中国东北Mang牛儿苗科（Geraniaceae）种子形态特征及其分类学意义

本文对中国东北Ｍａｎｇ牛儿苗科二属（太阳花属Ｅｒｏｄｅｉｕｍ,老鹳草属（Ｇｅｒａｎｉｕｍ）计１４种（ｓｐｅｃｉｅｓ）变种（Ｖａｒｉｅｔｙ）和１变型（ｆｏｒｍ）植物的种皮亚显微结构（ＳＥＭ）及了形态进行了研究。结果表明,太阳花属与老鹳草属植物无论从种子形状,长宽比,还是种皮初级雕纹及次级雕纹形态都表现出明显差异。在老鹳草属下种及草种下等级的鉴定和划分上,种皮微形态及种子形态特征提供了大量有价值的信息     

木通科、大血藤科种子的研究，(1)种皮的扫描电镜观察

利用种皮扫描特征进行分类学和系统演化研究,这在木通科,大血藤科研究中尚属 空白。本文就5属15种木通科植物及大血藤科植物的种皮进行了扫描电镜观察。 从种皮雕纹类型看,大血藤科与木通科存在很大差异。Akebia,Holboellia,Stauntonia属植物通常具条纹状种皮雕纹,Sinofranchetia属植物也具条纹状种皮雕纹,但其条纹上具众多疣状凸起, 在 形态上较特殊。Decaisnea属植物的种皮具嵌合型雕纹,这在木通科十分罕见。以上,进一步印证了Stapf等人关于大血藤科分类学处理的正确性,说明了Decaisnea属和Sinofranchetia属在木通科的孤立地位;以及Akebia,Holboellia,Stauntonia属之间较密切的亲缘关系。     

中国东北牻牛儿苗科（Geraniaceae）花粉形态与系统分类学研究

本文对中国东北牛儿苗科Ｇｅｒａｎｉａｃｅａｅ老鹳草属Ｇｅｒａｎｉｕｍ和牛儿苗属Ｅｒｎｄｉｕｍ植物计２属,１４种,２变种及１变型的花粉形态进行了较系统的研究。并对本科花粉形态进行了分类处理,编制了花粉形态科种检索表。结果表明,本科花粉如按萌发孔类型、外壁雕纹式样可以分为二大类：即三孔沟,外壁雕纹瘤状（Ｇｅｒａｎｉｕｍ）三沟,外壁雕纹网状（Ｅｒｏｄｉｕｍ）。在老鹳草属种及种下等级的分类处理中,花粉粒大小、萌发沟长度、外壁覆盖层网眼均匀性、直径大小、网脊上纹饰及外壁雕纹瘤纹突起均匀性、大小及瘤上纹饰都具有较大的分类学意义。花粉形态分类与经典分类对本科分类群的处理意见相吻合。大大丰富了本科分类微形态的证据。     

新疆龙胆科种皮微形态学研究

中国新疆龙胆科5属18种种皮的扫描电镜观察展示了种皮微形态的高度多样性,这5个属可以分为二大类型,第一类包括龙胆属、扁蕾属和獐牙菜属,它们的种皮均具雕纹,此类型又可以分为3小类,每小类对应一个属,这3个属的雕纹类型互不相同;第二类包括假龙胆属和花锚属,它们的种皮均光滑。     

菝葜科种皮微结构特征及其分类学意义

在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下对菝葜科Smilacaceae3个属(菝葜属Smilax、肖菝葜属Heterosmilax和Ripogonum属)共53种5变种植物的种子形态及种皮微形态特征进行了研究。结果表明其种子形状为球形、半球形或钝三角形。在扫描电镜下种子表皮纹饰可分为7种类型,即脑纹型、粗脑纹型、网纹型、细网纹型、孔穴型、密孔穴型和细条纹型。根据种皮微形态的特征,对菝葜科内属间和属内组间的关系进行了探讨。种皮形态分析结果支持将Ripogonum属从菝葜科中分离、独立成科,支持将肖菝葜属与菝葜属合并的观点,这与孢粉学和分子证据的分析结果一致;推测肖菝葜属和菝葜属的土茯苓组sect.Coilanthus及草本组sect.Coprosmanthus的多数种类之间亲缘关系较近,菝葜组sect.China和圆锥组sect.Macranthae的大多数种类之间的亲缘关系较为密切,但种皮形态证据不支持Koyama将菝葜属分为6个组的观点。     

新疆龙胆科肿皮微形态学研究

中国新疆龙胆科５属１８种种皮的扫描电镜观察展示了种皮微形态的高度多样性,这５个属可以分为二大类型,第五类包括龙胆属,扁蕾属和獐牙菜属,它们的种皮均具雕纹,此类型又可以分为３小类,每小类对应一个属,这３个属的雕纹类型互不相同;第二类包括假龙胆 和花锚属,它们的种皮均光滑。     

