川滇高山栎灌丛营养元素积累与生物循环特征

养分循环是森林生态系统的重要生态功能。以位于青藏高原东南缘的川西折多山东坡川滇高山栎(Quercus aquifolioides)灌丛为研究对象,分析了其营养元素的分布、积累和生物循环特征。结果显示:(1)川滇高山栎不同器官营养元素含量不同,叶片和枝条为NKCaMgP,树干和地下器官为CaKNMgP。(2)川滇高山栎灌丛生态系统各营养元素总贮量(kg/hm2)依次为:Ca(650.06)、N(252.67)、K(197.01)、Mg(51.18)、P(49.22),其中川滇高山栎灌层储量占88.61%~96.10%,林下草本层占0.64%~4.22%,凋落物层占2.54%~9.25%。(3)川滇高山栎灌层营养元素主要储存于地下根系,占灌层的67%~81%,丰富的根系营养元素储量有利于川滇高山栎灌丛在遭受火烧、砍伐等干扰后萌生更新。(4)川滇高山栎灌丛营养元素年积累量[kg/(hm2·a)]依次为:Ca(20.82)、N(7.46)、K(6.12)、P(2.33)、Mg(1.55);灌丛营养元素利用系数为0.09,循环系数为0.60,周转时间为22.87a。研究表明,川滇高山栎灌丛具有较低的营养元素利用率和较长的营养元素周转期。     

黄土高原典型草原地上生物量估测模型

为了寻求有效的草地地上生物量估测方法和精确估测黄土高原典型草原草原地上生物量。于2014年8月中旬,在黄土高原典型草原草原地上生物量达到最大值,分别从单株水平和种群水平进行野外调查。以株高(H)和盖度(C)的复合因子(C×H)为自变量,通过回归分析,建立地上生物量估测模型,采用留一法对其精确性进行评估;并通过校正系数以及群落总生物量估测值和实测值比较单株水平和种群水平所建模型的精确性。结果表明:黄土高原典型草原草地,无论在单株水平还是种群水平,线性和幂函数对该区域生物量的拟合效果更好。估测模型检验结果表明,在单株水平各个物种的生物量估测值与实测值相关性较好,均达到了显著水平(P0.05),其r值均大于0.6,总相对误差RS均小于10%,平均相对误差绝对值RMA(average absolute value of relative error)均小于30%,总生物量的实测值与估测值比较接近,校正系数均接近1;而在种群水平上,虽然各物种的生物量估测值与实测值相关性均达到了显著水平(P0.05),但多数物种平均相对误差绝对值RMA大于30%,总相对误差RS(total relative error)均大于10%,总生物量的估测值均大于实测值,校正系数均偏离了1,说明在黄土高原典型草原通过单株水平建立的物种生物量估测模型的精度优于种群水平建立的物种生物量估测模型的精度。     

中国亚热带山地杜鹃灌丛生物量分配及其碳密度估算

灌丛生态系统作为一个巨大的潜在碳汇,在全球碳平衡和气候调节中发挥着重要的作用。杜鹃(Rhododendron simsii)灌丛是我国亚热带山地最为常见的灌丛类型。该文采用群落调查和数学模拟方法,研究了亚热带山地杜鹃灌丛的生物量和碳密度。结果表明:1)灌木各器官最佳生物量估测模型的函数类型为幂函数和线性函数,自变量为D和D2H(D为基径,H为株高),所有模型均达到极显著水平;生长方程对茎生物量的拟合效果优于其对叶和当年枝生物量的拟合效果。2)灌木层平均生物量为20.78 Mg·hm~(–2),其中优势树种杜鹃和白檀(Symplocos paniculata)占93.63%;灌木层各器官生物量排序为茎根叶当年枝,根冠比为0.32,说明生物量更多地分配到地上光合器官,体现了灌木层植物对该区域温暖湿润的环境条件的适应。3)杜鹃灌丛群落平均总生物量为26.26 Mg·hm~(–2),灌木层、草本层和凋落物层生物量分别占79.14%、7.62%和13.25%,凋落物层生物量较高表明该研究群落具有较大的养分归还量。4)灌木层和草本层的地上生物量与地下生物量和总生物量之间存在极显著相关关系,这种关系可用于相互间的预测。5)杜鹃灌丛群落平均总生物量碳密度为11.70 Mg·hm~(–2),群落平均含碳率为44.55%,以往通过乘以转换系数0.5得到的灌丛碳密度比实际碳密度高出12.22%,导致对灌丛植被碳储量和碳汇能力的估测产生严重偏差。     

