山东莎草属植物果实形状及果皮微形态研究

利用扫描电镜对山东分布的18种莎草属植物的果实形状及果皮微形态进行了观察研究。结果表明,莎草属植物果实为椭圆状、倒卵状或卵状三棱形,顶端具柱状或锥状短喙;果皮微形态可分为:网-疣复合纹饰、网状纹饰、疣状纹饰和无规则突起纹饰4种类型;果皮微形态类型的划分与基于宏观形态特征的传统分类关联较小,但在该属形态相近的种间存在明显差异,可作为种间划分的依据。果皮微形态证据支持将水莎草属(Juncellus)、砖子苗属(Mariscus)和断节莎属(Torulinium)归入莎草属(Cyperus)的分类观点。     

4种一品红亚属植物种皮微形态特征比较研究

利用光学显微镜(LM)和扫描电镜(SEM)对大戟属一品红亚属(Subgen.Poinsettia)的4种草本植物种子进行了比较观察.结果显示:(1)在光学显微镜下,4种植物种子外形较为一致,为倒卵形至宽倒卵形,表面具瘤突.(2) SEM观察发现,4种植物的种子外种皮表面纹饰等方面存在明显差别,其中猩猩草种子表面纹饰为鳞片状,齿裂大戟为棒状、刺状,E.davidii为横棒状、疣状,而白苞猩猩草种子表面是由分泌层形成的疣状突起或假孔穴组成.研究表明,4种一品红亚属植物种子微形态特征在种的水平上具有一定的分类学意义,并可作为检疫鉴定的参考依据.     

莎草属果皮微形态特征是及其分类学上的意义

首次报道了在立体显微镜及扫描电子显微镜下对莎草属１４种,２变种植物果皮微形态特征的观察结果。根据纹饰特点的不,可分为三种类型：（１）网－瘤状复合纹饰;（２）网状纹饰;（３）疣状纹饰。莎草属植物在果皮微形态特征上存在的种间差异可为种的划分提供依据,并为探讨该属的系统演化提供有价值的资料。     

莎草属果皮微形态特征及其分类学上的意义

首次报道了在立体显微镜及扫描电子显微镜下对莎草属(Cyperus Linn.)14种、2变种植物果皮微形态特征的观察结果。根据纹饰特点的不同,可分为三种类型:(1)网——瘤状复合纹饰;(2)网状纹饰;(3)疣状纹饰。莎草属植物在果皮微形态特征上存在的种间差异可为种的划分提供依据,并为探讨该属的系统演化提供有价值的资料。     

十四种凤仙花属植物种皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

通过扫描电镜对凤仙花属(Impatiens)14种植物的种子表皮微形态特征进行了观察。根据种皮表面纹饰及衍生物的特点,将该属植物的种皮微形态特征划分为4种类型,即光滑型、颗粒型、网状型和隆起型,后两者又可细分为若干亚型,其中负网状亚型和网状-丘状隆起亚型为首次报导。研究表明,14种凤仙花属植物种子表皮微形态特征差异显著,它们作为属内种的分类鉴别特征具有重要价值;种子表皮的微形态学特征与其植物体的部分表型特征具有相关性,在一定程度上反映了属内类群的分化。     

中国小檗科5属植物种子形态研究

利用解剖镜和扫描电镜对小檗科5属(小檗属、十大功劳属、鬼臼属、山荷叶属和红毛七属)40种2变种植物种子形态进行观察。研究结果表明:小檗科植物种子颜色多为黄褐色、红棕色至黑色,形状多样;种皮纹饰可分为网纹型、网纹—梯纹型、梯纹型和嚼烂状4种类型,其中网纹型又可划分为7个亚型。种子球形、种脐位于种子侧面近中部可作为红毛七区别于其他属种子的重要形态特征。根据种皮微形态特征,探讨了种子形态在小檗科内的系统学意义,并推测了种皮纹饰的可能演化路线。种子形态支持小檗属和十大功劳属的近缘关系,认为鬼臼属(八角莲属)较山荷叶属分化更早,但不支持Ahrendt对小檗属下组和亚组的划分。     

