节节草黄酮类化合物的提取及抑菌活性研究

目的：研究节节草地上部位黄酮类化合物的提取方法,并对提取物进行了抑菌试验。方法：比较各种提取方法,通过显色反应、沉淀反应和抑菌实验作用于该提取物。结果：索氏提取法总黄酮得率为0．749％,超声波辅助提取法居次。显色反应呈阳性,沉淀反应生成明显的沉淀;在抑菌实验中产生明显的抑菌圈。结论：超声波辅助提取法是提取节节草总黄酮的比较理想的方法,该植物含有较为丰富的黄酮类化合物,节节草黄酮类化合物对大肠杆菌、八叠球菌等具有明显的抑菌作用。     

番石榴叶黄酮类化合物提取及其粗提物对蔬菜病原真菌的抑菌活性

采用溶剂法提取番石榴Psidium guajava叶总黄酮,通过对溶剂浓度、提取温度、时间、料液比等因素进行正交试验,优化番石榴叶总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明,溶剂法提取番石榴叶总黄酮的最佳工艺参数为：80 ℃加热,60%乙醇,料液比1∶15,加热回流提取1 h,在此条件下总黄酮提取率达3.51%。番石榴叶总黄酮粗提物对茄子白绢病菌、甘蓝黑斑病菌、白菜炭疽病菌、黄瓜枯萎病菌的室内抑菌EC50分别为184、209、180、102 mg·mL-1。     

大叶千斤拔的微波预处理-超声波提取工艺及其抑菌活性研究

对大叶千斤拔的微波预处理-超声波提取工艺及其抑菌活性进行研究。以染料木素得率和染料木苷得率为考察指标,通过单因素实验与正交实验优选大叶千斤拔中染料木苷和染料木素的最佳提取工艺,并对微波预处理-超声波提取法、超声波提取法和热水浸提法进行了对比研究,同时研究大叶千斤拔提取液和染料木素的抑菌活性。最佳提取工艺条件为:微波功率700 W,超声波功率200 W,解析剂比7∶1(m L/g),微波时间180 s,乙醇为提取溶剂,乙醇体积分数90%,液料比35∶1(m L/g),提取温度80℃,提取时间15 min。该工艺条件下,染料木苷得率为0.9047 mg/g,染料木素得率为0.4834 mg/g,总得率为1.3881 mg/g,优于超声波提取法和热水浸提法。在实验范围内染料木素和大叶千斤拔提取液对3种常见菌的抑制作用大小均为金黄色葡萄球菌枯草芽孢杆菌大肠杆菌,但染料木素对大肠杆菌无明显抑制作用。微波预处理-超声波提取法具有省时高效的特点,特别适用于大叶千斤拔染料木苷和染料木素的提取,大叶千斤拔提取液具有良好的抑菌活性,可作为天然的食品防腐剂。     

瓦松总黄酮的提取及其抑菌效果

目的：提取瓦松总黄酮并对其总黄酮含量进行测定,进一步观察总黄酮的抑菌效果。方法：采用超声法提取瓦松总黄酮,以芦丁为标准品,用紫外分光光度法测总黄酮的含量;并参照NCCLS规范,用微量稀释法来测定总黄酮最小抑菌浓度（MIC）和最小杀菌浓度（MBC）。结果：测定标准曲线线性相关性良好,R2=0.999 2,线性范围在0.02~0.6 mg/mL。瓦松总黄酮对福氏志贺菌标准株抑菌效果最好,对部分临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林株（MRSA）、表皮葡萄球菌标准株、大肠埃希菌及其临床分离株、肺炎克雷伯菌标准株及其临床分离株抑菌效果较好,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果最弱。瓦松水提物抑菌趋势与总黄酮一致性较差,总黄酮及水提物均无明显的MBC。结论：瓦松总黄酮及其水提物对本试验选取的菌株均有一定的抑制作用,且抑制作用较好。黄酮好于水提物,作用机制以抑制为主,而非直接杀菌。瓦松总黄酮具有较好的抑菌效果,在食品开发上有较高研究价值。     

