低叶绿素b水稻突变体类囊体膜的比较蛋白质组学

采用蓝绿温和胶凝胶电泳(blue-nativepolyacrylamidegel-electrophoresis,BN-PAGE),以及改进的第二向SDS-PAGE分离了水稻低叶绿素b突变体ZH249-Y和野生型ZH249-W类囊体膜蛋白复合物,系统比较了突变体和野生型各复合物亚基的表达差异.结果显示,第一向BN-PAGE分离了PSⅠ-LHCⅠ、LHCⅠ缺失的PSⅠ、ATP合成酶、细胞色素b6f、CP43缺失的PSⅡ及LHCⅡ六种复合物.上述各复合物经第二相SDS-Urea-PAGE分离后,利用胶内酶解,高效液相层析分离肽段,电喷雾串联质谱鉴定了复合物的亚基.结合免疫印迹研究,证明和野生型相比,突变体光系统Ⅱ捕光天线复合体的表达量适度下降,但光系统Ⅰ捕光天线破坏严重,同时光系统Ⅱ核心蛋白和ATP合成酶的表达量上升.研究结果对揭示低叶绿素b水稻突变体较高光化学效率和光稳定性的分子基础提供了线索,同时也表明,改进的BN/SDS-PAGE双向电泳不仅可以有效地分离膜蛋白复合物及亚基,也可以进行不同生理条件下,或野生型和突变体之间膜蛋白质组的比较研究.     

莱茵衣藻叶绿素暗合成突变体y-1类囊体膜形成过程中PSI核心色素蛋白复合物CPI的积累

主要运用温和电泳和蛋白印迹技术检测了暗培养4天脱绿的衣藻y-1细胞以及转绿后y-1细胞光系统Ⅰ的核心色素蛋白复合物(CPⅠ)和核心叶绿素脱辅基蛋白PsaA/B。暗培养衣藻细胞中,PSⅠ中主要的色素蛋白复合物-CPⅠ完全缺失,然而核心多肽PsaA/B仍有一定量的积累,同时检测不到P700的含量。当脱绿的y-1细胞转移至光照下(50 μmol Photons/m2·s)时,伴随着叶绿素的合成,色素蛋白复合物CPⅠ和PsaA/B脱辅基蛋白的合成也逐渐达到正常水平,叶绿素和PsaA/B蛋白进行组装并形成了具有功能的PSⅠ反应中心, 同时P700的含量也得到恢复。实验证明了光照是形成光合系统色素蛋白复合物的重要前提,叶绿素的合成能够稳定并促进PsaA/B的积累。同时发现,叶绿体基因组编码的PSⅠ核心多肽PsaA/B能够在暗条件下合成,而在高等植物如豌豆、大麦的黄化体中不能合成PsaA/B蛋白,这可能是由于在脱绿的y-1细胞中叶绿体的量并没有发生明显的减少,且仍具有相对完整的大小和形状,而在叶绿体的被膜上具有许多参与光合作用的酶系统。     

Slr1122影响Hik12磷酸化并参与调节Synechocystis sp.PCC 6803的色素合成

Synechocystis sp.PCC 6803是一种良好的研究光合作用的模式生物,其中slr1122编码一个250个氨基酸的未知蛋白。据报道Slr1122可能与杂合传感激酶（hybrid sensory kinase）Sll1672（Hik12）相互作用,本研究通过复合物实验证实了Slr1122与Sll1672确实存在相互作用。利用32P标记证明,在加入Slr1122后Hik12的磷酸化受到了明显的影响,推测其可能参与该双组分系统的调控。通过同源双交换,用卡那霉素抗性基因替换slr1122,将slr1122从Synechocystis sp.PCC 6803中敲除,构建了slr1122的缺失体Δslr1122。研究发现在Δslr1122中,编码PSⅡ中核心蛋白D1亚基的slr1181（psbAI）的转录水平明显降低,使PSⅡ光合作用受到影响,导致Δslr1122的生长速率低于野生型（WT）。同时slr1122的缺失使得蓝细菌对光的敏感性增强,在弱光条件下,Δslr1122对光能的利用效率高于WT,其生长速率也较WT高,但与此相反,Δslr1122对强光的耐受力及生长速率则不及WT。Δslr1122体内的藻胆蛋白含量与色素含量均降低,尤其是类胡萝卜素,RT-PCR的结果也显示合成类胡萝卜素过程中的5个关键酶转录水平均下降。这可能是Δslr1122对氧化胁迫变得敏感的原因之一。总之,Slr1122影响杂合传感激酶Hik12磷酸化并参与调节Synechocystis sp.PCC 6803的光合色素合成。     

