鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio）体细胞系的建立及其生物学特性分析（简报）

动物细胞的培养技术是1907年哈里逊在淋巴块中对蛙的神经板培养成功开始的,其后近一个世纪以来,陆续成功地培养了哺乳动物、昆虫等各种动物细胞,并广泛用于生物科学的各个分支。鱼类的细胞培养的系统研究和建系实践大约起始于60年代,被公认的真骨鱼类的第一个永久性的细胞系——虹鳟性腺细胞系(RTG-2)是由Wolf建立的。随后各种鱼类细胞系相继建立,涉及的组织来源有吻端、肾脏、卵巢、尾鳍、性腺、肝脏、胚胎、囊胚、原肠胚、鳍条等,同时也进行了细胞体外培养条件、     

中华鲟组织培养的初步研究

取中华鲟的尾鳍、吻端、性腺等八种组织进行体外培养,得到来源于吻端和性腺组织的两个细胞株,分别命名为CSSn和CSG.CSSn和CSG均以成纤维样细胞为主。两种细胞都含有微染色体,染色体数目众多,在分布上具有“双峰多态”的特点,表明细胞已属异倍体。细胞生长较慢,CSG接种9d后、CSSn接种14d后数目达到最高值。CSG在16—30℃生长正常,最佳生长温度在27℃,最适pH为7.2。     

利用草鱼CIK细胞和MTT法测定镉和铬毒性试验的优化

本文利用主要养殖鱼类草鱼的肾脏细胞系CIK为靶细胞,从MTT法的细胞接种浓度、MTT 浓度及温育时间等几个重要参数,研究了对CIK细胞应用MTT法进行化合物毒性测定的条件,并根据最适条件,测定了氯化镉(CdCl2) 和重铬酸钾(K2Cr2O6) 对草鱼CIK细胞的毒性,建立了一种利用鱼类细胞系(草鱼CIK细胞) 进行化合物毒性测定的方法。由于每种细胞系各具有不同的生物学特性及对有毒物质不同的敏感性,因此该测定方法的建立,在水产养殖环境毒理的领域中,将具有一定的应用价值。       

淡水白鲳细胞建系及期生长温度特性的研究

1962年,Wolf和Quimby[1]首次建成鱼类细胞系以来,我国张念慈和杨广智[2]也成功地建立了草鱼的吻端细胞株;随后,陈敏容、洪锡钧、李宏和童裳亮等[3～7]分别建立了鲫、团头鲂、南方鲶、牙鲆、鲈鱼、真鲷细胞株或细胞系.     

黑龙江中新世的鲴亚科(鲤科)化石及新生代晚期东亚淡水鱼类区系的演替

本文记述了鲴亚科的一个化石新属新种Eoxenocyprisliui,标本产于黑龙江省桦南县附近的中新世地层中。它与现生鲴亚科鱼类的区别是：头长大于体高,口端位,鳃盖长大于高,背鳍起点至吻端距较其至尾鳍基距为大,臀鳍起点至腹鳍起点的距离小于其至尾鳍基的距离。对新生代晚期东亚淡水鱼类特征分析的结果表明,从中新世到上新世东亚大陆和日本列岛存在一个相同的淡水鱼类区系。这一区系在中国东部一直延续到现在,而在日本自更新世中期以后却发生过较大的演替。     

恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)肾细胞冻存复苏培养及其生物学特性的研究

本文使用深低温(-196℃)冻结保存动物细胞技术,对胰酶分散的恒河猴肾细胞的冻存,复苏培养及其生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明、液氮冻存2—58周的恒河猴肾细胞,其平均存活率为63.3—74.4％。复苏培养细胞于6—7天形成緻密单层,对脊髓灰质炎病毒敏感;国产二甲基亚砜可以用作冻存细胞的保护剂;复苏培养的细胞核型正常;其生物学特性与未冻的原代细胞一致。     

