils loosen and variously-sized and -shaped holes appear. Cytoplasmic changes include increased dictyosome activity, increased rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum at the periphery of cells and accumulation of electron opaque deposits at the plasma membrane. The crater fills with stigmatic fluid and the diameter of the stylar canal increases. Pollen germinates in the secretion-filled crater, and pollen tubes grow down the style between the cells of the transmitting tissue but do not enter the canal. They emerge at the entrance to the ovary cavity and grow over one or two narrow strips of ovarian transmitting tissue cells which are present throughout the length of the ovary close to the ovules. This ensures that tubes grow in close proximity to the micropyles.     

燕山南部花粉散布特征

燕山南部花９粉用布特性研究表明,空气中的花粉反映的是植物花期的季节性变化,表 粉是植物多年花粉散布的混合,冲积物花粉与空气中和表土花粉显著不同,是取样点上游表土花粉的混合,与取样点周围植被关系较小。因此,根据冲积物花粉恢复古植被,反映的是整个流域的植被面貌,而不是某一点的植被特征。