甘肃省干旱地区抗逆农作物种质资源调查与分析

调查、收集甘肃省干旱地区抗逆农作物种质资源,为甘肃抗逆农作物种质资源保护、研究、利用提供基础材料。2011～2013年采用查阅文献、访问和实地调查相结合的方法,对分布在甘肃干旱地区18个县(市、区)、48个乡(镇)、81个行政村的抗逆农作物种质资源的保存及利用现状进行了调查,并对种质进行了收集。共收集到粮食作物、经济作物、蔬菜及野生资源材料845份,分属16科46属62种,其中抗旱种质27份,耐盐碱种质4份,高抗锈病种质14份。 本文对调查地区抗逆农作物种质资源现状、消长情况及原因和调查、收集到的资源种类及其利用价值进行了分析,并对甘肃省干旱地区抗逆农作物种质资源的保护、开发和利用进行了讨论。     

人工海水胁迫下小麦种质资源的耐盐性筛选与鉴定

利用人工配制的海水筛选耐盐性较好的小麦品种,为沿海滩涂地区的小麦耐盐育种提供重要信息。本研究利用人工海水处理的方法,对363份小麦种质资源进行了芽期耐盐性初步鉴定,筛选出芽期耐盐性为1级的小麦种质28份。进一步对芽期耐盐性较好的48份小麦种质进行了苗期耐盐性鉴定,并对其耐盐指标进行隶属值模糊评价分析,从中鉴定出了2个苗期耐盐性较强的小麦种质,分别为淮麦31和红壳洋麦。依据来源的不同,发现小麦种质资源的芽期耐盐性大小依次为地方品种>育成品种>国外引进品种。小麦芽期与苗期的耐盐性相关分析表明,二者相关性极低(r=-0.0051)。     

广西葛种质资源调查与收集

为了系统评价广西葛种质资源,广西壮族自治区农业科学院经济作物研究所特色薯类研究团队对广西全区50个县市,67个乡(镇)的153个村进行考察,共收集到葛种质资源283份。对收集的葛种质资源分布特点进行分析,结果表明广西葛种质资源主要分布于山区较多的桂北、桂西和桂东南各地。垂直分布结果显示:广西葛种质资源分布最集中的为海拔100～199 m的低海拔区域,占收集资源总数的44.52%。植物学鉴定表明,广西葛种质资源以粉葛及葛麻姆两个变种为主,其中粉葛数量占所有收集资源的62.20%,且形态学差异比葛麻姆丰富。鉴定评价获得了适用于食用、淀粉加工、药用及开发花茶的各类优异葛种质资源。本研究对收集到的广西葛种质资源的分布、植物学分类、差异性及利用价值进行了评价,分析了广西葛地方品种现状,为广西葛种质资源的保护、挖掘和创新利用提供参考依据。     

大豆种质资源耐盐性鉴定与研究

通过对793份大豆种质资源进行芽期耐盐性鉴定,以及部分品种进行苗期和全生育期耐盐性鉴定,筛选出芽期、苗期及全生育期耐盐品种117份、41份和35份。其中有3个品种(WDD1812,晋豆23和晋遗38号)在芽期和苗期都表现高耐盐性;1个品种(晋豆23)在芽期、苗期、全生育期都表现高耐盐性。晋豆23还具有高度抗旱、高抗病毒病、耐红蜘蛛等特性,而晋遗38号来源于晋豆23。芽期或苗期耐盐性为一级的品种,如中黄13、新大豆1号、陕豆125、东农46、东大1号、合丰38等,不但具有高耐盐性,而且具有很好的丰产性,有些品种还具有优质和抗逆等优异的农艺性状。本研究筛选到的耐盐品种将为大豆耐盐育种提供优异的种质资源,同时对大豆全生育期耐盐性鉴定的指标和方法的探讨,将为大豆耐盐性鉴定科学方法的建立提供重要信息。     

栽培大豆种质资源耐盐性的研究进展

评价、筛选并利用栽培大豆的耐盐种质资源,对开发利用盐渍土具有极其重要的意义。本文从耐盐性评价方法、耐盐的生理生化基础、耐盐的分子生物学基础及耐盐种质的筛选与创新等4方面,对栽培大豆的耐盐性研究进展进行了系统综述。同时对栽培大豆耐盐性研究现存的问题与今后的发展方向进行了讨论,以期为栽培大豆耐盐性研究提供参考。     

