圈卷产色链霉菌尼可霉素生物合成基因——sanH和sanI的研究

通过反向遗传学方法克隆到圈卷产色链霉菌尼可霉素生物合成基因簇中约7.0kb的DNA片段。该片段除含有尼可霉素生物合成基因sanF外,对sanF上游约22kb的BglⅡDNA片段进行序列测定及分析表明,还含有两个完整的开放阅读框(ORF)。ORF1由1233个核苷酸组成,ORF2由195个核苷酸组成,它们分别编码由410个氨基酸残基和64个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质,依次命名为sanH和sanI。蛋白序列数据库比较结果表明,SanH和SanI与浅灰链霉菌(\%Streptomyces griseolus)\%中共转录的细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450)和铁氧还蛋白(ferredoxin)有较高的同源性,一致性分别为46%和56%,相似性分别为62%和70%。基因功能研究表明,sanH基因的破坏虽不影响圈卷产色链霉菌产生的尼可霉素的生物活性,但该基因可能参与了尼可霉素羟基化反应的生物合成。     

紫云英根瘤菌共同结瘤基因nodA和nodBC的核苷酸序列

以~(32)p标记的苜蓿根瘤菌(Rhizobium meliloti)2.3kb nod DNA作探针,从紫云英根瘤菌(Rhizobium huakuii即R. astragali)159基因文库中分离到一株能与探针DNA呈阳性反应的克隆pRaN109。同源DNA-DNA杂交及DNA序列分析表明:pRaN109DNA的9kb EcoRI片段上携带了nodD_1BC基因,pRaN109 NDA的18kb EcoRI片段上携带了nodD_2A基因。共同结瘤基因nodA与nodBC两者相距6.7kb。在nodA基因和nodBC基因的上游都存在有结瘤盒(nod box)。与来自不同种属的菌株所报告的结果相比较,紫云英根瘤菌159中的共同结瘤基因有着明显不同的组合。     

地中海拟无枝菌酸菌U32中amrC/amkC基因的序列分析及在大肠杆菌中的表达

从力复霉素SV产生菌——地中海拟无枝菌酸菌(Amycolatopsis mediterranei)U32的硝酸盐同化基因簇的上游克隆了一个2.6kb的Eco-RI—XhoI DNA片段并测定其序列。序列分析表明,该DNA片段编码两个完整的开放阅读框架(ORF),ORF2的起始密码子GTG与ORF1的终止密码子TGA在TG处重叠。ORF1编码一个含224个氨基酸的多肽,它同放线菌中典型的应答调节蛋白包括AfsQ1和MtrA有很高的同源性;ORF2编码一个含472个氨基酸的蛋白,它同包括AfsQ2和MtrB在内的组氨酸激酶同源。ORF1和ORF2有可能构成典型的双组份信号传导系统,分别命名为amrC和amkC。在T7启动子的控制下,完整的amrC和去除子N端一个可能的跨膜区的amkC在大肠杆菌中分别得到了高效表达,表达蛋白的分子量分别为30kD和46kD,与推测蛋白的分子量一致。     

蓝细菌ORF469的分子克隆和缺失突变工程株的构建

PCR扩增了蓝细菌Synechocystis sp．PCC 6803的ORF469(编码469个氨基酸的开放阅读框),进一步以pUC118为载体将其克隆到E．Coli中,构建了pOQ2质粒。通过DNA体外重组,以红霉素抗性基因取代部分克隆化ORF469片段,又构建丁缺失ORF469片段(保留部分上游和下游序列)的pOQ22质粒。用pOQ22质粒转化Synechocystis sp．PCC 6803野生株细胞,获ORF489缺失突变工程株,它在红霉素抗性培养基上生长正常。对缺失突变工程株DNA的PCR和Southern blot分析证明,Synechocystis sp．PCC 6803的ORF469已被删除。色素测定结果揭示Synechocystis sp．PCC 6803中ORF469表达产物控制细胞内不依赖光的叶绿素生物合成。     

油菜质膜水孔蛋白BnPIP1基因启动子区的克隆及初步的功能分析

利用双链接头介导PCR的染色体步行技术, 克隆了油菜质膜水孔蛋白BnPIP1基因上游1.6 kb的调控区域(GenBank登录号为AF472487). 序列分析表明, 该片段中含有种子萌发特异性序列及维管束特异性序列. 将其全长片段及5′端不同长度的缺失片段与gus(uidA)基因连接构建植物表达载体, 转化烟草. GUS组织化学染色表明, 全长1.6 kb片段具有较强的启动子活性. GUS染色主要分布在细胞迅速增生的部位及维管束组织中. 启动子缺失试验的GUS染色结果表明, -1610~-1030 bp区段的缺失使gus基因的表达明显变弱, 推测该区段含有启动子的正调控元件; -1030~-902 bp可能存在强烈抑制基因表达的负调控元件; -902~-19 bp的片段亦可驱动gus基因的高水平表达.     