柃属植物种子微形态特征及其系统学意义

利用扫描电镜对35种1变种柃属(Eurya)植物种子的微形态特征进行了研究,并采用相对大小(长×宽)RS值和种皮表面纹饰作为种子形态比较的特征参数。结果显示,柃属种子根据相对大小RS值可划分为小型(RS<1.0),中型(1.03.0)三个等级,最小的种子相对大小不足0.5,最大的种子相对大小超过10;种皮表面纹饰分为负网纹和网纹两种类型,网纹类型在网眼的方向性、网眼形状、网眼深度、网脊特点等方面呈现出种间多样性,可用于类群的比较和鉴别。文中同时还探讨了种子大小及种皮微形态在属内的系统发育关系,推测了种皮表面纹饰的演化路线,研究结果表明种子的微形态特征对本属植物系统分类及进化研究具有重要意义,可为属内一些关键种系统位置的分析提供重要佐证。     

11种党参属和金钱豹属（桔梗科）植物种子微形态研究

利用数码显微摄影技术对9种党参属(Codonopsis)植物及2种金钱豹属(Campanumoea)植物种子的形态及种皮微形态特征进行研究.结果表明,11种植物的种子均光滑无毛,除羊乳(Codonopsis lanceolata)和珠子参(Codonopsis convolvulacea var.forrestii)种子具有翼外,其他种类均无翼.种子多为椭球形或卵球形,表面颜色多为棕黄色或棕色.在光学显微镜下种皮表面纹饰可分为3种类型,即条纹型、网纹型、孔穴型.根据种皮微形态特征,对党参属内及与金钱豹属间的关系进行了探讨.     

沙棘属植物种子微形态特征研究

应用解剖镜和扫描电镜对沙棘属(Hippophae Linn.)6种6亚种植物种子形态、种皮微形态特征进行了观察.结果表明:沙棘属植物种子形态、种皮微形态等性状具有一定程度的稳定性,同时种间存在明显的差异,对于种及种下类群的分类、鉴定有重要参考价值.其中种皮微形态可分为4种类型:拟脑纹状纹饰、线纹-穴状纹饰、近平滑-细疣状纹饰、浅穴-疣状纹饰.从内果皮和种皮结合程度及种皮表面光泽一致性等方面可明显地将沙棘属植物划分为二者紧密结合与分离两种情况,基本支持将沙棘属植物划分为有皮组和无皮组两大类群的观点,但观察结果存在一些差异.     

中国车前属种子形态及其分类学意义

本文研究了中国车前科Plantaginaceae车前属plantago2亚属8组17种及1变种植物的种子, 在扫描电子显微镜下的形态及亚显微结构(种皮纹饰)．结果表明种子形态有四个类型：1,多角形类型;2．舟形类型;3．卵形类型;4．矩圆形类型。各个种的种子形态和种皮纹饰有着相当明显的区别。新种plantago densiflorus的建立应用了种子形态和种皮纹饰这一特征。车前种子形态分类与pilger用植物其他形态特征建立的车前属分类系统是一致的,因此,笔者支持Pilger的车前属分类系统。     

Seed Morphology of Plantago in China and Its Taxonomic Significance

Studied in this work was seed morphology of the genus Plantago (2 subgenera, 8 sections, 17 species and １ variety )in China. The sculpture was observed under scanning election microscope. Four forms of seed morphology are recognized as follows: (1)Multi-angular type: seeds are variously angulate, yellow-brown or black, 6-30 in a fruit; seed-coat sculpture ranges from reticulate to papillate. It occurs in Subgen. Plantago Sect. Polyneuron: P. scheideri, P. denstflorus, P. major, P. hostifolia, P. asiatica, P. erosa and P. centralis. (2) Navicular type: seeds are navicular, yellow, brown to black, 2 in a fruit; seed-coat sculpture is reticulate. It was found in Subgen. Plantago Sect. Novorbis: P. virginica; Sect. Arnoglossum: P. lanceolata; Sect. Leucopsyllium: P. minuta, P. lessingii and P. aristata and Subgen. Psyllium Sect. Psyllium: P. indica. (3)Ovoid type: seeds are long-ovoid, yellow-brown, black and lustrous. Seed-coat sculpture scali-ratiform. P. maxima in Subgen. Plantago Sect. Lamprosantha belongs to this type. (4)Recti-circular type: seeds are recti-circular, yellow-brown, black, 1-2 or 4-5 in a fruit; seed-coat sculpture is reticulate and papillate. It was found in P. maritima var. salsa of Subgen. Plantago Sect. Coronopus and P. depressa, P. camtschatica and P. arachnoidea of Sect. Mesembrynia. The seed morphology and seed-coat sculture exhibit specific characters, by which some of confused species can be clarified and a new species, P. densiflorus J. Z. Liu. is established. The present author’s seed morphology classification is in accordance with Pilger’s systemof the genus, which was established using other features.     