63份谷子种质的耐盐综合评价及耐盐品种筛选

谷子是我国北方重要的粮食作物,具有较强的耐盐抗旱能力。盐碱地是我国重要的后备耕地资源,加强谷子种质耐盐评价,筛选耐盐碱的谷子品种对促进盐碱地资源利用、保障国家粮食安全具有非常重要的作用。本试验以63份谷子种质资源为研究对象,以1.0%质量浓度NaCl溶液进行盐胁迫,用蒸馏水作为对照,采用全营养培养基发芽法在人工气候培养箱(昼/夜,30℃/20℃,光周期14 h/d)中进行谷子种质萌发期的耐盐性鉴定;利用相关性分析和主成分分析明确8项耐盐指标在耐盐性评价中的权重;通过模糊数学中的隶属函数法和聚类分析法对63份谷子种质的耐盐性进行综合评价和耐盐等级划分。结果表明:谷子种质资源的耐盐性存在广泛的变异;1.0%质量浓度的盐胁迫下,谷子的发芽率、发芽指数、根长、芽长、相对芽长、相对根长之间互成极显著正相关关系,而与相对盐害率呈极显著负相关;主成分分析结果表明,发芽率、发芽指数、相对芽长、相对根长可作为谷子耐盐性评价的关键指标;通过聚类分析可将63份谷子种质分为极端耐盐种质、耐盐种质、盐敏感种质和极端盐敏感种质4类;基于模糊数学中的隶属函数得分进行综合评价,筛选获得了济谷16、汾特11号、峰红谷、晋谷57、晋汾106号等5份耐盐谷子品种。     

广西玉米种质资源系统调查与收集

"第三次全国农作物种质资源普查与收集行动"广西项目组从2015年11月至2018年7月,采用访问和实地调查相结合的方法,对广西53个县(区)、71个乡(镇)、190个村(屯)的农作物种质资源现状及利用情况进行了系统调查,并对种质资源进行了收集,共收集和征集玉米地方品种资源308份,鉴定评价玉米资源270份。对收集的玉米资源分布特点进行分析,结果表明广西玉米地方品种主要分布于桂西北和桂北地区,桂东和桂东南分布较少。凌云、乐业、田林、凤山、东兰5县最集中。垂直分布结果显示:玉米地方品种分布最集中的区域为海拔400～800 m的中高海拔山区,占收集总数的39.6%。农艺性状初步鉴定结果:收集的玉米资源数量最多的是糯玉米,籽粒颜色最多的是白粒。鉴定评价获得墨白玉米、九节黄、珍珠糯玉米、忻城白糯、隆安爆玉米和天等爆玉米等6份玉米资源,分别在抗病虫、抗逆、品质等方面有优良的表现,对种质改良,选育高产、优质、广适的新品种有较高的利用价值。本文对收集到的玉米资源种类及利用价值进行了评价,对调查地区玉米地方品种现状、消长情况及原因进行了分析,并对广西玉米地方品种保护和开发利用进行了讨论,为广西玉米种质资源的发掘和创新利用提供参考依据。     

杨属（PopulusL.）种质资源遗传学评价研究进展

杨属（PopulusL.）种质资源极其丰富,为了有效保存、合理利用杨属种质资源,国内外开展了大量的种质资源遗传学评价研究。该文在介绍杨树系统分类的基础上,概述了白杨派、青杨派和黑杨派等在生物学特性、抗性（耐盐、抗旱、抗冻及抗病虫）、适应性及DNA遗传多态性等方面的遗传学评价研究进展,重点讨论了杨树种质资源评价研究中存在的问题和不足,并对其研究前景进行了展望。     

