浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区野猪空间分布及活动节律

为了解浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区内野猪(Sus scrofa)的分布及活动节律,2018年3月至2019年2月,我们利用红外相机技术对其进行了网格化监测。在千顷塘和龙塘山区域总计布设109个红外相机监测点,共计调查39 240个相机日。结果表明,在千顷塘区域,野猪倾向于在落叶阔叶林(拍摄率5.33 ±5.64)和针阔混交林(3.75 ±3.46)活动,而在龙塘山区域,则倾向于针阔混交林(4.32 ±5.21);千顷塘与龙塘山区域野猪各月间的日活动差异指数α均存在极显著差异(P < 0.01),冬季的α值高于其他季节;昼行性指数β的平均值分别为0.870和0.768,显著高于理论值13/24(P < 0.01),表明清凉峰的野猪种群具有明显的昼行性特征,且在冬季的活动时间分配较之其他季节更不均匀。通过核密度估计法分析不同季节野猪的日活动节律发现,保护区内野猪春季有晨昏两个活动高峰(08:00-10:00、17:00-19:00),冬季活动高峰出现在午后(13:00-17:00),其他季节无明显活动高峰。本研究有助于加深对野猪华南亚种生态习性的认知,为保护区的野生动物管理工作提供科学依据。     

基于红外相机陷阱技术的阿尔泰山东部北山羊(Capra ibex)的活动节律

2014年5-11月,在我国新疆阿尔泰山东部边界山区放置远红外相机32台,共拍摄到北山羊独立照片3308张。采用日活动差异指数α、昼行性指数β和活动强度指数γ对北山羊的在不同季节活动节律进行分析,结果表明:(1)不同月份北山羊的日活动差异指数α和昼行性指数β均存在极显著差异,且β=0.8313/24,表明在研究区域北山羊属于典型的昼行性动物。(2)春季于7:30-9:30和19:30-21:30、夏季于8:00-10:00和19:00-21:00、秋季于9:00-11:00和18:00-20:00北山羊每日有两个明显的活动高峰。独立多样本检验各季节活动峰型γ值差异显著,说明不同季节北山羊的活动节律存在变化。     

浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区华南梅花鹿栖息地适宜性评价

理解环境因子对物种空间分布的影响,评价栖息地适宜性现状并预测潜在分布区,对野生动物的管理和保护具有重要意义。华南梅花鹿（Cervus pseudaxis）属国家I级重点保护野生动物,现仅分布于安徽、浙江、江西等狭小片区内。浙江清凉峰自然保护区千顷塘区域是华南梅花鹿的重要分布区,但其面积较小,严重限制了华南梅花鹿的种群发展,亟需对千顷塘及周边区域的栖息地质量进行评价,为华南梅花鹿的保护和野外放归提供科学依据。本研究利用红外相机监测千顷塘区域华南梅花鹿的分布,结合遥感等技术手段获得地形、植被、水源以及人为干扰等8种环境因子,利用MaxEnt构建华南梅花鹿栖息地适宜性模型,对以千顷塘为中心50 km×50 km的范围进行栖息地适宜性评价。研究结果表明,华南梅花鹿倾向于选择海拔1050-1240 m范围内,距道路100-900 m和距人口聚居区3200-3800 m的相对平缓地带。千顷塘区域华南梅花鹿栖息地保护较好,适宜栖息地面积为2224 hm2,占该区域39.1%。千顷塘周边适宜性较高的区域主要为位于其西南部约10 km的山区,该区域为华南梅花鹿提供了3253 hm2的潜在适宜栖息地。建议降低保护区千顷塘区域内的人为干扰,并在其西南部山区尝试开展圈养种群的野外放归工作,以促进其种群发展。     

浙江乌岩岭自然保护区黄腹角雉适宜栖息地的选择

栖息地的丧失和片段化是黄腹角雉(Tragopan caboti)主要的致危因素。于2015年1月—2017年12月,在乌岩岭保护区不同林分(阔叶林、针改阔林、针叶林)利用红外相机监测,共拍摄到黄腹角雉个体独立照片497张,雌雄比为1∶1.78。结果表明:2015年阔叶林和针改阔林、针叶林黄腹角雉拍摄独立照片均存在极显著差异(P0.01),但针叶林和针改阔林不存在显著差异(P0.05); 2016年阔叶林与针叶林之间存在显著差异(P0.05);2017年针改阔林和阔叶林不存在显著差异(P0.05),而针叶林与阔叶林及针改阔林之间均存在显著差异(P0.05),说明随着年份增长,种植壳斗科和交让木科等树种的针改阔林,黄腹角雉拍摄独立照片数量接近阔叶林;在拍摄的497张照片中,春季(203张)和冬季(190张)占79.07%,春冬两季与夏秋两季存在显著差异(P0.05),春与冬,夏与秋之间不存在显著差异(P0.05),说明黄腹角雉冬季食物少在外觅食时间多,春季(3—5月)是黄腹角雉的繁殖季节,在外活动时间增加;黄腹角雉属于昼行性鸟类,存在7:00—8:00与15:00—17:00两个活动高峰期。     

卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区水源地野放普氏野马的活动节律：基于红外相机监测数据

2014年4月至11月,在卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区的22个水源地安放66台红外相机,其中在8个野放普式野马(Equus przewalskii)利用的水源地放置了16台红外相机,对野放普氏野马在水源地的活动节律和时间分配进行了研究。16台相机累计工作1 068 d,获得野放普氏野马有效照片2 051张。研究发现,野放普氏野马在水源地不同时段的有效照片数量符合正态分布,且季节间存在极显著差异。野放普氏野马在水源地不同时段的有效照片数量,春季远低于夏季和秋季(P0.05),而夏季与秋季差异不显著(P0.05)。野放普氏野马饮水频次春季极显著低于夏季和秋季(P0.01),夏季与秋季差异不显著(P0.05)。普氏野马在水源地具有稳定的日活动节律,时间分配上呈典型的钟形,13:00~17:00时达到高峰,20:00~次日5:00时快速下降,3:00~6:00时是一天中的低谷,在5:00~13:00时快速上升。不同月份野放普氏野马的日活动差异指数α(t=8.364,df=7,P0.01)和昼行性指数β(t=19.519,df=7,P0.01)均存在极显著差异,且β值为0.660.54,表明野放普氏野马活动以昼间为主。季节间活动差异指数存在极显著差异(单样本K-S检验,t=7.851,df=23,P0.01)。独立多样本Kruskal-Wallis检验季节性活动强度指数γ值差异不显著(χ~2=0.162,df=2,P0.05)。通过在卡山保护区固定水源地的实时监测,初步明晰了野放普氏野马在水源地附近的活动节律及其季节性水源地利用,从而为野放普氏野马的生态学研究及保护措施的制定提供科学依据。     

江西官山国家级自然保护区白鹇活动节律及时间分配研究

2015年1月—2016年8月,利用红外相机技术对江西官山国家级自然保护区白鹇Lophura nycthemera的活动节律和时间分配进行了研究。28台红外相机累计工作5 843 d,布设海拔为300～1 200 m,共获得白鹇独立有效照片1 316张,合计1 801只次,成体及亚成体雌雄比例为1.34∶1。结果显示,白鹇活动集中分布在海拔600～700 m和900～1 200 m;主营昼行性活动,活动高峰为06∶00—08∶00和12∶00—14∶00,日活动强度的两性间差异不显著(t_(22)=0.979,P=0.338),但季节性差异显著(F_3=4.238,P=0.010);主要行为是移动和觅食,分别占总行为频次的61.71%和37.01%,其余2种行为分别是静息(0.88%)和梳理(0.40%),不同季节各种行为之间均无显著差异。本研究结果可为保护区的白鹇保护和管理提供基础资料。     

贵州雷公山国家级自然保护区金龟总科昆虫多样性初步调查

为了解贵州雷公山国家级自然保护区的金龟总科Scarabaeoidea昆虫资源状况,2011—2018年对保护区内的金龟总科昆虫开展了多次调查。共采获标本160号,隶属于9科38属63种,其中贵州省新记录4种。α多样性分析结果表明,落叶阔叶林中金龟总科昆虫的多样性和丰富度指数最高(0.365和6.897),但均匀度指数最低(0.107),亚热带针叶林最低(0.260和2.337),但均匀度指数最高(0.125),其他生境类型差异不明显。金龟总科昆虫多样性、丰富度指数在5月最高(0.359和7.313),6月次之(0.347和7.048),其余月份较低;在均匀度上,3月最高(0.198),其次为9月(0.147),其余月份相差不大。金龟总科昆虫多样性和均匀度指数在1 500～1 700 m最高(0.341和0.129),多样性和丰富度指数在1 700 m以上最低(分别为0.123和1.116),均匀度指数在1 300～1 500 m最低(0.080),但丰富度指数最高(8.252),其余指数的差异不明显。群落相似性分析结果表明,马尾松阔叶混交林与落叶阔叶和常绿阔叶混交林之间相似性最高(0.429),其次是落叶阔叶林、落叶阔叶和常绿阔叶混交林(0.415)。     