川滇高山栎种群不同海拔空间格局的尺度效应及个体间空间关联

川滇高山栎灌丛(Quercus aquifolioides)是我国西南高山典型的植被类型,研究其空间格局对于研究种群的生态学过程有重要意义。为了弄清川滇高山栎种群空间格局及其个体间空间关联对海拔,尺度和大小级等因素的响应情况,研究中应用点格局分析的方法,在巴郎山沿高山栎分布海拔范围设置4个海拔梯度,并根据体积大小将高山栎分为4个大小级等级,比较不同海拔、不同尺度、不同大小级间的高山栎种群空间格局及个体间空间关联。结果表明,川滇高山栎种群空间格局及其个体间关联与空间尺度、植株形体大小和海拔梯度密切相关:在小尺度上,种群趋向于聚集分布,个体间有较强的空间关联,随着空间尺度的增大,种群逐渐趋于随机分布,个体间空间关联减弱,区域无关联;个体间形体差异越小,个体间正关联就越强,个体间形体差异越大,正关联就越弱,负关联就越强;海拔因子对聚集分布的聚集规模和个体间关联的关联程度有较大影响。     

海南五针松人工林分生物量的研究

 本文是对海拔930m的17年生海南五针松(Pinus fanzeliana)人工林分生物量和生产力进行了测定和研究。按平均标准木法和样方收获法分别调查了乔木层,灌木层,草本地被物层和枯枝落叶层。据调查数,建立了估测乔木层单株林木各器官干重的回归方程。方程的相关系数和估测精度都较高,具有参考价值．分析结果表明：林分总生物量平均为161.152t／ha,生产力为10630.69kg／(ha·a),其中：乔木层生物量为149.351t／ha,生产力为11095kg／(ha·a),叶面积为199248.734m2／ha,叶面积指数为19.9149m2／m2。     

紫果云杉天然中龄林分生物量和生产力的研究

本文对四川松潘地区海拔3200—3300m的紫果云杉(Picea purpurea)天然中龄林分生物量和生产力进行了测定和研究。按平均标准木法和样方收获法分别调查了乔木层、幼树下木层、草本地被物层和枯枝落叶层的生物量。据调查数据,建立了估测乔木层单株林木各器官生物量的回归方程,方程的相关系数和估测的精度都较高,具有实用价值。结果表明：林分总生物量平均为158.779吨／公顷,净生产量为3.259吨／公顷·年。其中乔木层生物量为134.408吨／ 公顷,净生产量为2.890吨／公顷·年。研究证实叶面积指数与林分乔木层的生产力关系十分紧密。在—定范围内,叶面积指数为4.34的林分比叶面积指数3.32的,其乔木层净生产量可增加47.2%。林冠浓密的林分比林冠稀疏的生产力要高。另外,林分的产量结构上反映出下层木结 构不合理,应予间伐。     

西藏色季拉山川滇高山栎群落生态位特征

探索群落构建背后的包括生态位分化与重叠在内的过程机制对于预测环境变化背景下的群落动态和开展区域物种多样性保护至关重要。藏东南地区由于地理和交通条件限制, 森林群落受人为干扰相对较少, 是开展群落生态学理论研究的天然实验室。在样地调查的基础上, 以物种重要值作为资源状态指标, 应用Levins、Shannon-Wiener 生态位宽度指数和Horn 生态位重叠指数, 分析了色季拉山川滇高山栎群落49 个主要种生态位特征。结果表明: (1) 色季拉山川滇高山栎群落中, 川滇高山栎(Quercus aquifolioides)、小叶忍冬(Lonicera microphylla)、秦岭槲蕨(Drynariasinica)的生态位宽度分别在乔、灌、草本层中占有优势地位; (2) 群落各林层内部生态位重叠, 表现为草本层>灌木层>乔木层; (3) 群落各林层之间生态位重叠, 表现为灌草>乔灌>乔草。(4) 川滇高山栎作为先锋树种, 其群落在藏东南地区的水土保持与荒漠化防治作用突出, 群落内林层内和层间的不同植物对阳光、空间等资源的生态位重叠促进了物种的共存, 证明了高山地区强烈的环境过滤作用导致的生态位分化和对生境需求相似的物种间的生态位重叠是促进藏东南川滇高山栎群落生物多样性共存的重要机理。     