杨属(Populus L.)种质资源遗传学评价研究进展

杨属(Populus L.)种质资源极其丰富, 为了有效保存、合理利用杨属种质资源, 国内外开展了大量的种质资源遗传学评价研究。该文在介绍杨树系统分类的基础上, 概述了白杨派、青杨派和黑杨派等在生物学特性、抗性(耐盐、抗旱、抗冻及抗病虫)、适应性及DNA遗传多态性等方面的遗传学评价研究进展, 重点讨论了杨树种质资源评价研究中存在的问题和不足, 并对其研究前景进行了展望。     

金藜麦耐盐性分析及营养评价

对我国沿海地区新收集种质资源金藜麦(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)进行了耐盐性及营养品质评价。结果表明:金藜麦在对盐胁迫相对敏感的芽期和苗期表现出相对较高的耐盐性;子粒蛋白质含量为14.2%,蛋白营养价值优于牛奶以及小麦、水稻、玉米、大豆等作物;子粒中富含维生素B、E等以及钙、锰、铁、铜、锌等矿质元素,特别是钙含量高达190.16 mg/100g,是小米钙含量的35倍;且金藜麦子粒含有丰富的必需脂肪酸,如亚油酸(3.58 g/100g)和亚麻酸(0.44 g/100g),天然抗氧化剂维生素E含量为7.66 mg/100g。这些研究结果表明,新收集的金藜麦种质资源具有较高的营养价值和耐盐性,将为我国藜麦研究和种植提供重要的种质资源。     

转基因技术在作物抗旱改良中的应用

以不同靶标基因为例,分不同作用机制（诸如渗透调节和清除氧自由基等）简要介绍了近10年来国内外利用转基因技术改良作物耐盐和抗旱性的研究进展,为我国北方农业的抗旱耐盐性研究提供一些思路。     

胡麻种质萌发期抗旱性综合评价

为研究不同类型胡麻种质萌发期抗旱性表现,以筛选抗旱品种,为抗旱育种提供科技支撑。本研究采用不同浓度的PEG-6000高渗溶液模拟干旱胁迫的方法,对定亚17、陇亚8号和2011621080进行渗透胁迫试验,筛选适宜浓度的PEG-6000溶液。对161份不同类型的胡麻种质在萌发期进行渗透胁迫试验,考查与抗旱性相关的5个性状,并运用单项抗旱系数、综合抗旱系数、隶属函数和灰色关联度相结合的方法对种质资源的抗旱性进行综合评价。结果表明,不同浓度PEG-6000胁迫对胡麻种质的萌发均有影响,当PEG-6000的浓度在18%时,各种指标的抑制作用均显著加强,因此本研究选用18%的PEG-6000浓度模拟干旱胁迫试验;PEG-6000胁迫降低了161份胡麻种质资源的相对发芽率,抑制了幼芽的生长,种质间表现出较大差异。根据抗旱性量度值将供试种质划为5级,其中1级抗旱型2份、2级15份、3级28份、4级82份、5级34份;供试种质的抗旱性强弱与地理来源息息相关。试验结果说明选择多个性状,综合评价胡麻萌发期抗旱性是可行且准确的。     

Co-existence of salt and drought tolerance in Triticeae

Cell membrane stability (CMS) technique was used to screen for drought tolerance, salt tolerant accessions of three Aegilops species, Ae. tauschii, Ae. cylindrica, Ae. geniculata and two hexaploid wheat (Tricitum aestivum L.) cultivars comprising salt tolerant LU-26 and drought tolerant Chakwal-86. The objectives were to see how valid it is for a salt tolerant plant to be drought tolerant as well and to identify the character(s) that may contribute to drought tolerance. Three moisture levels equal to 100, 50 and 25% saturation capacity of the soil were used for plant cultivation. Injury percentage (IP) based on in-vitro desiccation induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) in leaf tissue was measured through the conductivity of the electrolyte leakage. Injury percentage decreased in all the test material with decrease in soil moisture contents. Ae. cylindrica exhibited minimum injury at 100% soil moisture level followed by Ae. tauschii and Ae. geniculata while drought tolerant wheat cultivars exhibited the maximum. The wheat cultivar Chakwal-86 has been developed for dry areas, with low soil moisture levels, and high water potential enhances the injury percentage. Aegilops cylindrica is a salt tolerant species and can thus tolerate water deficit conditions created due to low osmotic potential. Potassium appeared to play an important role in drought tolerance which was evident from high K+ contents and low K+ leakage from Aegilops cylindrica and drought tolerant wheat cultivar Chakwal-86. It was inferred from the study that salt tolerant species might prove drought tolerant in the areas where water deficit prevails due to the ability to create low intracellular osmotic potentials.     