光合抑制剂DCMU对异养生长蓝藻叶绿素合成的作用

与被子植物不同,蓝藻叶绿素的合成存在依赖于光和不依赖于光的两条途径1,故异养生长的蓝藻在黑暗条件下同样合成叶绿素。在不同营养条件下,蓝藻的叶绿素合成也相对稳定,其含量常作为生物量的指标。已知DCMU是一种光合作用抑制剂,阻断光系统向质体醌的电子传递。有报道显示,DCMU可调控蓝藻Calothrix的细胞分化2。但DCMU对于蓝藻叶绿素合成的作用从未见报道。在对表达glk和lac ZYA基因蓝藻的异养生长研究中3,作者发现DCMU显著抑制丝状固氮蓝藻的叶绿素合成,而对单细胞蓝藻没有影响。       

儿茶素诱导的拟南芥根细胞膜脂变化

儿茶素是一种可以短时间内杀死植物细胞的植物毒素,由于具有强的植物毒性,儿茶素是开发除草剂的理想化合物,它可以诱导植物根系统的死亡。为了研究植物根细胞膜脂对化学胁迫的响应规律,我们运用高通量的脂类组学方法检测了拟南芥根中膜脂分子的组成,比较了儿茶素处理下拟南芥野生型（WS）及磷脂酶Dδ缺失突变体（PLDδ KO）根中膜脂分子的组成情况、膜脂含量、双键指数及碳链长度值。结果发现,儿茶素处理拟南芥根90min后,二半乳糖基二酰甘油（DGDG）、单半乳糖基二酰甘油（MGDG）、磷脂酰甘油（PG）、磷脂酰胆碱（PC）及磷脂酰肌醇（PI）的总含量在WS与PLDδ KO植株根中都显著下降,磷脂酰乙醇胺（PE）和磷脂酰丝氨酸（PS）在WS中下降,在PLDδ KO中上升。儿茶素处理导致PLDδ KO植株的PC/PE比值显著下降,WS植株PS碳链长度显著增加。上述结果说明儿茶素处理后,磷脂酶Dδ缺失突变体膜不稳定性增加,PLDδ KO植株对儿茶素胁迫更加敏感。     

海洋管藻目绿藻刺松藻光系统Ⅰ复合物的分离

采用Triton X-100蔗糖密度梯度离心法,从管藻目绿藻刺松藻中分离到三种不同形式的光系统Ⅰ（PSⅠ）复合物.区带Ⅲ富含PSⅠ核心复合物（CCⅠ）,叶绿素（Chl）a/b＞20,在温和的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（PAGE）中只显示一条PSⅠ中心复合物CPⅠ条带.区带Ⅳ和Ⅴ在436和674 nm、467和650 nm以及540 nm的吸收表明,含有Chl a、b及管藻黄素和管藻素,Chl a/b比值分别为3.23和2.4.经PAGE检测,有CPⅠ和CPⅠa两种PSⅠ色素蛋白复合物带,因此区带Ⅳ和Ⅴ是由CCⅠ和含量不等的捕光复合物LHCⅠ构成的PSⅠ颗粒.区带Ⅲ只有66和56 ku两种核心多肽;区带Ⅳ和Ⅴ除了66、56 ku多肽以外,还有4种分子质量为25,26,26.2和27.5 ku的LHCⅠ多肽.室温荧光光谱显示,分离物中的各种光合色素之间保持着良好的能量传递关系,由Chl b及管藻黄素和管藻素吸收的能量都可以传递给Chl a.     

