杨属（PopulusL.）种质资源遗传学评价研究进展

杨属（PopulusL.）种质资源极其丰富,为了有效保存、合理利用杨属种质资源,国内外开展了大量的种质资源遗传学评价研究。该文在介绍杨树系统分类的基础上,概述了白杨派、青杨派和黑杨派等在生物学特性、抗性（耐盐、抗旱、抗冻及抗病虫）、适应性及DNA遗传多态性等方面的遗传学评价研究进展,重点讨论了杨树种质资源评价研究中存在的问题和不足,并对其研究前景进行了展望。     

用ITS序列研究杨属各组之间的系统发育关系

杨树是重要的工业用材树种。我国杨树遗传资源丰富 ,分布范围广泛 ,不少种为我国特有。开展杨属系统发育和分子进化研究 ,对丰富的杨树遗传资源保存和利用有着重大意义。杨属 (Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓ)全世界约 10 0余种 ,属下通常分 5个组[1] 。胡志昂等[2 ] 对杨属不同组间的过氧化物酶同工酶进行了研究 ;李宽钰等[3] 利用ＲＡＰＤ标记技术对白杨组、青杨组、黑杨组 2 0个种作了遗传分析。但是在杨属系统分类上还存在着许多混乱 ,同物异名、同名异物现象相当普遍。本文以杨属 5个派主要代表种为材料 ,用ＰＣＲ产物直接测序法测定杨树ＩＴＳ序列 ,…     

基于cpDNA和rDNA ITS片段分析西南地区青杨派杨树的系统发育与进化关系

西南地区青杨派杨树种质资源丰富,可为杨树遗传改良提供珍贵的基因资源,但树种之间形态学差异细微,该研究以山杨作为外类群,测定了西南地区及其他地区杨属青杨派17个种(杂种)共36份样本的3个叶绿体片段(atpF-atpH、trnL-F和matK)和核糖体ITS片段,并对其进行系统发育分析,以探讨西南地区青杨派树种的系统进化关系。结果表明:(1)在所有样本中,3个叶绿体片段atpF-atpH、trnL-F、matK的长度分别为605~634bp、957~1 010bp、819bp,3个片段拼接后的联合序列包含29个变异位点和15个信息位点;ITS片段对齐后的长度为646bp,变异位点19个,信息位点17个。(2)基于叶绿体联合序列和ITS片段的杨属青杨派树种的平均遗传距离分别为0.001 3和0.003 6。叶绿体联合片段的MP和Bayes系统树树型基本一致,青杨派树种可以划分为2组,第1组由青杨、三脉青杨、大青杨和辽杨构成;第2组中的小叶杨、小青杨、川杨、德钦杨、昌都杨、乡城杨、康定杨、西南杨、滇杨和藏川杨不能有效区分,且均与缘毛杨的遗传关系较近。(3)基于ITS的系统树与叶绿体联合片段构建的系统树差异不大,仅在于第2组中的小青杨与小叶杨、川杨等差异明显,与第1组中的树种紧密聚拢。     

杨属植物化学成分的研究概况

杨树是我国重要的绿化造林用树。在温带地区,蜂胶的植物来源主要是杨属及其杂交属的芽孢分泌物。有不法商人以杨树芽提取物冒充蜂胶,严重阻碍了蜂胶行业的健康发展。本文对杨属植物中已分离鉴定出的化学成分进行了归类整理,为蜂胶和杨属化学成分及药理活性的研究提供依据,同时,也为杨树在医药保健等方面的综合利用提供理论基础。     

小豆种质资源研究与利用概述

小豆（Vigna angularis Ohwi & Ohashi）属于医食两用作物,既是我国传统出口商品,也是农业种植结构调整的重要作物。然而与大宗作物相比,小豆现代分子遗传学、基因组学等研究落后,种质资源利用效率较低,品种改良仍局限于系统选育、杂交选育等常规手段,育种效率低。笔者从事小豆种质资源保存评价、新基因发掘及创新利用等研究多年,现从国内外小豆种质资源的收集与利用、品种选育概况及经典遗传学、现代分子遗传学等各方面研究进行回顾和概述,并对我国小豆产业进行了展望和讨论,以供国内小豆科研工作者参考,并期望对提高我国小豆遗传研究水平有所裨益。     