鱼类的胚胎干细胞

胚胎干细胞(ES)是未分化的细胞培养物，来自动物的早期胚胎。它们能成为稳定的细胞系和长期冻存。在适当的条件下，ES细胞能分化成各种细胞类型，包括生殖细胞。这样，ES细胞就提供了一个有效的纽带，将动物基因组的体外和体内遗传操作连系起来。ES细胞的魅力就由其在产生和分析基因敲除老鼠中显现出来。目前，ES细胞技术仅见之老鼠，因其它脊椎动物的ES细胞的培养和建系难获成功。在鱼类，人们已做了大量的尝试。我们以青鳉(Oryzias latipes)作为建立鱼类ES细胞技术的模式，通过建立并应用无滋养层细胞的培养条件，获得了来自中期囊胚的ES细胞系。青鳉的ES细胞和老鼠的ES细胞有很多共同特征，如二倍体核型、分化潜力和形成嵌合体。因此，在鱼类建立和应用ES细胞技术是可能的。青鳉ES细胞的培养条件已成功地应用到其它鱼类如斑马鱼甚至海水鱼。本文旨在以青鳉为模式，综述获得和应用模式鱼和经济鱼ES细胞的主要进展和前景。     

人卵巢浆液性囊腺癌永生化细胞系BUPH∶OVCA-3的建立及其生物学特性

介绍人卵巢浆液性囊腺癌永生化细胞系的建立 ,研究其生物学特性 .以卵巢浆液性乳头状囊腺癌的腹水细胞为材料 ,进行体外培养 .将永生化基因———SV4 0T抗原基因转染第 2代细胞 ,得到永生化细胞系 .通过光学显微镜、生长曲线测定、染色体分析、双层软琼脂培养、裸鼠接种、免疫组化等 ,研究其生物学特性 ,并与其来源细胞的生物学特性进行比较 .建立了一株人卵巢浆液性囊腺癌永生化细胞系 ,命名为BUPH∶OVCA 3,现已传至 6 0余代 .其生物学特性为 ,细胞生长旺盛 ;具有人体恶性细胞的核型特征 ;细胞恶性度较低 ,不具有集落形成能力及裸鼠接种致瘤性 ;除较未永生化细胞生长速率增快 ,饱和密度增加外 ,仍保留上皮细胞的分化表型 .结果表明 ,BUPH∶OVCA 3为一株恶性度较低的人卵巢浆液性囊腺癌永生化细胞系 ,保留其来源细胞的生物学特性 ,可作为研究恶性度较低的卵巢上皮癌的体外模型     

人食管癌上皮细胞系(EC-56)及其类上皮与梭状细胞克隆系的建立与鉴定

从一名35岁男性食管鳞癌病人的手术切除的癌组织标本,经体外培养建立了一个食管癌上皮细胞系(EC-56),并由此分离出两个细胞克隆系,分别命名为EC-56 C-2及C-5,进行了一系列鉴定。C-2系由梭状细胞组成,而C-5系则由类上皮细胞组成。这两个细胞克隆系都具有恶性细胞系的一般特性:例如能在体外长期连续传代;具有非整倍体核型;有丰富的微绒毛以及能被刀豆球蛋白A凝集等。C-2和C-5系除形态不同外,在生物学特性上也有差别。C-5系能在半固体琼脂培养基中形成集落,并能在以抗胸腺免疫血清处理的乳小鼠体内形成肿瘤,而C-2系列缺乏上述两种能力。 在电镜下,这两个细胞克隆系的细胞膜上均可发现桥粒,进一步表明它们具有上皮细胞的特征。本实验结果表明,从人食管癌细胞系中可分离到恶性程度不同的克隆系,而且有可能把它们用于肿瘤细胞的痛变和去恶化研究。     

人阑尾粘液腺癌细胞系(AP-213)的建立及其生物学特性

AP-213细胞系是从一例阑尾粘液腺癌尸检病例取材培养建系的,已历时2年余,传代135次,细胞生长稳定,多次冻存,复苏生长良好,细胞培增时间35.4小时,分裂指数29‰,染色体为超3倍体,并有一巨大具顶端着丝点的标记染色体,异种动物接种致瘤率为100％,并具有产生CEA的能力,其生物学特性与体内肿瘤相似,但分化较差,该细胞系的建立,为肠癌的研究提供了一个实验材料。     

Cell separation with horizontal cell electrophoresis under near-isopycnic conditions on a “density cushion”

This report describes an improvement made to the horizontal cell electrophoresis methodology. It involves using two liquid layers differing in density to produce an interface described as a "density cushion". The electrophoretic system that employed an anti-convective porous matrix to separate red blood cells (RBC) and charged dyes effectively was found to be unsuitable for some other mammalian cells. The "density cushion" method was found to be more versatile and applicable to studies on the separation of a variety of cell types. The experiments described show the differences between the electrophoretic mobilities of a human eosinophilic leukaemia cell line (Eol-1) and RBC, both with and without the modification of the cell surface properties.     