光下叶绿素缺乏的大麦突变体NYB中叶绿素合成再探

研究一种原叶绿素酯还原酶（POR）的大麦突变体Ⅳ阳光下合成叶绿素的结果表明,NYB中PORB的含量比野生型低。NYB前质体中原片层体的大小和数量与野生型差不多,但其结构比野生型的松散。暗中生长的突变体内POR蛋白复合物LHPP比野生型少。不同光照强度下叶绿素积累的结果显示,光照度越强,突变体与野生型的叶绿素差异越显著。由于porB是单拷贝的,所以推测突变体中部分porB mRNA可能产生错误的剪切拼接,以致光下突变体Ⅳ阳仍然能合成叶绿素。     

植物叶绿素缺失突变体分子机制研究进展

植物叶绿素缺失突变体在自然界中广泛存在,是研究叶绿素形成和叶绿体发育等代谢途径的良好材料.该文主要从分子层面上阐述了叶绿素缺失突变体产生的原因,如叶绿素合成受阻、叶绿体光合蛋白合成或输入受阻、叶绿体RNA转录物未被编辑、过量光损伤和卟啉循环各物质之间的相互抑制,并归纳了近年来鉴定出来的一些叶绿素缺失突变基因,简要介绍了叶绿素和叶绿体之间的关系以及叶绿素缺失突变体的应用.     

拟南芥CtpA纯合突变体的光合生理特征

以T-DNA插入获得的拟南芥at3g57680基因缺失的CtpA纯合突变体植株为材料,检测了其与光合作用相关的生理特征,以揭示拟南芥at3g57680基因功能和其编码的CtpA蛋白的作用.结果显示:拟南芥的CtpA突变体植株在整个生长过程中都略小于野生型植株,但能够健康生长;CtpA突变体的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a/b和叶绿素a+b值, PSⅠ、PSⅡ和光合电子传递总链的电子传递活性,以及77K低温荧光波谱都与野生型植株无显著差异(P>0.05);CtpA突变体植株的最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)和有效光化学量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)也与野生型无显著差异,而光化学淬灭系数(qP)和非光化学淬灭系数(qN)值在室温下显著低于野生型(P<0.05).研究表明, 拟南芥at3g57680基因在正常条件下对植株生长无显著影响,可能不是编码CtpA蛋白的关键基因.     

叶绿素缺乏的大麦突变体PSⅡ光化学效率较高的原因(英)

在相同的叶绿素浓度下,叶绿素缺乏的大麦突变体的叶绿体在450～480nm和600～640nm波长范围的光吸收值比野生型略高,而在400～440nm和700～740nm波长范围的光吸收值明显高于野生型;突变体叶片和叶绿体的低温（77K）荧光发射强度较低,而两个光系低温荧光产量的比值（r685／F735）较高;失去Mg2 后,突变体和野生型的F685／F735和Fv／Fm均降低,但突变体的降低幅度较小;突变体的叶绿体中基粒片层数目较少、长度较短,而间质片层较长。这些结果表明,大麦突变体PSⅡ向PSⅠ的激发能转移较少是其PSⅡ光化学效率较高的重要原因。     

Chorismate Pyruvate-Lyase and 4-Hydroxy-3-solanesylbenzoate Decarboxylase Are Required for Plastoquinone Biosynthesis in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803

Plastoquinone is a redox active lipid that serves as electron transporter in the bifunctional photosynthetic-respiratory transport chain of cyanobacteria. To examine the role of genes potentially involved in cyanobacterial plastoquinone biosynthesis, we have focused on three Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 genes likely encoding a chorismate pyruvate-lyase (sll1797) and two 4-hydroxy-3-solanesylbenzoate decarboxylases (slr1099 and sll0936). The functions of the encoded proteins were investigated by complementation experiments with Escherichia coli mutants, by the in vitro enzyme assays with the recombinant proteins, and by the development of Synechocystis sp. single-gene knock-out mutants. Our results demonstrate that sll1797 encodes a chorismate pyruvate-lyase. In the respective knock-out mutant, plastoquinone was hardly detectable, and the mutant required 4-hydroxybenzoate for growth underlining the importance of chorismate pyruvate-lyase to initiate plastoquinone biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. The recombinant Slr1099 protein displayed decarboxylase activity and catalyzed in vitro the decarboxylation of 4-hydroxy-3-prenylbenzoate with different prenyl side chain lengths. In contrast to Slr1099, the recombinant Sll0936 protein did not show decarboxylase activity regardless of the conditions used. Inactivation of the sll0936 gene in Synechocystis sp., however, caused a drastic reduction in the plastoquinone content to levels very similar to those determined in the slr1099 knock-out mutant. This proves that not only slr1099 but also sll0936 is required for plastoquinone synthesis in the cyanobacterium. In summary, our data demonstrate that cyanobacteria produce plastoquinone exclusively via a pathway that is in the first reaction steps almost identical to ubiquinone biosynthesis in E. coli with conversion of chorismate to 4-hydroxybenzoate, which is then prenylated and decarboxylated.     