杨属遗传多样性研究进展

 生物多样性的研究和保护是目前全世界普遍关注的问题,其中研究较多的是遗传多样性、物种多样性及生态系统多样性,遗传多样性作为生物多样性的重要组成部分,是生态系统多样性和物种多样性的基础方面。杨树是世界各国普遍种植的木本植物,研究其遗传多样性具有重要的理论和实践意义,国内外都开展了广泛研究。本文综述了杨属(Populus)植物的派、种及无性系等在表型、染色体、蛋白质及DNA水平的遗传多样性的研究进展。其表型多样性主要体现在不同水平上的种群大小、形态特征、物候期、材性以及对生物或非生物逆境的抗性等方面;在杨属植物中已发现有天然的三倍体及三倍体/非整倍体的杂交种存在;蛋白质的多态性主要集中于同工酶的研究,用于不同杨属植物的遗传差异,无性系或品种的特征、分化和遗传研究;DNA多态性是研究最多的,RFLP、RAPD、AFLP和SSR等分子标记已广泛用于杨属的遗传多样性研究中,根据不同的研究目的所选择的DNA（nDNA, cpDNA或mtDNA）也不同。并根据国内的研究现状,提出了几点建议。     

我国食用菌遗传学中一些值得关注的研究方向

正食用菌遗传学主要是研究食用菌菌丝体生长和子实体发育过程中遗传物质变化、传递和作用规律的科学,广义的食用菌遗传学还包括种质资源的育种价值评价和种质创新方法的研究。食用菌遗传学是食用菌学科体系的基石和核心,食用菌遗传学的科研成果和理论创新可以为食用菌其他学科(如育种学、生理学和栽培学)的发     

中国甘薯种质资源研究现状及发展战略

中国保存的甘薯种质资源约2000份,绝大部分进行了抗性鉴定评价及营养成分含量测定。甘薯种质资源的保存方式有田间种质圃和试管苗库。作为种质利用的资源材料有地方品种、引进品种、育成品种(系)、突变体和近缘野生种等。根据我国甘薯种质资源研究现状,本提出了未来研究重点,包括调整资源收集重点、建立完整的资源保存体系、深入开展鉴定评价、建立核心种质库、进行种质创新等。     

杨树——林木基因组学研究的模式物种

林木植物是大多数生态系统中的主要生命形式, 在所有陆地生态系统中具有最大的生物量和生物生产力, 因此它具有重要的经济及生态价值。林木植物特有的多年生习性使其生物学研究相对困难, 因此需要寻找一种适用于遗传学及分子生物学方法做精细分析的模式植物。杨属(Populus)植物作为林业研究的模式植物, 具有优良的实验特性: 容易进行种间杂交和无性繁殖; 生长迅速, 并已建立完善的遗传转化系统; 基因组相对较小, 约450～550 Mbp; 易于进行遗传研究; 适应性强, 生长速度快, 丰产性强。自2002年起, 美国能源部与多家研究机构正式启动了杨属植物基因组计划, 目前已接近完成。本文综述了模式植物杨树及其基因组学的研究进展。     

小豆种质资源、育种及遗传研究进展北大核心CSCD

小豆(Vigna angularis(Willd)Ohwi&Ohashi)起源于中国,是我国主要食用豆类作物。该文综述了小豆种质资源的收集与利用、品种选育概况及经典遗传学、现代分子遗传学等方面的研究进展,可为豇豆属作物的研究提供参考。     

西南地区乡土杨树遗传变异的SRAP分析

采用SRAP分子标记技术对西南地区11种乡土杨树共333份样本的遗传变异进行分析,7对引物组合共扩增出215条带,其中多态性条带158条,多态性条带百分率为73.49%,表明11种乡土杨树间存在广泛变异。AMOVA分析结果显示,种间遗传变异分量为10.84,占总变异的48.70%,遗传差异达极显著水平(P0.001)。种间的遗传相似系数变幅在0.8199~0.9607之间,平均遗传相似系数为0.8983。聚类结果表明,昌都杨和藏川杨之间的遗传差异最小,大叶杨和三脉青杨之间的遗传差异最大。本研究结果为西南地区乡土杨树基因资源的保护、开发和利用提供了一定的科学理论依据。     