Polarization and Migration of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells Rely on the RhoA/ROCK I Pathway and an Active Reorganization of the Microtubule Network

Understanding the physiological migration of hematopoietic progenitors is important, not only for basic stem cell research, but also in view of their therapeutic relevance. Here, we investigated the role of the Rho kinase pathway in the morphology and migration of hematopoietic progenitors using an ex vivo co-culture consisting of human primary CD34⁺ progenitors and mesenchymal stromal cells. The addition of the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 led to the abolishment of the uropod and microvillar-like structures of hematopoietic progenitors, concomitant with a redistribution of proteins found therein (prominin-1 and ezrin). Y-27632-treated cells displayed a deficiency in migration. Time-lapse video microscopy revealed impairment of the rear pole retraction. Interestingly, the knockdown of ROCK I, but not ROCK II, using RNA interference (RNAi) was sufficient to cause the referred morphological and migrational changes. Unexpectedly, the addition of nocodazole to either Y-27632- or ROCK I RNAi-treated cells could restore their polarized morphology and migration suggesting an active role for the microtubule network in tail retraction. Finally, we could demonstrate using RNAi that RhoA, the upstream regulator of ROCK, is involved in these processes. Collectively, our data provide new insights regarding the role of RhoA/ROCK I and the microtubules in the migration of stem cells.     

Cell electrophoresis — a method for cell separation and research into cell surface properties

In this paper, we discuss the application of various methods of cell electrophoresis in research into cell surface properties (analytical methods), and the separation of uniform cell subpopulations from cell mixtures (preparative methods). The emphasis is on the prospects of the development of simplified and versatile methodologies, i.e. microcapillary cell electrophoresis and horizontal cell electrophoresis under near-isopycnic conditions. New perspectives are considered on the use of analytical and preparative cell electrophoresis in research on cell differentiation, neoplastic transformation, cell-cell interactions and the biology of stem cells. Paper authored by participants of the international conference: XXXIV Winter School of the Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology of Jagiellonian University, Zakopane, March 7–11, 2007, “The Cell and Its Environment”. Publication cost was covered by the organisers of this meeting.     

Expanisns

Biochemical dissection of the “acid-growth” process of plant cell walls led to the isolation of a new class of wall loosening proteins, called expansins. These proteins affect the rheology of growing walls by permitting the microfibril-matrix network to slide, thereby enabling the wall to expand. Molecular sequence analysis suggests that expansins might have a cryptic glycosyl transferase activity, but biochemical results suggest that expansins disrupt noncovalent bonding between microfibrils and the matrix. Recent discoveries of a new expansin family and gene expression in fruit, meristerms and cotton fibers have enlarged our view of the developmental functions of this group of wall loosening proteins.     

酸性磷酸酶法检测体外培养细胞数

利用小鼠成纤维细胞系(NIH3T3)、小鼠骨髓瘤细胞系(SP2/0)、人大肠癌细胞系(LO-VO)和人白血病细胞系(K562),评价酸性磷酸酶(APA)法用于检测体外各类型细胞的增殖和杀伤作用。用直线回归分析光吸收度与每孔活细胞数的关系。结果表明,APA法能准确地反映检测的活细胞数(相关系数均>0.99)。本方法不仅能很好地检测表皮生长因子对细胞的增殖作用,也能够检测顺铂对体外细胞的杀伤作用。结果表明APA法简单、灵敏,可以用于上皮和间质等贴壁和悬浮生长的细胞计数。     

犬皮肤成纤维细胞的分离、培养及鉴定

目的探索和建立适用于犬皮肤成纤维细胞的体外分离、培养及鉴定的技术方法。方法采用组织贴块培养法和胰蛋白酶、胶原酶Ⅰ联合消化法对犬皮肤成纤维细胞进行体外培养、传代。并对所培养的细胞进行倒置显微镜观察和苏木素-伊红染色,观察成纤维细胞形态,并对培养细胞行波形蛋白免疫荧光染色。结果倒置相差显微镜下可见长梭形细胞生长,苏木素-伊红染色可见细胞呈漩涡状、平行排列,第5代细胞免疫荧光检测波形蛋白(vimentin)表达阳性。结论建立了高效快速分离和稳定培养成纤维细胞的方法,为诱导犬心房纤维化提供了充足的种子细胞。     

An overview of the KIN1/PAR-1/MARK kinase family

Members of the KIN1/PAR-1/MARK kinase family are conserved from yeast to humans and share a similar primary structural organization. Several kinases of this family appear to be at the crossroads of various biological functions including cell polarity, cell cycle control, intracellular signalisation, microtubules stability and protein stability. Here we present an overview of known roles of KIN1/PAR-1/MARK kinases including pEg3 a newly identified member which is regulated during the cell cycle and is a potential regulator of the cell cycle progression. Some common modes of action can be deciphered for this protein kinase family.     