中国飘拂草属植物果皮微形态

利用扫描电子显微镜对国产莎草科飘拂草属4组18系42种1变种植物果皮微形态特征进行观察,并作了系统描述。研究表明,飘拂草属植物在纹饰类型,超微结构等方面存在着明显的种间差异,具有分类学意义。根据纹饰及微形态特征的不同,支持将褐鳞飘拂草和知风飘拂草各自作为独立的种。依照果皮纹饰的差异,飘拂草属可分为4种类型(1)瘤(疣)-网状复合纹饰;(2)瘤(疣)状纹饰;(3)网状纹饰;(4)脊-疣状复合纹饰。其中(1)和(3)类型的纹饰根据网脊曲直不同各自又可分为2个亚型。     

中国紫草亚科植物小坚果微形态特征及其分类学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对中国紫草亚科5族15属32种植物的小坚果微形态进行了观察研究。结果显示,紫草亚科植物小坚果形状主要有卵形、角卵形、倒卵形、肾形、三棱锥形和球形6大类;表面纹饰通常有皱纹、瘤状突起、疣状突起、圆头状突起、短柔毛、刚毛、锚状刺等类型;小突起的形态主要有疣状、波状、刺状、瘤状、乳头状、圆头状、星状、丘陵状、簇状等类型。小坚果的形状、纹饰和小突起形态在一些族间、属间和种间存在差异,可为作为族和属的划分以及部分近缘种鉴别的参考依据。     

鸢尾属部分种种子微形态特征与系统演化关系

用HITACHI S-520型扫描电子显微镜对鸢尾属植物10个种及1变种、1外类群的种子微形态进行观察、比较分析,探讨了鸢尾属植物部分种种子微形态特征分类学意义及系统演化关系。结果表明：鸢尾属植物种子表面微形态特征具有种的稳定性,与分布区无关;同一种的种子凹、凸面微形态差异很大,同一类群比较时应选择相同部位观察。所研究的鸢尾种都为网状（网纹或负网纹）文饰,种间差异明显,微形态特征可用于鸢尾属间、属下系的等级划分,但不适于种下等级鉴别。研究给出了鸢尾属植物种子表面纹饰的系统进化关系,证明了种子表面微形态对鸢尾属植物分类及系统演化关系具有重要意义。     

金花茶组植物花粉扫描电镜研究(一)

植物花粉的形态特征具有种属特异性。本文用扫描电子显微镜报道了金花茶组８种植物花粉的形态特征。结果表明,８种金花茶组植物的花粉外壁纹饰可分为三大类型：疣状纹饰（块状纹饰）类型、脑纹状纹饰（蠕虫状纹饰）类型及拟网状纹饰类型。不同种植物花粉外壁纹饰存在一定差异,三大类型花粉外壁纹饰存在一定的演化关系,可为种间分类及演化关系提供依据。     

Taxonomy of the Genus Oreocharis (Gesneriaceae)