Cyanobacterial hybrid kinase Sll0043 regulates phototaxis by suppressing pilin and twitching motility protein

The unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 glides toward a light source through the interplay of positive phototaxis genes and proteins. In genetic analysis, the complete disruption of the hybrid sensory kinase sll0043 produced negative phototaxis. Furthermore, Sll0043 was found to be a hub protein by in silico prediction of protein-protein interaction, in which Sll0043 was predominantly linked to seven two-component proteins with high confidence. To understand the regulation and networking of positive phototaxis proteins, the proteomic profile of the sll0043 mutant was compared to that of wild-type. In the sll0043 mutant, 18 spots corresponding to 15 unique proteins were altered by 1.3 to 59 fold; the spots were identified by 2-DE/MALDI-MS analysis. Down-regulated proteins in the sll0043 null-mutant included chaperonins, superoxide dismutase, and phycocyanin beta-subunit. In contrast, nine proteins involved in photosynthesis, translation, regulatory function, and other functions were up-regulated. In particular, a twitching motility protein (PilT1) was induced over 2-fold in sll0043 mutant. Moreover, semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that pilin (pilA1), pili motor (pilT1), and pili switch gene (pilT2) were significantly increased in sll0043 mutant. These results suggest that the hybrid kinase Sll0043 regulates positive phototaxis by suppressing the expression of pili biosynthesis and regulatory genes and through the interplay with positive phototaxis/motility two-component proteins.     

集胞藻PCC6803膜脂循环关键基因酶学性质和生理功能

集胞藻PCC6803野生型和其脂酰ACP合酶敲除突变株的自由脂肪酸含量和组成表明膜脂的重构和降解是细胞内自由脂肪酸的来源之一。在这一过程中脂肪酶起到关键性作用。通过基因组数据库检索,发现集胞藻PCC6803基因组中只有一个脂肪酶编码基因sll1969,但是还没有其功能相关的生化证据。为了确定该基因的功能及其在脂肪酸代谢途径中的作用,加深对集胞藻PCC6803脂肪酸代谢途径的了解,文中将sll1969基因在大肠杆菌中过表达和体外纯化,得到重组蛋白Sll1969,并对其酶学性质进行初步分析。在30℃条件下,测得Sll1969以对硝基苯丁酸酯作为底物时的Km和kcat值分别为(1.16±0.01)mmol/L和(332.8±10.0)/min;该脂肪酶的最适反应温度为55℃。通过比较分析sll1969突变株中脂肪酸含量和组成变化,发现sll1969的表达量与细胞自由脂肪酸的产量呈正相关,但Sll1969不是细胞中唯一的脂肪酶。     

Inactivation of sll1556 in Synechocystis strain PCC 6803 impairs isoprenoid biosynthesis from pentose phosphate cycle substrates in vitro