The plant cell body: a cytoskeletal tool for cellular development and morphogenesis

Summary Certain aspects of cellular behaviour in relation to growth and development of plants can be understood in terms of the cell body concept proposed by Daniel Mazia in 1993. During the interphase of the mitotic cell cycle, the plant cell body is held to consist of a nucleus and a perinuclear microtubule-organizing centre from which microtubules radiate into the cytoplasm. During mitosis and cytokinesis in meristematic cells, and also during the period of growth in post-mitotic cells immediately beyond the meristem, the plant cell body undergoes various characteristic morphological transformations, many of which are proposed as being related to changing structural connections with the actin-based component of the cytoskeleton and with specialized, plasma-membrane-associated sites at the cell periphery. In post-mitotic cells, these transformations of the plant cell body coincide with, and probably provide conditions for, the various pathways of development which such cells follow. They are also responsible, for the acquisition of new cellular polarities. Events in which the plant cell body participates include the formation of a mitotic spindle, phragmoplast, and new cell division wall, the rearrangement of a diffuse type of cell wall growth into tip growth (as occurs, e.g., during the initiation and subsequent development of root hairs), and the growth and division that occurs in reactivated vacuolate cells. If more evidence can be marshalled in support of the existence and properties of the plant cell body, then this concept could prove useful in interpreting the cytological bases of a range of developmental events in plants.Abbreviations CMT cortical microtubule - EMT endoplasmic microtubule - ER endoplasmic reticulum - MF microfilament - MT microtubule - MTOC microtubule-organizing centre - PPB preprophase band (of microtubules) - QC quiescent centre - VSC vesicle supply centre     

A Scalable Approach to Prevent Teratoma Formation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

As the renewable source of all cell types in the body, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold great promise for human cell therapy. However, one major bottleneck that hinders the clinic application of hESCs is that hESCs remaining with their differentiated derivatives pose cancer risk by forming teratomas after transplantation. NANOG is a critical pluripotency factor specifically expressed in hESCs but rarely in their differentiated derivatives. By introducing a hyperactive variant of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene into the 3′-untranslated region of the endogenous NANOG gene of hESCs through homologous recombination, we developed a safe and highly scalable approach to efficiently eliminate the teratoma risk associated with hESCs without apparent negative impact on their differentiated cell types. As thymidine kinase is widely used in human gene therapy trials and is the therapeutic target of U. S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs, our strategy could be effectively applied to the clinic development of hESC-based human cell therapy.     

Molecular basis for T cell response induced by altered peptide ligand of type II collagen

Mounting evidence from animal models has demonstrated that alterations in peptide-MHC interactions with the T cell receptor (TCR) can lead to dramatically different T cell outcomes. We have developed an altered peptide ligand of type II collagen, referred to as A9, which differentially regulates TCR signaling in murine T cells leading to suppression of arthritis in the experimental model of collagen-induced arthritis. This study delineates the T cell signaling pathway used by T cells stimulated by the A9·I-A(q) complex. We have found that T cells activated by A9 bypass the requirement for Zap-70 and CD3-ζ and signal via FcRγ and Syk. Using collagen-specific T cell hybridomas engineered to overexpress either Syk, Zap-70, TCR-FcRγ, or CD3-ζ, we demonstrate that A9·I-A(q) preferentially activates FcRγ/Syk but not CD3-ζ/Zap-70. Moreover, a genetic absence of Syk or FcRγ significantly reduces the altered peptide ligand induction of the nuclear factor GATA3. By dissecting the molecular mechanism of A9-induced T cell signaling we have defined a new alternate pathway that is dependent upon FcRγ and Syk to secrete immunoregulatory cytokines. Given the interest in using Syk inhibitors to treat patients with rheumatoid arthritis, understanding this pathway may be critical for the proper application of this therapy.