离褶伞属真菌化学成分及其生物活性的研究进展

离褶伞属Lyophyllum (Fr.) Singer真菌是一类野生食药用菌，富含丰富的化学成分和广泛的生物活性，具有极高的食药用价值。文中介绍了离褶伞属真菌的常见种类，综述了离褶伞属真菌中含有的化学成分及生物活性，回顾了近20年离褶伞属的研究进程，并初步探讨了离褶伞属真菌中尚需完善的问题，为该属真菌的进一步研究、开发和利用提供理论依据。     

离褶伞属菌株酯酶同工酶分析

对45个离褶伞属真菌菌株进行酯酶同工酶聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)分析,分析其酶谱多态性,并采用聚类分析方法对菌株间的亲缘关系进行鉴定。结果表明:在45个离褶伞属菌株酯酶同工酶酶谱中,共检测到了10条相对迁移率不同的酶带,多态性较高,并且在相似系数为0.75时,可将供试菌株分为4类,第一类包括17个菌株,第二类包括16个菌株,第三类包括11个菌株,第四类包括1个菌株。     

荷叶离褶伞子实体化学成分

本文对祁连山野生荷叶离褶伞Lyophyllum decastes子实体的化学成分和生物活性进行研究。采用硅胶色谱、高效液相色谱等多种方法进行分离纯化得到8个化合物,通过MS、NMR和电子圆二色谱 （ECD）等方法确定了化学结构,其中有4个为聚炔类化合物。化合物1作为天然产物系首次报道,其相绝对构型是通过比较ECD的方法确定。对所得聚炔类化合物应用细胞模型进行抗氧化活性（CAA）指标检测,化合物1-4均呈现一定抗氧化活性,其中化合物1的抗氧化活性最强,其EC₅₀为(24.73±6.12)μmol/L。聚炔类化合物1-4为荷叶离褶伞首次报道成分,可作为祁连山野生荷叶离褶伞HPLC-DAD化学表征参考化合物。     

中国青褶伞时空分布研究

近年来在中国,蘑菇中毒已成为食物中毒事件中威胁人民生命健康的重要因素,其中青褶伞Chlorophyllum molybdites是最常见的毒蘑菇种类。为切实预防该种中毒,揭示其在我国的时空分布特征及规律就显得尤为重要和紧迫。本研究通过系统收集、整理、分析青褶伞在中国的时空分布信息,发现该种在1978-2020年中的20个年份中共出现于我国包含台湾省在内的17个省份,主要集中在热带和亚热带地区,东北地区（黑龙江和内蒙古东部）偶有分布,华北和西北没有记载。青褶伞在我国不同地区一年四季均有分布,具体时间为3-12月份,集中出现在6-10月份。该种最早于仲春出现在华南地区（广东）,随即向热带、亚热带的华南其他地区、华东、华中和西南地区扩散并持续至中秋,从晚秋至初冬,该种分布范围不断南移萎缩至西南热带地区（云南勐腊县）;在温带至寒温带,该种仅在夏末秋初出现在东北地区。     

热风干燥温度对荷叶离褶伞干燥特性及挥发性风味物质的影响

为探究不同热风干燥温度对荷叶离褶伞干燥特性及挥发性风味物质的影响。本研究比较了8种常见干燥动力学模型对荷叶离褶伞干燥过程拟合的适用性,采用GC-IMS技术,对不同干燥温度处理下荷叶离褶伞的挥发性风味物质进行测定。结果表明：荷叶离褶伞热风干燥为典型的降速干燥,Midilli-Kucuk模型可以较好地描述其热风干燥过程（R²>0.99791,RMSE<0.0152,χ²<2.31×10^-4）;温度对荷叶离褶伞风味物质影响显著,在5个干燥温度处理下的荷叶离褶伞中共鉴定到47种挥发性风味物质,包括醛类13种、酮类8种、醇类13种、酯类5种和其他类8种。随着干燥温度升高（55-75℃）,醛类物质相对含量呈下降趋势,而醇类、酮类以及其他物质（乙酸等）略有上升趋势。     

中国的脉褶菌属真菌

记载和描述了伞菌目(Agaricales)、小皮伞科(Marasmiaceae)、脉褶菌属(Campanella Henn.)真菌3种,确认采自吉林省长白山地区的暗淡脉褶菌[Campanella tristis(G.Stev.)Segedin]为中国新记录种,并提供线条图。     