基于红外相机陷阱法的北京百花山国家级自然保护区旅游线路周边野生动物的调查研究

为了调查北京百花山国家级自然保护区旅游线路周边野生动物分布和活动规律,于2015年7月—2016年9月,铺设20台红外相机,共拍到有效照片3761张,其中兽类2813张,鸟类643张。鉴定出兽类14种(分属5目9科);鸟类39种(分属4目16科),其中4种兽类和8种鸟类是保护区新纪录。红外相机在不同的生境类型、海拔以及不同月份的拍摄率都不同,阔叶林的动物物种数和拍摄率远远高于其他生境类型;较低海拔(1150—1400 m)区域的拍摄率高于中间海拔(1400—1600 m)和较高海拔(1600—1800 m);动物集中在5—10月份活动,这几个月的拍摄率高于其他月份。而拍摄率与多样性指数往往不一致,阔叶林低于针叶林和灌木林;中间海拔最高,较低海拔最低。野生动物活动活跃的月份与旅游旺季在很大程度上是重合的,而野猪(Sus scrofa)、狗獾(Meles meles)、豹猫、猪獾和花面狸(Paguma larvata)这五种潜在危险动物,表现出明显的夜行性,对白天游客的威胁性不大,但存在潜在危险性。通过研究,有助于保护区制定相应的管控方案和建立危险预警机制。     

基于红外相机技术的白鹇日活动节律研究

2014年5月至2016年4月,利用红外相机技术,系统调查和分析了浙江古田山国家级自然保护区内白鹇(Lophura nycthemera)的性比、集群方式和日活动节律。调查期间共获得244个有效位点的数据,累计58 890个工作日,收集到33 276份白鹇的照片和视频,有效探测5 687次,统计出雄性成体(含亚成体)3 946只次,雌性4 179只次,雌雄性比为1.06︰1。记录到群体大小从2至12只不等,群的组成方式多样。日活动节律分析的结果显示,白鹇的日活动时间段为5:00~18:00时,于6:00时、11:00时和16:00时有3个活动高峰,其间于10:00时和14:00时出现两个活动的低谷。雌雄个体的日活动节律基本一致,但雄性个体相比雌性清晨的活动高峰延长1 h(雌性6:00~8:00时,雄性6:00~9:00时),而午后的静息低谷推后1 h(雌性14:00时,雄性15:00时)。日活动节律密度函数分析结果显示,白鹇的日活动节律存在季节性变化。白鹇在春季和冬季存在早晚两个明显的活动高峰,而夏季和秋季在6:00~18:00时都较为活跃。同时,相比其他季节,白鹇在冬季早晨开始活动的时间推迟,傍晚结束活动的时间提前。不同季节的比较表明,白鹇在冬季和春、夏季的日活动节律重叠程度最低。白鹇日活动节律在低海拔带(200~700 m)和高海拔带(700~1 200 m)上存在差异,低海拔带个体在夏季和冬季的傍晚比高海拔带个体活跃。本研究结果为保护区内白鹇的保护管理提供了基础的科学依据。     

浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区千顷塘区域鸟兽资源的红外相机调查

红外相机已经被广泛应用于野生动物多样性调查中,这为制定有效的保护管理策略提供直接的科学依据。2014年11月至2016年10月,共布设46~51个相机位点(网络),对浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区千顷塘区域内的鸟兽资源进行连续监测。共获得鸟兽独立有效照片10149张,其中兽类占88%(8932张),鸟类占12%(1212张)。经鉴定,兽类14种,鸟类34种,其中包括2种国家I级重点保护野生动物(华南梅花鹿Cervus nippon kopschi和白颈长尾雉Syrmaticus ellioti)和5种国家II级重点保护野生动物(中华鬣羚Capricornis milneedwardsii、勺鸡Pucrasia macrolopha、白鹇Lophura nycthemera、凤头鹰Accipiter trivirgatus、领角鸮Otus lettia )。本次调查发现丘鹬（Scolopax rusticola）、橙头地鸫（Geokichla citrina）、虎斑地鸫（Zoothera aurea）、灰背鸫（Turdus hortulorum）、白腹鸫（Turdus pallidus）、红尾斑鸫（Turdus naumanni）及斑鸫（Turdus eunomus）为该区域新纪录鸟类。兽类中相对丰度指数最高的前3种动物分别是小麂（Muntiacus reevesi） (56.85)、华南梅花鹿(16.25)和野猪（Sus scrofa） (13.91),鸟类中相对丰度指数最高的3种动物是白鹇(6.49)、棕噪鹛Garrulax berthemyi (2.43)和勺鸡(1.54)。另外,鸟兽物种数在1051~1259m海拔段显著高于851~1050 m海拔段;阔叶林的物种数显著高于针叶林的物种数,然而阔叶林与针阔混交林的物种数无显著性差异。本研究结果表明,红外相机能够有效调查浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区千顷塘区域的鸟兽多样性,该调查法对于监测大中型兽类和部分鸟类具有一定优越性,所采集数据对保护区实施针对性的保护措施具有重要指导意义。     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Succession in the southern part of the Canadian boreal forest

