光化学法灭活血液中病毒的研究进展

光化学灭活法是指某些化学光敏剂与病原微生物的核酸或蛋白结合后,再以特定波长光照射,使光敏剂与核酸或蛋白之间发生光化学反应,以导致病原体失活的方法。研究认为,补骨脂素光化学法既可灭活细胞外的游离病毒,又可灭活细胞内的病毒,对包膜和无包膜病毒都有效。而部花青５４０、血卟啉和甲基蓝等光化学法主要对包膜病毒灭活效果较好。不同光化学灭活法对血液成分的影响程度有差异     

有机溶剂/去污剂处理血浆的研究进展

有机溶剂/去污剂处理技术已广泛用于血液制剂的病毒灭活。本文对此项技术用于血浆中病毒灭活的可靠性、处理血液制剂的安全性以及处理血浆的临床应用作了简要介绍。     

利用鸭乙型肝炎病毒感染模型评价血液成分中病毒的灭活效果

目的 利用鸭乙型肝炎病毒(DHBV)感染动物模型,评价亚甲蓝光化学病毒灭活方法对血液成分中DNA病毒的灭活效果。方法 将超离纯化的DHBV分别加入人血浆或人红细胞,经亚甲蓝光化学灭活病毒,将含不同基因组拷贝数DHBV的血浆成分经静脉感染1 d龄雏鸭。采用放射性核素核酸杂交法对血清中DHBV DNA进行检测,计算病毒灭活处理前、后人血浆及人红细胞中DHBV的半数感染计量(ID50)。结果 结果显示加入DHBV的血浆在未经灭活处理前对1 d龄雏鸭的ID50值为103.33,而经病毒灭活处理后ID50值为1010拷贝,灭活处理可使病毒感染性滴度下降达6个Log;加入DHBV的红细胞灭活前ID50值为103.35,经灭活处理后ID50值为108.35拷贝,灭活处理使病毒感染性滴度下降5个Log。结论 利用DHBV感染动物模型,可以检测到少量病毒在自然感染宿主体内的感染性,可用于评判血液成分中病毒灭活方法的效果,亚甲蓝光化学处理对血浆中DNA病毒的灭活效果较好于对红细胞中DNA病毒的灭活作用。     

亚甲蓝/光灭活处理血浆的研究进展

人血浆是一种重要的临床应用的血液制剂，但其安全性却不容忽视。本文对年来来有关亚甲蓝／光灭活处理技术用于人血浆病毒灭活研究的进展作了综述。     

S/D法灭活血液制剂中脂包膜病毒效果验证的研究

选用不同核酸的脂包膜病毒,其中RNA病毒为水疱性口炎病毒(VSV),DNA病毒为伪狂犬病毒(PRV),将两种指示病毒分别用于验证S/D法处理对纤维蛋白原、凝血酶原复合物、凝血因子Ⅷ、静注丙种球蛋白、免疫血浆等血液制剂的病毒灭活效果。结果该法对所有被处理的血液制剂中的PRV及VSV灭活能力分别为≥3.38~5.88和≥3.50~4.75logTCID50/0.1ml,表明S/D法对两种病毒核酸类型的脂包膜病毒有良好的灭活效果。     

低温空气等离子体对医用聚四氟乙烯灭菌效果及其机理的研究

目的:考察低温空气等离子体对医用聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)表面大肠杆菌的灭活效果以及灭菌机理.方法:采用Langmuir双电子探针和电子自旋共振(ESR)诊断技术分别定量测定了远程低温空气等离子体场中各活性物种的分布.并通过扫描电镜(SEM)对灭菌后细胞破碎情况进行观察,细胞泄漏物质检测,反映腔温度变化和紫外线对灭菌影响分析其灭菌机理.结果:本实验条件下,空气等离子灭菌的最适宜操作参数为,放电功率100W,空气流量40 sccm,放电时间120 s.通过细胞形态学的观察和蛋白质泄漏量检测,结果证实等离子体处理后的大肠杆菌细胞肿胀、疏松,因此可以得出空气等离子体对大肠杆菌的灭菌机理为,电子、离子、自由基等活性粒子作用于细胞壁和细胞膜,使之肿胀、疏松、断裂,通透性增加,内容物流出是导致大肠杆菌死亡的直接原因.结论:空气等离子体灭菌效果受等离子体处理参数的影响.     

光化学技术灭活血液制品中病原体的研究进展

血液的安全问题一直是一个倍受关注的问题,近年来发展起来的各种病毒灭活技术在提高血液安全性方面都具有一定的潜力,而目前又以光化学技术最受瞩目.光化学技术就是利用某些化学光敏剂能与病原微生物的核酸或蛋白结合,在适当波长光照射下,发生系列光化学及光生物学效应导致病原体失活的方法.本文通过综述目前的血液安全背景,各种光化学技术的可能作用机制及应用情况,目的在于启发思路,进一步将这项技术研究在输血领域推广.     

联合疫苗应用现状及评价*

联合疫苗含有两种或多种免疫原（活的、灭活的病原体或者提纯的抗原）,用于预防多种疾病或由同一病原体的不同亚型或血清型引起的疾病,可以避免常规免疫多次注射的问题。然而和单价疫苗相比,联合疫苗研发的复杂性大大增加,将多种免疫原混合到一起进行免疫时不同免疫原间可能因为物理、化学和免疫学机制而干扰其他免疫原的免疫反应,此外佐剂和防腐剂等非活性成分也可能对联合后的活性成分产生影响,这就对联合疫苗的评价提出了特别的要求。本文对联合疫苗的研究应用现状、临床评价和发展前景等方面做一综述。     

血液安全与保障——军事医学科学院输血研究进展

＂血液安全及保障＂是个永恒的主题,军事医学科学院从建院之初到现在的60年间,开展了包括血液采集、检验,血液筛查、制备、储存、运输、输注及新型血源开辟等多个方面的研究.从20世纪50年代初的血浆代用品开始,先后在输血传播（病毒）传染病的检测、相关灭活方法与装置、临床输血安全、血液制品与代用品及其新型血液成分等方面均取得了良好的进展,形成了一系列理论、技术、产品、装置与标准,力求为形成整体、灵活、精确、高效、优质的安全血液供应链提供科技支撑.     

关于血液制品灭活试验的指示病毒及灭活指标问题的商榷

<正>一、血液制品灭活的重要性和必要性 由于血液制品在急救、治疗和防病中具有良好的效用,在临床上已受到十分广泛的大量应用。对于皿液制品的高质量要求,特别是保证使用安全已成为当前大家所关注的首要问题。 制备血液制品的原料是人的血浆,因而通过血液传播的病原体特别是某些病毒是导致不安全的主要因素。自七十年代以后,人们先后发现大批量制备的未经病毒灭活的凝血因子Ⅷ制剂,使甲型血友病患者大多数感染了乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎或AIDS病。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.