Alignment of a <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salix</Emphasis> linkage map to the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus</Emphasis> genomic sequence reveals macrosynteny between willow and poplar genomes

Poplars (genus Populus) and willows (genus Salix) are members of the Salicaceae, a family of catkin-bearing trees, shrubs and sub-shrubs. Poplar is considered the model system for biological studies in trees and considerable genetic and genomic resources have become available in recent years. The transfer of information to research studies in willow, for which fewer resources are currently available, would be highly beneficial. However, the extent of conservation between poplar and willow genomes has not yet been extensively studied. To address this, we have constructed a linkage map of willow based on a large mapping population derived from a cross between two Salix viminalis × (S. viminalis × S. schwerinii) hybrid sibs, and aligned this to the publicly available poplar genome sequence. A set of genome-wide, expressed poplar sequences was selected and used to design primer sets that efficiently amplified homeologous regions in willow. Direct sequencing of the willow products confirmed homology with the poplar target in the majority of instances and allowed identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were used to map these loci. In total, 202 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), 75 microsatellites and 79 SNPs were used to construct a willow consensus map that spanned 1,856.7 cM with an average interval between markers of 6.3 cM. Poplar sequences homologous to those of the mapped willow microsatellite loci were identified and used in addition to the SNP markers to putatively align all but two minor linkage groups to the poplar genome sequence. A high degree of macrosynteny was revealed.     

QTLs for Woolly Poplar Aphid (Phloeomyzus passerinii L.) Resistance Detected in an Inter-Specific Populus deltoides x P. nigra Mapping Population

The genus Populus represents one of the most economically important groups of forest trees. It is composed by approximately 30 species used for wood and non-wood products, phytoremediation and biomass. Poplar is subjected to several biological and environmental threats although, compared to annual crops, we know far less about the genetic bases of biotic stress resistance. Woolly poplar aphid (Phloeomyzus passerinii) is considered a main pest of cultivated poplars in European and American countries. In this work we present two high density linkage maps in poplar obtained by a genotyping by sequencing (GBS) approach and the identification of QTLs involved in Ph. passerinii resistance. A total of 5,667 polymorphic markers (5,606 SNPs and 61 SSRs) identified on expressed sequences have been used to genotype 131 plants of an F1 population P ×canadensis obtained by an interspecific mate between Populus deltoides (resistant to woolly poplar aphid) and Populus nigra (susceptible to woolly poplar aphid). The two linkage maps, obtained following the two-way pseudo-testcross mapping strategy, have been used to investigate the genetic bases of woolly poplar aphid resistance. One major QTL and two QTLs with minor effects (mapped on LGV, LGXVI and LG XIX) explaining the 65.8% of the genetic variance observed in the progeny in response to Ph. passerinii attack were found. The high density coverage of functional markers allowed the identification of three genes belonging to disease resistance pathway as putative candidates for P. deltoides resistance to woolly poplar aphid. This work is the first report on genetic of woolly poplar aphid genetic resistance and the resistant loci associated markers identified represent a valuable tool in resistance poplar breeding programs.     

The Atlantic-Mediterranean watershed, river basins and glacial history shape the genetic structure of Iberian poplars

Recent phylogeographic studies have elucidated the effects of Pleistocene glaciations and of Pre-Pleistocene events on populations from glacial refuge areas. This study investigates those effects in riparian trees (Populus spp.), whose particular features may convey enhanced resistance to climate fluctuations. We analysed the phylogeographic structure of 44 white (Populus alba), 13 black (Populus nigra) and two grey (Populus x canescens) poplar populations in the Iberian Peninsula using plastid DNA microsatellites and sequences. We also assessed fine-scale spatial genetic structure and the extent of clonality in four white and one grey poplar populations using nuclear microsatellites and we determined quantitative genetic differentiation (Q(ST) ) for growth traits in white poplar. Black poplar displayed higher regional diversity and lower differentiation than white poplar, reflecting its higher cold-tolerance. The dependence of white poplar on phreatic water was evidenced by strong differentiation between the Atlantic and Mediterranean drainage basins and among river basins, and by weaker isolation by distance within than among river basins. Our results suggest confinement to the lower river courses during glacial periods and moderate interglacial gene exchange along coastlines. In northern Iberian river basins, white poplar had lower diversity, fewer private haplotypes and larger clonal assemblies than in southern basins, indicating a stronger effect of glaciations in the north. Despite strong genetic structure and frequent asexual propagation in white poplar, some growth traits displayed adaptive divergence between drainage and river basins (Q(ST) >F(ST)), highlighting the remarkable capacity of riparian tree populations to adapt to regional environmental conditions.     