荷叶离褶伞优良菌株筛选

以棉籽壳、木屑、玉米芯等为主料设计了10个栽培配方,研究不同配方下7株荷叶离褶伞的菌丝生长和出菇情况。结果表明,各菌株菌丝颜色以雪白色为主,在玉米芯为主料的配方上菌丝体生长优于以棉籽壳、木屑为主料的配方,但均无子实体形成;以棉籽壳为主料有利于子实体的形成,特别是棉子壳添加少量木屑、树叶、腐殖土、发酵料和小麦更利于子实体形成,菌株3001的出菇周期最短（108d）,产量最高（214.80g/袋）,各菌株出菇的顺序为3001、1035、1004和1013。因此,栽培料组分对荷叶离褶伞菌丝生长及子实体形成影响较大。     

响应面法优化荷叶离褶伞DNA提取条件

为了高效获得荷叶离褶伞DNA,比较了CTAB法、改良CTAB法、SDS法和改良SDS法4种方法提取DNA的效果,结果表明以SDS法提取率较高且纯度最好。在单因素试验基础上,对SDS法进行优化,选取SDS提取液p H、提取时间和提取温度为影响因子,利用中心组合进行3因素5水平的试验设计,以DNA提取率为响应值,进行响应面分析。结果表明:荷叶离褶伞DNA提取的最优条件为SDS提取液p H 8.2、水浴温度81.7℃、水浴时间56.2 min。在此条件下,DNA的提取率为0.141 9μg/g。     

中国粉褶蕈科已知种类及分类问题

中国粉褶蕈科物种资源丰富,文献记载有3属132种,其中斜盖伞属Clitopilus(Fr.)Qul.9种、粉褶蕈属Entoloma(Fr.)P.Kumm.121种、盖菇属Rhodocybe Maire2种。文中简要列出了中国粉褶蕈科已知种类、生境、分布情况,并更正了部分种分类混乱、命名不规范的错误。     

响应面法优化富硒荷叶离褶伞菌丝体胞内粗多糖发酵条件

为了优化富硒荷叶离褶伞菌丝体胞内粗多糖发酵条件,在单因素试验基础上,考察灭菌条件、培养时间、硒添加量和硒添加时间对富硒荷叶离褶伞菌丝体胞内粗多糖的影响,并通过Box-Benhnken实验设计和响应面分析法确定最优发酵条件。结果表明,在121℃、20min条件下对培养基和Na₂SeO₃溶液分别灭菌后混合,在发酵至第129h,发酵液中添加4µg/mL Na₂SeO₃,继续发酵至第244h,发酵产生的富硒荷叶离褶伞菌丝体胞内粗多糖含量为349.8mg/100mL。     

Phylogenetic analysis of Alysiella and related genera of Neisseriaceae: proposal of Alysiella crassa comb. nov., Conchiformibium steedae gen. nov., comb. nov., Conchiformibium kuhniae sp. nov. and Bergeriella denitrificans gen. nov., comb. nov

A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences reveals that Alysiella filiformis belongs to the family Neisseriaceae. The genus Simonsiella is phylogenetically separated by the genera Kingella and Neisseria. The species Simonsiella crassa and A. filiformis show a close phylogenetic relationship, with the 16S rDNA sequence similarity and the DNA-DNA hybridization representing 98.7% and 35%, respectively. Therefore, S. crassa should be transferred from the genus Simonsiella to the genus Alysiella as Alysiella crassa comb. nov. Simonsiella steedae and Simonsiella sp. of cat origin show strong genetic affinities and are distantly related with the type species of Simonsiella, S. mulleri. Thus, a new genus, Conchiformibium is proposed; Conchiformibium steedae comb. nov. and Conchiformibium kuhniae sp. nov. are accommodated in this new genus. On the basis of the phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic distinction from the genus Neisseria, N. denitrificans should be reclassified, for which a new genus and new combination Bergeriella denitrificans are proposed.     

Description of Muscotabanus gen. nov. and Muscotabanus rafaeli sp. nov. (Diptera: Tabanidae: Diachlorini) from Amazon Basin,Brazil

A new genus of Tabanidae mimetic of flies is described: Muscotabanus new genus, Muscotabanus rafaeli new species, based on 12 females collected in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. It is presented a discussion for separating the new genus from Diachlorini species which resemblance with sarcophagids flies. It is characterised by striped thorax, banded abdomen, long slender palpus subequal antenna length, labella predominantly membranous, except for a narrow sclerotised plate, basicosta bare, wing hyaline and stigma brown.     