中国滨藜属种子形态及其分类学意义

本文对中国滨藜属(Atriplex L.)13种植物的种子形态进行了观察并探讨其在分类学中的意义. 在种子外部形态观察基础上明确了胚根位置类型的划分标准, 认为滨藜属胚根位置仅有胚根上位和胚根侧位两种类型;利用扫描电镜首次观察报道了该属种皮微形态特征。研究结果表明, 种子形态及种皮微形态特征对属内类群划分具有较大的分类学意义。     

Fruit-discharge-type in Geranium (Geraniaceae): its use in classification and its evolutionary implications

Three main types of seed-discharge in Geranium are made the basis of its division into subgenera: Geranium subgenus Geranium , with a ballistic expulsion of the seed from the mericarp, termed 'seed-ejection'; Geranium subgenus Robertium , with forcible discharge of the mericarp with the seed in it, separately from the awn, termed 'carpel-projection', and Geranium subgenus Erodioideae , with the seed-containing mericarp being thrown off with the attached awn, which becomes helically coiled, called the 'Erodium-type'. Variants of the seed-ejecting type permit the division of Geranium subgenus Geranium into three sections. Other criteria are used to divide Geranium subgenus Robertium into eight sections and Geranium subgenus Erodioideae into two. Species are fully enumerated except for Geranium section Geranium , which comprises the bulk of the genus, and for which some tentative subgroups are given in an Appendix. Diversity of fruit-type in Geranium is greatest in the Mediterranean Region. Characters of the fruit in other genera of Geraniaceae are surveyed. Geographical distributions, chromosome numbers, pollen morphology and phytochemistry are reviewed. It is suggested that Erodium-type fruit discharge, shared with the four remaining genera of the family, is primitive, and that carpel-projection and seed-ejection arose from it separately, the latter probably more than once. The very large, mainly perennial, Geranium subgenus Geranium is contrasted with Geranium subgenus Robertium , half of which is hapaxanthic, and which occupies marginal habitats and shows greater morphological and chromosomal variation despite its being only one tenth the size. Geranium subgenus Erodioideae is smaller still and probably relictual.     

四川牻牛儿苗科(Geraniaceae)植物地理分布的研究

四川牛儿苗科植物共3属、53种、2变种, 其中老鹳草属Geranium49种, 2变种, 牛儿苗属Erodium2种, 熏倒牛属Biebersteinia2种。属的分布区类型分别为世界分布, 地中海区至温带、热带亚洲、大洋洲至南美洲间断分布和地中海区、西亚至中亚分布。研究了本科植物在四川的水平分布和垂直分布情况。水平分布方面, 在东部四川盆地及盆周山地分布着老鹳属1属、23种、2变种, 占四川本科种数的43%。在西部, 川西南河谷山原地区分布着老鹳草属植物32种, 占四川儿苗科植物总数的60%, 是四川老鹳草属植物分布最集中的地区。在川西北随着地理纬度的升高, 属的数目逐渐增加, 到最北面, 3属均产, 但老鹳草属植物的种类则逐渐减少。垂直分布方面, I、川东盆地及川西南山 地常绿阔叶林地带有老鹳草属1属、44种、2变种, 占四川供牛儿苗科植物总数 83%, 主要分布在川西南河谷山原植被地区。П、川西高山峡谷山原针叶林地带, 分布着老鹳草属和优牛儿苗属植物25种, 占四川本科植物的47%, 主要分布在川西 高山峡谷区。III、四川北高山灌丛、草甸地带, 分布着老鹳草属、狀牛儿苗属和熏 倒牛属植物12种。熏倒牛属在四川仅分布在这一地带内。     

Studies on the Pollen Morphology and Seed Coat of the Genus Cistanche (Orobanchaceae) in China