杨树重要品种(无性系)的AFLP指纹分析

品种的准确鉴定及其遗传相关性的了解对杨树育种和品种管理具有非常重要的意义。本试验采用AFLP对来自青杨组和黑杨组的21个重要杨树品种（无性系）的鉴定与遗传相关性进行了研究。结果显示,筛选的4对AFLP引物总共产生了181条多态性带,尤其是每对引物对每个品种都产生了独特的指纹图谱;聚类分析和多维尺度分析将试验材料大体上分为五类,结果不仅显示了组间不同品种的差异,而且大体上区分了我国原生品种和外来品种。本研究表明,所有品种都可被筛选的引物准确鉴定,遗传相关性的推断结果与它们的系谱或分类基本一致。另外,本研究还表明AFLP技术完全可用于大规模地构建杨树树种DNA指纹图谱、进行树种鉴定和遗传相关性的研究．     

杨树重要品种( 无性系) 的AFLP 指纹分析

品种的准确鉴定及其遗传相关性的了解对杨树育种和品种管理具有非常重要的意义。本试验采用AFLP对来自青杨组和黑杨组的21 个重要杨树品种( 无性系) 的鉴定与遗传相关性进行了研究。结果显示, 筛选的4对AFLP 引物总共产生了181 条多态性带,尤其是每对引物对每个品种都产生了独特的指纹图谱; 聚类分析和多维尺度分析将试验材料大体上分为五类, 结果不仅显示了组间不同品种的差异, 而且大体上区分了我国原生品种和外来品种。本研究表明, 所有品种都可被筛选的引物准确鉴定, 遗传相关性的推断结果与它们的系谱或分类基本一致。另外, 本研究还表明AFLP 技术完全可用于大规模地构建杨树树种DNA 指纹图谱、进行树种鉴定和遗传相关性的研究。     

Progress in the Study of Molecular Genetic Improvements of Poplar in China

The poplar is one of the most economically important and intensively studied tree species owing to its wide application in the timber industry and as a model material for the study of woody plants. The natural resource of poplars in China is replete. Over the past 10 years, the application of molecular biological techniques to genetic improvements in poplar species has been widely studied in China. Recent advances in molecular genetic improvements of poplar, including cDNA library construction, gene cloning and identification, genetic engineering, gene expression, genetic linkage map construction, mapping of quantitative trait loci （QTL） and molecular-assisted selection, are reviewed in the present paper. In addition, the application of modern biotechnology to molecular improvements in the genetic traits of the poplar and some unsolved problems are discussed.     

靶标昆虫杨扇舟蛾对转Bt基因741杨胁迫效应的SSR分析

应用SSR分子标记技术,研究了以不同抗性转基因741杨为食物的杨扇舟蛾实验种群的遗传分化,探讨以转Bt基因杨树作为食物对靶标昆虫的胁迫效应.利用筛选出的10对引物,分别对经取食转基因741杨高抗品系‘Pb29’、中抗品系‘Pb17’及未转基因杨(对照)筛选出的杨扇舟蛾实验种群进行遗传多样性和遗传分化研究.结果表明: 10对引物共检测到76条等位基因,平均等位基因7.6个,平均有效等位基因为2.2,平均观测杂合度为0.5167,平均期望杂合度为0.5167,平均多态位点百分率达96.7%.经取食转基因741杨筛选出的杨扇舟蛾实验种群的遗传多样性水平显著高于未转基因种群,且取食转基因741杨的杨扇舟蛾与CK样本间的遗传相似性最低,表明经取食转Bt基因杨树的杨扇舟蛾实验种群遗传多样性有增高趋势.基于SSR分析,转基因741杨对杨扇舟蛾实验种群的胁迫筛选效应明显.