The genus Oreocharis as circumscribed here consists of 27 species including 5 varieties, of which 5 species and 4 varieties are described as new in the present paper. In the work analysed were the external morphology and geographic distribution and examined under SEM were pollen exine of 22 species and seed coat of 16 species. As a result, three types of the corolla, two types of the anther, three types of the pollen exine and three types of the seed coat are distinguished here in the paper. It is discovered that the corolla in the genus is relatively stable, though diverse, and highly correlated with the characters of pollen grains and seeds. The corolla clearly bilabiate but constricted at the throat, occurring in O. auricula, O. cordatula, O. aurantiaca, etc., for an example, is correlated with smooth, reticulate pollen exine and partial tectum and the reticulate and smooth seed coat. For this reason the subdivision of the genus in the paper is mainly based on the characters of the corolla, but combined with those of the anther, pollen and seed coat. The genus is divided into four sections in the present classification. Dasydesmus Craib, based on a single species. O. bodinieri, is reduced here, and the reasons are given. The genus is distributed mainly in the subtropics, and less frequently in the tropics, of China south of 32.5°N and east of 98.5°E, with only two species beyond the border, O. hirsuta in Thailand (only a single locality in Chiengmai) and O. aurea also found in north Vietnam (see Fig. 1, Table 3). Sect. 1. Stomactin (Clarke) Fritsch. Corolla urceolate-tubular, constricted at the throat, with limb distinctly bilabiate; anthers broad-oblong; seed coat reticulate, smooth, rarely minutely tuberculate; pollen exine fine-reticulate, tectum partial and smooth, luminae slightly unequal in size. Sect. 2. Orthanthera K. Y. Pan Corolla campanulate or campanulate-tubular; anthers broad-oblong; seed coat reticulate, muri smooth, rarely spiny-processed; pollen exine fine-reticulate, with partial and smooth tectum and luminae slightly unequal in size, rarely exine insular and fine-tuberculate, tectum perforate. Setc. 3. Oreocharis Corolla thin-tubular; anthers broad-oblong; seed coat densely spinyprocessed, rarely fine-tuberculate; pollen exine insular, densely spiny-processed, rarely finereticulate and smooth, luminae unequal in size. Sect. 4. Platyanthera K. Y. Pan Corolla campanulate; anthers hippocrepiform; seed coat densely spiny-processed; pollen exine fine-reticulate, tectum perforate, luminae small, nearly equal in size. In the section Stomactin, although the constriction of corolla at its throat is a specialized character, the characters of seed coat, pollen grains and anthers are apparently primitive. Therefore it may be said at least that more primitive characters are preserved in the section. In the section Oreocharis, on the contrary, the characters of corolla, seed coat and pollen exine are all advanced. And in the section Platyanthera, the seed coat, pollen (with perforate tectum) and anthers have developed rather specialized characters.     

中国滨藜属种子形态及其分类学意义

本文对中国滨藜属(Atriplex L.)13种植物的种子形态进行了观察并探讨其在分类学中的意义. 在种子外部形态观察基础上明确了胚根位置类型的划分标准, 认为滨藜属胚根位置仅有胚根上位和胚根侧位两种类型;利用扫描电镜首次观察报道了该属种皮微形态特征。研究结果表明, 种子形态及种皮微形态特征对属内类群划分具有较大的分类学意义。     

西藏色季拉山区龙胆科植物种子微形态特征及其系统分类学意义

利用扫描电镜和解剖镜对西藏色季拉山区分布的龙胆科6属20种植物种子微形态进行观察研究。结果显示：这20种植物的种子颜色有黑色、黄色、黑褐色、黄褐色、灰褐色和红棕色6种;种子形状分为长卵球形、卵球形、椭圆球形、矩圆形和近球形;表皮纹饰可分为4种类型,即网纹型、条纹型、疣状型和嚼烂型,其中网纹型又细分为6个亚型。根据种子微形态特征,笔者对龙胆科相关属的进化趋势、分类学意义和分类鉴定等进行了讨论,认为獐牙菜属（Swertia L.）和龙胆属（Gentiana（Tourn.）L.）进化程度较高;从种子微形态特征上看肋柱花属（Lomatogonium A.Br.）、花锚属（Halenia Borkh.）和假龙胆属（Gentianella Moench.）间有较近的亲缘关系;龙胆科各属种子表皮纹饰特征与分类系统基本吻合。本研究表明种子微形态在植物分类研究中具有十分重要的意义,可作为植物系统划分、鉴定和进化研究的参考性状。     