Corollonema thylogale n. g., n. sp. (Nematoda: Strongyloidea), parasitic in the pademelons Thylogale thetis and T. stigmatica (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) from Queensland, Australia

Corollonema thylogale n. g., n. sp. is described from the stomachs of Thylogale thetis and T. stigmatica from south-eastern Queensland. The new genus is characterised by four branches to the dorsal ray, a J-shaped ovejector, a cylindrical buccal capsule reduced to a posterior, thickened annulus and a leaf-crown of eight elements originating from the base of the buccal capsule. On the basis of these features, the new genus is placed in the subfamily Cloacininae Stossich, 1899 and the tribe Coronostrongylinea Beveridge, 1986. The presence of an internal leaf crown is unique within the tribe and the new genus is erected on this basis.     

Aquatic fungi from peat swamp palms: Phruensis brunneispora gen. et sp. nov. and its hyphomycete anamorph

Phruensis brunneispora is a new genus and species occurring on decaying trunks of the palm Licuala longecalycata in Sirindhorn Peat Swamp Forest, Thailand. We compare the genus with other aquatic ascomycetes with falcate septate ascospores: Pseudohalonectria and Ophioceras. Ascospores differ from species in these genera in being brown with lighter end cells. Also, the ascus pore is subapical, with a channel leading to the apex. Lollipopaia minuta differs from Phruensis brunneispora in that the ascomata are borne in a stroma, asci have an apical pore and the ascospores are hyaline. No genus was found to accommodate the new species. Molecular analysis of rDNA ribosomal 18S confirmed the exclusion of the new species from Pseudohalonectria, and Ophioceras and Lollipopaia minuta formed a sister group with it. Phruensis brunneispora and Lollipopaia minuta grouped in the Diaporthales with 100% bootstrap support. Therefore, both morphological and molecular evidence supports erecting a new genus to accommodate this taxon. A hyaline Phialophora-like anamorph was formed when single ascospores were plated out on agar. The taxon is described and illustrated with light micrographs.     

Proeumicrotremus gen. nov.—a New Genus for Eumicrotremus soldatovi (Cyclopteridae)

Journal of Ichthyology - A new genus Proeumicrotremus gen. nov. is established for the Soldatov’s lumpsucker Eumicrotremus soldatovi. The new genus differs from Eumicrotremus in a number of...     

Leuconema clavatulum gen. et sp. nov. (Leuconemataceae fam. nov.), a colourless blue–green alga (Nostocophyceae)

A colourless epiphyte found on Cladophora dalmalica Kütz. from the Danish Wad–densea appears to be new to science. While referable to the blue–green algae (Nostocophyceae) it cannot be accommodated into any known genus. Consequently a new genus Leuconema , with Leuconema clavatulum as the type species, is proposed. The genus is placed in a new family, Leuconemataceae, the systematic position of which is discussed.
Inst. f. Sporeplanter, Univ. of Copenhagen, Ø. Farimugsgade 2D, DK–1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark.     

Tyrrhenia blennii g.n. sp. n. (Hemiurata : Halipegidae Poche, 1925) parasite of Blennius gattorugine and Blennius sanguinolentus]

Trematodes recovered from Blennius gattorugine and Blennius sanguinolentus from the Gulf of Gaeta, Italy, are described and figured as Tyrrhenia blennii g.n. sp.n. The new genus differs from other members of the Arnolinae Skrjabin and Guschanskaja, 1958 (Halipegidae Poche, 1925) chiefly in having acetabulum equatorial, receptaculum seminis uterinum present and eggs without filaments. The diagnosis of the new genus Tyrrhenia and a key to genera of Arnolinae are given.     

中国河北省弱蛛科一新属新种记述(蜘蛛纲,蜘蛛目)

记述了采自于中国河北省赞皇县嶂石岩风景区(九女峰景区)的弱蛛科1新属新种:宽跗皱弱蛛Rhysscoleptoneta latitarsa gen.nov.et sp. nov..皱弱蛛属Rhyssoleptoneta gen.nov.与该科其它属的主要区别在于雄性触肢跗节较宽,端部无分叉,背面具1个短小的突起;雄性触肢生殖球结构复杂等.模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所.