In cyanobacteria many compounds, including chlorophylls, carotenoids, and hopanoids, are synthesized from the isoprenoid precursors isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in extracts of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis strain PCC 6803 grown under photosynthetic conditions, stimulated by pentose phosphate cycle substrates, does not appear to require methylerythritol phosphate pathway intermediates. The sll1556 gene, distantly related to type 2 IPP isomerase genes, was disrupted by insertion of a Kanr cassette. The mutant was fully viable under photosynthetic conditions although impaired in the utilization of pentose phosphate cycle substrates. Compared to the parental strain the Deltasll1556 mutant (i) is deficient in isoprenoid biosynthesis in vitro with substrates including glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, and glucose-6-phosphate; (ii) has smaller cells (diameter ca. 13% less); (iii) has fewer thylakoids (ca. 30% less); and (iv) has a more extensive fibrous outer wall layer. Isoprenoid biosynthesis is restored with pentose phosphate cycle substrates plus the recombinant Sll1556 protein in the Deltasll1556 supernatant fraction. IPP isomerase activity could not be demonstrated for the purified Sll1556 protein under our in vitro conditions. The reduction of thylakoid area and the effect on outer wall layer components are consistent with an impairment of isoprenoid biosynthesis in the mutant, possibly via hopanoid biosynthesis. Our findings are consistent with an alternate metabolic shunt for biosynthesis of isoprenoids.     

Dissecting the Photoprotective Mechanism Encoded by the flv4‐2 Operon: a Distinct Contribution of Sll0218 in Photosystem II Stabilization

In Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, the flv4‐2 operon encodes the flavodiiron proteins Flv2 and Flv4 together with a small protein, Sll0218, providing photoprotection for Photosystem II (PSII). Here, the distinct roles of Flv2/Flv4 and Sll0218 were addressed, using a number of flv4‐2 operon mutants. In the ?sll0218 mutant, the presence of Flv2/Flv4 rescued PSII functionality as compared with ?sll0218‐flv2, where neither Sll0218 nor the Flv2/Flv4 heterodimer are expressed. Nevertheless, both the ?sll0218 and ?sll0218‐flv2 mutants demonstrated deficiency in accumulation of PSII proteins suggesting a role for Sll0218 in PSII stabilization, which was further supported by photoinhibition experiments. Moreover, the accumulation of PSII assembly intermediates occurred in Sll0218‐lacking mutants. The YFP‐tagged Sll0218 protein localized in a few spots per cell at the external side of the thylakoid membrane, and biochemical membrane fractionation revealed clear enrichment of Sll0218 in the PratA‐defined membranes, where the early biogenesis steps of PSII occur. Further, the characteristic antenna uncoupling feature of the ?flv4‐2 operon mutants is shown to be related to PSII destabilization in the absence of Sll0218. It is concluded that the Flv2/Flv4 heterodimer supports PSII functionality, while the Sll0218 protein assists PSII assembly and stabilization, including optimization of light harvesting.     

集胞藻PCC6803 EGY同源基因破坏突变体的构建及表型分析

摘要：拟南芥中近来发现的定位于叶绿体的膜嵌合金属蛋白酶EGY1影响叶绿体发育与脂肪酸合成,经生物信息学分析,集胞藻PCC6803 (Synechocystis sp. PCC6803)中slr0643、sll0862基因编码同源蛋白。【目的】为了鉴定这两个基因的功能,【方法】本文通过同源重组插入卡那霉素抗性基因、切断目的基因,分别构建了slr0643::km和sll0862::km两种突变体,检测突变体的生理生化表型。【结果】在30℃,20 μE/m2s自养培养下,slr0643::km与野生型相比,早期     

Inactivation of the geranylgeranyl reductase (ChlP) gene in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

Geranylgeranyl reductase catalyses the reduction of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to phytyl pyrophosphate required for synthesis of chlorophylls, phylloquinone and tocopherols. The gene chlP (ORF sll1091) encoding the enzyme has been inactivated in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The resulting DeltachlP mutant accumulates exclusively geranylgeranylated chlorophyll a instead of its phytylated analogue as well as low amounts of alpha-tocotrienol instead of alpha-tocopherol. Whereas the contents of chlorophyll and total carotenoids are decreased, abundance of phycobilisomes is increased in DeltachlP cells. The mutant assembles functional photosystems I and II as judged from 77 K fluorescence and electron transport measurements. However, the mutant is unable to grow photoautotrophically due to instability and rapid degradation of the photosystems in the absence of added glucose. We suggest that instability of the photosystems in DeltachlP is directly related to accumulation of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll a. Increased rigidity of the chlorophyll isoprenoid tail moiety due to three additional CC bonds is the likely cause of photooxidative stress and reduced stability of photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes assembled with geranylgeranylated chlorophyll a in the DeltachlP mutant.