巴西固氮螺菌Yu62 draTG基因及其下游区域的定位诱变分析*

用卡那霉素盒(Kmr-cassette)插入法,对巴西固氮螺菌(Azospirillum brasilense)Yu62的draTG基因及其下游区域进行了诱变,并获得相应的突变株。研究表明：draT变突株的固氨酶活性不再受铵抑制,而draG突变株在有铵时则丧失固氮酶活性,但当铵耗尽后却不能像野生型菌株那样恢复活性。draTG下游区域突变株YZ4(突变位点距draG约2kb)在无氮及限铵条件下,其固氮酶活性比野生型菌株的高,但其nifH-lacZ转录融合子的表达并不受影响,说明该区域可能有参与固氮酶活性水平调控的基因。     

巴西固氮螺菌ntrBC基因的克隆与核苷酸序列分析

以EMBL3为载体,构建了巴西固氮螺菌(Azospirillum brasilense)Yu62的基因文库.以巴西固氮螺菌Yu62中PCR扩增出的450bp DNA 片断作为探针,对该基因文库进行筛选,得到了10个阳性克隆(EA1—EA10),其中含有两种不同类型的克隆,分别以EA4和EA9为代表.对EA4的杂交分析发现目的基因位于2.9kb EcoRI片段上.DNA序列分析结果表明该片段含有完整的ntrC编码区,其编码产物由480个氨基酸组成.分子量为53469;ntrC上游是完整的ntrB编码区,其编码产物由400个氨基酸组成,分子量为43487.对相应的NtrC和NtrB氨基酸序列进行同源性分析,说明巴西固氮螺菌与根瘤菌的亲缘关系较与其它自生固氮菌的更为接近.     

家蚕浓核病毒Bm DNV-3（中国株）VD 1基因组结构与转录分析

为了进一步认识家蚕浓核病毒_BmDNV-3（中国株）VD₁基因组的结构和功能,VD1被分离、纯化、克隆到pUC119载体上,完成了基因组全序列的测定。序列分析显示VD₁基因组全长为6543个核苷酸,末端拥有224个核苷酸反向重复序列（ITRs）。VD₁基因组正链含有3个大的开放阅读框（ORF1-3）,负链含有1个大的开放阅读框（ORF4）。比较BmDNV-3的 VD₁和BmDNV2 (Yamanashi isolate) 的VD₁基因组全序列,两者同源性为98.4%,并且有107个碱基的替代和1个碱基插入,氨基酸突变集中在VD₁ ORF3和VD₁ORF4。Northern杂交结果显示：VD₁的左边正链上有1.1kb和1.5kb两个转录本,右边的负链上有一个3.3kb转录本。3′和5′-RACE结果显示：1.1kb转录本开始于nt 290,结束于nt 1437;1.5kb转录本开始于nt 1423,结束于nt 2931;3.3kb转录本开始于nt 6287,结束于nt 2922。 正链上15kb转录本和负链上3.3kb转录本拥有10个核苷酸的3′端的共同序列。研究结果显示该病毒基因转录与已报道的其它浓核病毒存在较大的差异性。     

辽宁碱蓬甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因（BADH）启动子分离及序列分析

根据已知的辽宁碱蓬BADH cDNA 5′端序列设计两个基因特异的反向引物（BR1,BR2）,通过衔接头PCR获得了BADH基因起始密码子上游265 bp的序列。根据所获得的序列设计两个基因特异的反向引物（BR3,BR4）,用BR2、BR3、BR4分别与4个简并引物配对,通过TAILPCR扩增,获得了约2 kb 的序列。经Sequencer软件拼接上述两段序列,获得了BADH基因起始密码子上游2055 bp的序列。用TSSPTCM软件分析此序列,预测出转录起始点（T）位于起始密码子上游62 bp处,由此获得了1993 bp的SlBADH启动子序列。用PLACE软件分析此序列,发现该序列具有启动子的基本元件TATAbox、CAATbox,包含多个胁迫诱导元件,如盐诱导元件GAAAAA,抗冻、缺水、脱落酸、抗寒元件CANNTG,伤害诱导元件ANATTNCNN,热激元件ATAAATGT等,是一个强的胁迫诱导启动子。     

抑制c-sis/PDGF-B原癌基因表达的TFO设计、体外三链形成及功能的检测

血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)在肿瘤发生、生长,动脉粥样硬化和炎症反应等病理状态中起着极其重要的作用,其B链基因为原癌基因c-sis的同源物.提供了用于抑制c-sis/PDGF-B原癌基因表达的3种TFO(三链形成寡聚脱氧核苷酸triplex-forming oligonucleotide).凝胶阻滞电泳、DNaseⅠ印迹、体外转录抑制及核蛋白结合抑制等实验证明了这些化合物可与靶位点(c-sis/PDGF-B基因5′上游启动子核心区)形成稳定的三链复合物,并可抑制其下游基因的转录和转录因子的结合.它们有望应用于配制治疗肿瘤发生、生长,动脉粥样硬化和炎症反应等有关疾病的药物.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。