国产藜科14种植物种皮微形态特征比较研究

应用扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜观察了中国产藜科(Chenopodiaceae)5族10属14种植物的种子形态和种皮微形态结构。观察结果表明:供试的14种藜科植物的种子多为卵形和圆形,少数为双凸镜形;种皮表面都具有网状纹饰,包括浅网纹、负网纹和穴状网纹。种皮可分为膜质和壳质2类,其中,膜质型种皮表面不光滑,除网状纹饰外,还有瘤状或褶皱状等纹饰,网眼无规则,纹饰排列无序,猪毛菜族(Salsoleae C.A.Mey.)的松叶猪毛菜(Salsola laricifolia Turcz.ex Litv.)及樟味藜族(Camphorosmeae Moq.)的地肤〔Kochia scoparia(L.)Schrad.〕、全翅地肤(K.krylovii Litv.)、黑翅地肤(K.melanoptera Bunge)、雾冰藜〔Bassia dasyphylla(Fisch.et Mey.)O.Kuntze〕、钩刺雾冰藜〔B.hyssopifolia(Pall.)O.Kuntze〕、樟味藜(Camphorosma monspeliaca L.)、兜藜(Panderia turkestanica Iljin.)和棉藜(Kirilowia eriantha Bunge)均属此类;壳质型种皮表面近光滑,网眼规则,排列整齐有序,少数为不规则浅穴,网脊平而不明显或凹陷,滨藜族(Atripliceae C.A.Mey.)的滨藜〔Atriplex patens(Litv.)Iljin.〕、碱蓬族(Suaedeae Reich.)的角果碱蓬〔Suaeda corniculata(C.A.Mey.)Bunge〕、纵翅碱蓬〔S.pterantha(Kar.et Kir.)Bunge〕和异子蓬(Borszczowia aralocaspica Bunge)以及藜族(Chenopodieae C.A.Mey.)的刺藜(Chenopodium aristatum L.)均属此类。各族之间种皮微形态结构也有一定的区别。根据种皮微形态,地肤属(Kochia Roth)与雾冰藜属(Bassia All.)的关系较近,属的界限和部分种类的亲缘关系需要进一步界定。藜科植物种皮表面大部分凹凸不平,这种结构可能与荒漠干旱生境下吸收和保留水分有关。     

Systematic implication of seed micromorphology in Arenaria (Caryophyllaceae) and allied genera

Variations in seed micromorphology of 64 taxa of Arenaria and allied genera were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to evaluate their diagnostic value for systematic studies in the genus and providing additional evidence on delimitation of natural groups. Significant diversity was found in seed coat morphology both among and within genera. Size, color, and shape of seeds appear to be of low importance at species level but provide useful evidence at generic rank. Cerastium and Stellaria are well distinguished from Arenaria by serrate seed margins and solid columellae on testa cells. The sculpturing pattern renders most characters potentially applicable in taxonomy and phylogeny assessment in Arenaria. The studied taxa show four basic types of sculpturing, viz. colliculate, rugose, papillate, and smooth. The colliculate type which is characteristic for the core group of Arenaria (A. subg. Arenaria) can be further divided into five subtypes. The smooth seed surface with indistinct cell boundaries represents a synapomorphy for A. subg. Leiosperma, whereas the winged seeds along with rugose surface characterize subg. Odontostemma. Otherwise seed micromorphology rarely provides adequate evidence for separation of natural groups, especially at sectional rank. We hypothesize that the seeds are highly polymorphic in certain groups of taxa showing recent adaptive radiation, such as the annual species of Arenaria, and do not provide strong support for natural groups within the genus.     