Cloning and characterization of a gene encoding MIZ1, a domain of unknown function protein and its role in salt and drought stress in rice

Dwindling fresh water resources and climate change poses serious threats to rice production. Roots play crucial role in sensing water gradient and directing growth of the plant towards water through a mechanism called hydrotropism. Since very little information is available on root hydrotropism in major food crops, this study was carried out to clone and characterize an ortholog of Arabidopsis MIZU-KUSSEI1 (MIZ1) from rice. Contrasting rice genotypes for drought and salt tolerance were selected based on phenotyping for root traits. Nagina 22 and CR-262-4 were identified as most tolerant and Pusa Sugandh 5 and Pusa Basmati 1121 were identified as most susceptible varieties for both drought and salt stresses. Allele mining of MIZ1 in these varieties identified a 12 bp Indel but did not show specific allelic association with stress tolerance. Analysis of allelic variation of OsMIZ1 in 3024 rice genotypes of 3K genome lines using Rice SNP-Seek database revealed 49 InDels. Alleles with the 12 bp deletions were significantly prevalent in indica group as compared to that of japonica group. Real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that OsMIZ1 expression levels were upregulated significantly in tolerant cv. Nagina 22 and CR-262-4 under osmotic stress, while under salt stress, it was significantly upregulated only in CR-262-4 but maintained in Nagina 22 under salt stress. However, in the roots of susceptible genotypes, OsMIZ1 expression decreased under both the stresses. These results highlight the possible involvement of OsMIZ1 in drought and salt stress tolerance in rice. Furthermore, expression studies using publically available resources showed that enhanced expression of OsMIZ1 is regulated in response to disease infections, mineral deficiency, and heavy metal stresses and is also expressed in reproductive tissues in addition to roots. These findings indicate potential involvement of MIZ1 in developmental and stress response processes in rice.     

CBL1, a calcium sensor that differentially regulates salt,drought, and cold responses in Arabidopsis

Although calcium is a critical component in the signal transduction pathways that lead to stress gene expression in higher plants, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying calcium function. It is believed that cellular calcium changes are perceived by sensor molecules, including calcium binding proteins. The calcineurin B-like (CBL) protein family represents a unique group of calcium sensors in plants. A member of the family, CBL1, is highly inducible by multiple stress signals, implicating CBL1 in stress response pathways. When the CBL1 protein level was increased in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, it altered the stress response pathways in these plants. Although drought-induced gene expression was enhanced, gene induction by cold was inhibited. In addition, CBL1-overexpressing plants showed enhanced tolerance to salt and drought but reduced tolerance to freezing. By contrast, cbl1 null mutant plants showed enhanced cold induction and reduced drought induction of stress genes. The mutant plants displayed less tolerance to salt and drought but enhanced tolerance to freezing. These studies suggest that CBL1 functions as a positive regulator of salt and drought responses and a negative regulator of cold response in plants.     

A tomato glutaredoxin gene SlGRX1 regulates plant responses to oxidative, drought and salt stresses

Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are ubiquitous small heat-stable disulfide oxidoreductases that play a crucial role in plant development and response to oxidative stress. Here, a novel cDNA fragment (SlGRX1) from tomato encoding a protein containing the consensus Grx family domain with a CGFS active site was isolated and characterized. Southern blot analysis indicated that SlGRX1 gene had a single copy in tomato genome. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that SlGRX1 was expressed ubiquitously in tomato including leaf, root, stem and flower, and its expression could be induced by oxidative, drought, and salt stresses. Virus-induced gene silencing mediated silencing of SlGRX1 in tomato led to increased sensitivity to oxidative and salt stresses with decreased relative chlorophyll content, and reduced tolerance to drought stress with decreased relative water content. In contrast, over-expression of SlGRX1 in Arabidopsis plants significantly increased resistance of plants to oxidative, drought, and salt stresses. Furthermore, expression levels of oxidative, drought and salt stress related genes Apx2, Apx6, and RD22 were up-regulated in SlGRX1-overexpressed Arabidopsis plants when analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. Our results suggest that the Grx gene SlGRX1 plays an important role in regulating abiotic tolerance against oxidative, drought, and salt stresses.     