川滇高山栎灌丛萌生过程中的营养元素供应动态

萌生更新是森林更新的重要方式, 是硬叶栎林受到干扰后植被恢复的主要机制。以位于青藏高原东南缘的川西折多山东坡川滇高山栎(Quercus aquifoliodes)灌丛为研究对象, 调查分析了砍伐后灌丛萌生过程中基株根系和萌株生物量动态、营养元素含量, 以及基株根系和土壤对萌株生长过程中的营养元素供应动态。结果表明, 川滇高山栎灌丛平均地上和地下生物量分别为(11.25 ± 0.92) t·hm^-2和(34.85 ± 2.02) t·hm^-2, 具有较大的根冠比(3.10:1); 萌生过程中, 萌株生物量呈线性增加趋势, 以灌丛活细根生物量变化为最大, 其次是活中根和活粗根, 树桩和根蔸生物量变化最小; 萌生过程中, 灌丛细根和中根N、P含量表现为先增加、后降低的变化趋势, 萌生初期树桩、粗根和根蔸中N和K的含量明显下降, 根蔸中Ca含量略有下降, 而P没有明显下降, 根系Mg含量变化幅度较大, 灌丛地下根系储存了较多的营养元素; 土壤、树桩、粗根和根蔸是川滇高山栎灌丛砍伐后0-120天萌生生长的主要营养来源, 砍伐后60天, 萌株生长所需的营养除K元素主要来源于根系外, 其余营养元素主要来源于土壤; 在砍伐后60-120天, 基株根系对萌株生长所需的N、K和Ca贡献较大, 而对P和Mg的贡献较小; 在砍伐后120-180天, 根系除K元素对萌生生长还保持较大的贡献外, 对其余营养元素的贡献均较小。高山栎林管理要注重加强地下根系的保护。     

川西山地主要人工林种群根系生物量与生产力

采用标准地法,对四川西部山地主要人工林的根系进行了研究,结果表明(1)用D2H估测单株林木根系生物量的适合模型均以幂函数模型为最佳,所筛选统计模型的相关系数较高,在0.94～0.99之间;(2)根系总生物量大小排序为日本落叶松＞峨眉冷杉＞四川红杉＞川西云杉,分别为37.832、24.907、18.320t/hm2和15.982 t/hm2,各级根的生物量占总根量的比例各不相同;(3)根系生物量集中在分布土层0.00～40.00cm,川西云杉占97.88%,四川红杉占96.78%,峨眉冷杉占95.65%,日本落叶松占99.72%;尤其在0.00～20.00cm土层分布的根最多,分别占77.13%,77.13%,65.02%和80.66%;在0.00～20.00cm,20.00～40.00cm和40.00～60.00cm的各层根系生物量分配比例,川西云杉为34121,四川红杉为2461,峨眉冷杉为1571,日本落叶松为63141;(4)川西云杉、四川红杉、峨眉冷杉和日本落叶松人工林种群根系的生物量密度分别为10.782t/(hm2·m),8.230t/(hm2·m),14.546 t/(hm2·m)和13.211 t/(hm2·m);(5)川西云杉、四川红杉、峨眉冷杉和日本落叶松人工林种群根系生产力分别为0.57、0.83、0.71 t/(hm2·a)和1.64 t/(hm2·a).     

上海外环林带女贞人工林生态系统碳储量

提高林分碳储量估测精度,对于研究区域尺度上森林固碳功能具有重要的意义。本文以上海外环林带女贞(Ligustrum lucidum)人工林为研究对象,构建了女贞立木及各器官(根、干、皮、枝、叶)生物量方程,并对9年生女贞人工林乔木层、地表枯落物层和土壤层(0~100 cm)碳储量进行了估测。结果表明,女贞立木及各器官生物量方程拟合效果较好(R20.9,P0.01)。女贞人工林生态系统总碳储量为169.89 t·hm-2,其中林分乔木层碳储量为10.48 t·hm-2,地表枯落物层碳储量为1.54 t·hm-2,林分土壤(0~100 cm)碳储量所占比例最大,为157.7 t·hm-2。在女贞人工林乔木层生物量中,树干占林木生物量的比例最大(40%),其次分别为枝(20%)、根(15%)、叶(11%)和皮(4%)。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.