Seed coat microsculpturing changes during seed development in diploid and amphidiploid Brassica species

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Seed coat morphology is known to be an excellent character for taxonomic and evolutionary studies, thus understanding its structure and development has been an important goal for biologists. This research aimed to identify the developmental differences of seed coats between amphidiploids and their putative parents in Brassica. METHODS: Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies were carried out on six species (12 accessions), three amphidiploids and their three diploid parents. KEY RESULTS: Twelve types of basic ornamentation patterns were recognized during the whole developmental process of the seed coat. Six types of seed coat patterns appeared in three accessions of Brassica rapa, five types in B. oleracea, B. nigra and B. carinata, seven types in B. napus, and eight types in B. juncea. There was less difference among seed coat patterns of the three accessions of B. rapa. The reticulate and blister types were two of the most common patterns during the development of seeds in the six species, the blister-pimple and the pimple-foveate patterns were characteristic of B. rapa, and the ruminate of B. oleracea and B. nigra. The development of seed coat pattern in amphidiploids varied complicatedly. Some accessions showed intermediate patterns between the two putative parents, while others resembled only one of the two parents. CONCLUSIONS: The variation in the patterns of seed coat development could be used to provide a new and more effective way to analyse the close relationship among amphidiploids and their ancestral parents.     

东北蒿属植物比较形态学研究：Ⅰ.种皮结构

本文通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,对东北蒿属植物萝组,艾蒿组,艾组,龙蒿组,牡贡组,３５种代表植物种皮的形态特征进行了观察,其中瘦果形态多为倒卵形,长圆形及其它变形,但立体构型多有变化。     

Comparative seed morphology and character evolution in the genus Lysimachia (Myrsinaceae) and related taxa

Summary We investigated seed morphology in 34 species of the genus Lysimachia and in 14 species and two subspecies of six additional genera (Anagallis, Ardisiandra, Asterolinon, Glaux, Pelletiera, Trientalis), which have been shown to be closely related to, or are placed within Lysimachia in previous molecular studies. We studied seed shape, seed coat structure, and seed coat surface patterns. Three major types of seed shape were identified: (1) sectoroid, (2) polyhedral, and (3) coarsely rugose with concave hilar area. In addition, seeds may be keeled or winged. The outer layer of the seed coat is either sponge-like and adhering only loosely to the inner seed coat or it is thin and tightly adhering to the underlying tissue. Seed surface patterns can be divided into six main types: (1) reticulate, (2) tuberculate, (3) vesiculose, (4) colliculate, (5) undulate, or (6) poroid-alveolate. Seed surface patterns are mostly congruent with molecular phylogenetic relationships. A reticulate surface pattern is diagnostic of, e.g. Lysimachia subgenera Palladia and Hawaiian Lysimachiopsis. Mapping seed characters onto a recent phylogenetic tree, reveals that they provide potentially synapomorphic character states for various subclades of Lysimachia. Salient examples include a rugose seed shape, which turns out to be synapomorphic for the clade comprising the genus Pelletiera plus Asterolinon linum-stellatum and a sponge-like outer seed coat layer, which characterizes a clade with Lysimachia vulgaris, L. thyrsiflora, and L. terrestris, with an analogue that apparently evolved in parallel in Trientalis europaea. We also discuss possible habitat factors that may have favored the independent evolution of particular seed types such as winged seeds in various lineages.     

国产柳属繁柳组植物叶脉序研究及其分类学意义

采取脉络法,对柳属（Salix）繁柳组（Sect.Denticulatae C.K.Schneid.）17种及1变种进行叶片脉序观察。结果表明：繁柳组植物叶脉序类型均为直行羽状脉,表现出较高的一致性。该组植物均有二级间脉,但类型各有不同;三级脉及较高级脉序大体有三种类型;网眼发育完善或不完善;盲脉偶有不分枝;不同种之间网眼的发育以及盲脉分枝具有显著差异,是有价值的分类性状。根据聚类分析,繁柳组植物叶脉序分为两种类型：草地柳（S.praticola Hand.-Mazz.ex Enander）类型及腹毛柳（S.delavayana Hand.-Mazz.）类型,研究结果与形态学结果基本一致,但叶脉序提供了新的分类学性状,可为柳属植物疑难种的分类寻找新的依据。