罗汉果果实总黄酮的含量变化及其抑菌作用

以30％乙醇溶液作提取剂,在超声波功率250W的条件下进行正交试验,结果表明,超声波辅助提取罗汉果果实中总黄酮的最佳条件为料液比1∶9、提取温度80℃、提取时间40 min,在此条件下总黄酮提取率最高,为2.86％.罗汉果果实在10月上旬至12月下旬的生长成熟过程中,总黄酮的含量变化表现为初期逐渐上升,至12月上旬达到最高值,其后快速下降.抑菌实验表明,罗汉果果实中的黄酮类物质对枯草芽胞杆菌、产气杆菌、藤黄八叠球菌和白色念球菌等革兰氏阳性菌的生长具有较显著的抑制作用,而对大肠杆菌、变形杆菌以及青霉和黑曲霉没有抑制作用.     

超声波法优选苦豆子中总黄酮的提取工艺研究

目的:超声波法优选苦豆子中总黄酮的提取工艺。方法:以超声波为提取方法,以总黄酮提取率为考察指标,选取乙醇浓度(体积分数)、加溶剂倍量和超声时间为考察因素,采用均匀实验和正交实验,优选苦豆子中总黄酮的提取工艺。结果:影响总黄酮提取率各因素主次为:ACB,确定最佳提取工艺为A2B3C3,即70%乙醇,加溶剂40倍量,超声提取75 min。结论:采用该工艺提取苦豆子中总黄酮,提取率较高且稳定,说明该工艺合理可行。     

贯叶连翘醇提条件的多指标优化

本研究采用超声波提取法,对贯叶连翘中总黄酮、金丝桃素类和贯叶金丝桃素等主要有效成分在醇提过程中的提取条件(溶媒种类、浓度、提取时间等)进行了考察。结果表明,以总黄酮和金丝桃素类化合物为指标,用65％～80％的乙醇水溶液超声提取30min,提取效率较高;以贯叶金丝桃素为指标,则以用75％～90％的甲醇提取30min效果较好。     

红花桑寄生枝叶总黄酮提取工艺

以Al(NO3)3显色法于510nm测定红花桑寄生枝叶提取液的吸光度,聚酰胺提纯,以芦丁为标准计算含量,正交实验方法探讨以乙醇为溶剂提取该类化合物的最佳工艺条件,结果表明,桑寄生叶最佳提取条件是溶剂为70％乙醇、料液比1：35、80℃条件下提取3h;桑寄生枝的最佳提取条件是溶剂为50％乙醇、料液比1：15、80℃条件下提取3h,在对应条件下桑寄生总黄酮平均得率叶为9.47%,枝为5.25%。     

葛根素提取及其抑菌实验研究

以湘西葛根为实验材料,选取水、甲醇和95％的乙醇作为提取溶剂,索氏提取法提取其葛根素。以提取率为指标,综合提取工艺中加入量、提取时间的影响,采用正交实验筛选出乙醇提取工艺,最佳参数为每次加入10倍量、回流提取时间3．5h。用滤纸片法研究葛根提取液对大肠杆菌等8种常见食品腐败菌的抑菌活性,结果表明,各种菌体的抑菌效果为：大肠杆菌〉金黄色葡萄球菌〉枯草芽孢杆菌〉假丝酵母青霉,对青霉无抑菌作用。各种菌的抑菌效果与浓度的关系为,葛根素浓度升高,抑菌效果增强。     

银杏叶总黄酮的超声波提取法

本文通过单因素实验和正交实验,确定了超声波法提取银杏叶中黄酮类化合物的最佳提取工艺,并与常规乙醇浸提法,微波提取法作了比较研究。实验表明：超声波提取法优于常规乙醇浸提法和微波提取法。超声波法的最佳操作条件为：320W超声波功率,温度30℃,70％乙醇,在液固比15：1条件下提取10min,连续提取2次,总黄酮提取率可达94．1％。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.