Enhancing Arabidopsis salt and drought stress tolerance by chemical priming for its abscisic acid responses

Drought and salt stress tolerance of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants increased following treatment with the nonprotein amino acid beta-aminobutyric acid (BABA), known as an inducer of resistance against infection of plants by numerous pathogens. BABA-pretreated plants showed earlier and higher expression of the salicylic acid-dependent PR-1 and PR-5 and the abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent RAB-18 and RD-29A genes following salt and drought stress. However, non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 and constitutive expressor of pathogenesis-related genes 1 mutants as well as transgenic NahG plants, all affected in the salicylic acid signal transduction pathway, still showed increased salt and drought tolerance after BABA treatment. On the contrary, the ABA deficient 1 and ABA insensitive 4 mutants, both impaired in the ABA-signaling pathway, could not be protected by BABA application. Our data demonstrate that BABA-induced water stress tolerance is based on enhanced ABA accumulation resulting in accelerated stress gene expression and stomatal closure. Here, we show a possibility to increase plant tolerance for these abiotic stresses through effective priming of the preexisting defense pathways without resorting to genetic alterations.     

Methods and concepts in quantifying resistance to drought, salt and freezing, abiotic stresses that affect plant water status

The abiotic stresses of drought, salinity and freezing are linked by the fact that they all decrease the availability of water to plant cells. This decreased availability of water is quantified as a decrease in water potential. Plants resist low water potential and related stresses by modifying water uptake and loss to avoid low water potential, accumulating solutes and modifying the properties of cell walls to avoid the dehydration induced by low water potential and using protective proteins and mechanisms to tolerate reduced water content by preventing or repairing cell damage. Salt stress also alters plant ion homeostasis, and under many conditions this may be the predominant factor affecting plant performance. Our emphasis is on experiments that quantify resistance to realistic and reproducible low water potential (drought), salt and freezing stresses while being suitable for genetic studies where a large number of lines must be analyzed. Detailed protocols for the use of polyethylene glycol-infused agar plates to impose low water potential stress, assay of salt tolerance based on root elongation, quantification of freezing tolerance and the use of electrolyte leakage experiments to quantify cellular damage induced by freezing and low water potential are also presented.     

Comprehensive physiological analyses and reactive oxygen species profiling in drought tolerant rice genotypes under salinity stress

Rice being a staple cereal is extremely susceptible towards abiotic stresses. Drought and salinity are two vital factors limiting rice cultivation in Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains (EIGP). Present study has intended to evaluate the consequences of salinity stress on selected drought tolerant rice genotypes at the most susceptible seedling stage with an aim to identify the potential multi-stress (drought and salt) tolerant rice genotype of this region. Genotypic variation was obvious in all traits related to drought and salt susceptibility. IR84895-B-127-CRA-5-1-1, one of the rice genotypes studied, exhibited exceptional drought and salinity tolerance. IR83373-B-B-25-3-B-B-25-3 also displayed enhanced drought and salt tolerance following IR84895-B-127-CRA-5-1-1. Variations were perceptible in different factors involving photosynthetic performance, proline content, lipid peroxidation, K⁺/Na⁺ ratio. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) disintegrated cellular and sub-cellular membrane leading to decreased photosynthetic activities. Therefore, accumulation and detoxification of reactive oxygen species was also considered as a major determinant of salt tolerance. IR84895-B-127-CRA-5-1-1 showed improved ROS detoxification mediated by antioxidant enzymes. IR84895-B-127-CRA-5-1-1 seedlings also displayed significant recovery after removal of salt stress. The results established a direct association of ROS scavenging with improved physiological activities and salt tolerance. The study also recommended IR84895-B-127-CRA-5-1-1 for improved crop performance in both drought and saline environments of EIGP. These contrasting rice genotypes may assist in understanding the multiple stress associated factors in concurrent drought and salt tolerant rice genotypes.