In the present paper pollen grains of 5 species and seed coat of 4 species of the genus Cistanche (Orobanchaceae) from China were examined by scanning electron microscope As a result, two types of the pollen exine sculpture are distinguished: (1) tuberculate, C. salsa and C. lanzhouensis; (2) rugulate or fine reticulation formed by the fusion of rugae, C. sinensis, C. deserticola and C. tubulosa. Chinese Cistanche was classified into two sections based on the gross morphology by the present author (Zhang, 1984). C. lanzhouensis and C. sinensis were included in one section. This classification is in conflict with the pollen type, which indicates that the characters of pollen grains and external morphology in this genus have evolved at different rates. The differences in pollen morphology of Chinese Cistanche can serve as characters for delimitating species. According to our abservation, C. lanzhouenis Z. Y. Zhang differs from the other members of Cistanche not only in external morphology but also in pollen morphology. Pollen grains are subprolate in this species, while prolate in the other four species, and exine sculpture is tuberculate. The present study provides the establishment of this new species (Zhang, 1984) with palynological evidence. The seed coat sculpture in Chinese Cistanche are constantly alveolate, but there are some slight differences, by which the sculpture can be divided into two types: (1) testa cells have or have not thickenings on the inner anticlinal walls; cavernulous sculpture is present on outer periclinal wall of some cells: C. sinensis; (2) testa cells have striate thickenings on the inner anticlinal walls: C. salsa, C. deserticola and C. tubulosa. The characters of seed coatof some significance for the delimitation of species.     

Seed and trichome morphology of the Egyptian Fagonia (Zygophyllaceae) with emphasis on their systematic implications

Seed and trichome morphology of 13 taxa representing the genus Fagonia in Egypt have been studied using light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Macro‐ and micro‐morphological characters, including seed shape, seed size, seed coat sculpture, trichome density and structure were studied to evaluate their systematic significance. Seed shape and trichome density were found to have only minor taxonomic value, but seed coat sculpturing and trichome structure proved to be valuable characters. These characters offer evidence to combine certain species, e.g. Fagonia kassasii and F. schimperi in F. bruguieri, Fagonia microphylla in F. scabra and Fagonia thebaica in F. arabica. However, F. sinaica, F. tristis, F. boveana and F. isotricha should be maintained as separate species. Generally, the different patterns of seed and trichome morphology are useful in delimitation of species within the genus Fagonia, but they could not be used to characterize groups of related species.     

Seed coat micromorphology of South American species of Hybanthus (Violaceae)

The seed‐coat of several species of Hybanthus subg. Ionidium from South America were studied by SEM (scanning electronic microscopy). Three different levels of sculpture were observed on the seed coat. The micro‐morphological patterns showed great variation between the species and should be considered as additional characters in future taxonomic treatments. The presence of a conspicuous elaiosome was observed; this structure is well known in the genus Viola and is most likely related to seed dispersal mediated by ants.     

中国水鳖科植物种皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

通过扫描电镜对国产水鳖科植物(包括6属13种)的种皮微形态特征进行观察,并作了系统描述。根据种皮细胞形态、外种皮表面纹饰和内种皮内层小瘤状突起的特点将水鳖科植物的种皮微形态特征划分为3种类型,即海菜花型(海菜花属)、水鳖型(水鳖属)和苦草型(苦草属、水筛属、虾子草属和黑藻属),并作出了分属检索表。本文结果表明,种皮微形态特征可作为该科族、属以及属内种级水平分类的依据,对探讨属间关系和该科的系统发育关系亦具有重要的价值。种皮微形态特征支持Hutchinson(1959)和Eckhardt(1964)将海菜花属和水鳖属分别作为一个独立的族处理的观点。苦草属、水筛属和虾子草属种皮微形态特征的高度相似性表明它们间有密切的联系,不支持将它们置于不同亚科和族的分类处理。黑藻属虽与上述3属近缘,但其外种皮特征则较为独特,因此与水筛属放在不同族中更为合理。本文种皮微形态特征的研究结果支持iki1937)和Shaffer-Fehre(1991b)等关于水鳖科与茨藻科近缘的观点。     

SYSTEMATIC SIGNIFICANCE OF SEED-SURFACE FEATURES IN ORTHOCARPUS (SCROPHULARIACEAE—SUBTRIBE CASTILLEJINAE)

Scanning electron microscope and light microscope examination of seed-coat features of 26 species of Orthocarpus have allowed recognition of many species-level differences (summarized in a key) and of three seed-coat types that parallel taxonomic subgroups but support realignments at generic and infrageneric levels. Type 1 seeds (subg. Orthocarpus, sect. Orthocarpus) have a lateral hilum, sculptured inner tangential seed-coat walls, and a tightly fitting outer seed coat. They are very similar to seeds of Cordylanthus. Seeds of Types 2 and 3 have a terminal hilum and membranous inner tangential cell walls. Type 2 seeds (subg. Orthocarpus, sects. Castillejoides and Cordylanthoides, with one exception) have a net-like, loosely fitting outer seed coat that shows close relationship to seeds of Castilleja. Inner tangential walls of Type 2 seeds normally rupture. Type 3 seeds (subg. Triphysaria, with two exceptions) have a tightly fitting outer seed coat and inner tangential walls are always retained. Seed features support evidence from floral morphology and chromosome numbers that Orthocarpus as currently recognized is not a monophyletic lineage.