Forest succession following fire in a forest mosaic of northwestern Quebec has been studied in order to: (1) describe the successional pathways using communities of different ages and (2) evaluate convergence of successional pathways and possible effect of fire suppression on the establishment of steady-state communities. As a first step, ordination and classification techniques were used in order to remove changes in forest composition which are related to abiotic conditions. Then, ordinations based on tree diameter distributions were used to study shifts in species composition in relation to time since the last fire.Even under similar abiotic conditions, successional pathways are numerous. However, regardless of forest composition after fire, most stands show convergence toward dominance of Thuja occidentalis and Picea mariana on xeric sites and dominance of Abies balsamea and Thuja occidentalis on more mesic sites. Stable communities of >300 yr occur on xeric sites while on mesic sites directional succession still occurs after 224 yr. Nearly all species involved in succession are present in the first 50 yr following fire. Only Abies balsamea and Thuja occidentalis increase significantly in frequency during succession. Following initial establishment, successional processes can generally be explained by species longevity and shade tolerance. Early successional species may be abundant in the canopy for more than 200 yr while the rapid decrease of Picea glauca, a late successional species could be related to spruce budworm outbreaks. Considering the short fire rotation observed (about 150 yr), a steady-state forest is unlikely to occur under natural conditions, though it may be possible if fire is controlled.     

Hectorella: A member of the betalain-suborderChenopodiineae of the orderCentrospermae

Roots ofHectorella caespitosa Hook. f. were induced to produce a red pigment which was shown to be a betalain and not an anthocyanin. These data indicate thatHectorella belongs to theChenopodiineae, the betalain suborder of theCentrospermae, and excludes alignment with the anthocyanin family theCaryophyllaceae.     

New and old problems in the taxonomy of the Gelidiales (Rhodophyta)

The order Gelidiales includes over 140 agar-producing taxa. Many species are taxonomically confused; the boundaries of one family and all but four genera recently have been contested, and the controversy over ordinal status has lasted for over 25 years. This study reviews recent developments in the taxonomy of the group and suggests future areas for studies. The order cannot be defined by a few exclusive characters, as intended in the past, but it shows a unique combination of characters. Additional studies on Gelidiella and Acanthopeltis seem advisable to clarify family limits. The segregation of Onikusa and Pterocladiastrum is doubtful. Only three of six characters discriminate Gelidium from Pterocladia. None allows complete generic segregation and all need variability studies. Analysis of nomenclatural types in the light of morphological variation would permit an understanding of species limits in Gelidium and Pterocladia. Similar studies are needed in Gelidiella and Ptilophora.     

Progress on the genetics of the N2-fixing actinorhizal symbiont Frankia

The actinomycete Frankia is of fundamental and ecological interests for several reasons including its wide distribution, its ability to fix nitrogen, differentiate into sporangium and vesicle (specialized cell for nitrogen-fixation), and to nodulate plants from about 24 genera. Here, we present a review on the genetics performed so far on Frankia. At the end of July 2001, 293 kbp of Frankia DNA sequences were found in the databases. Thirty five percent of these sequences corresponded to full gene or gene cluster sequences. These genes could be divided according to their role into 6 key activities: gene translation (rrnA and tRNA ^pro gene), proteolysis (pcr genes), assimilation of ammonium (glnA and glnII), protection against superoxide ions (sodF), nitrogen fixation (nif cluster), and plasmid replication. We present a review of these genetic islands; their function, expression, localization and particular properties are discussed. A comparative analysis of Frankia nif genes from various strains and species is presented. An improved nomenclature for some of these genes is suggested to avoid conflicts. Frankia plasmids DNA sequences are also presented. The novel trends in Frankia genetics are described.     

Comparative analysis of the Kekkon molecules,related members of the LIG superfamily

Leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and immunoglobulin (Ig) domains represent two of the most abundant sequence elements in metazoan proteomes. Despite this prevalence, comparatively few molecules containing both LRR and Ig (LIG) modules exist, and fewer still have been functionally defined. One LIG whose function has been investigated is the Drosophila protein Kekkon1 (Kek1). In vivo studies have demonstrated a role for Kek1 in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling and have suggested a role in neuronal pathfinding. Kek1 is the founding member of the Kek family, a group of six Drosophila transmembrane proteins that contain seven LRRs and a single Ig in their extracellular domains. While this arrangement of domains predicts a possible role as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), to date little is known about the function or evolutionary relationship of these additional Kek molecules. Here we report that orthologs of Kek1, Kek2, Kek5, and Kek6 exist in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and the honeybee, Apis mellifera, indicating that this family has been conserved for ~300 million years of evolutionary time. Comparative sequence analyses reveal remarkable identity among these orthologs, primarily in their extracellular regions. In contrast, the intracellular regions are more divergent, exhibiting only small pockets of conservation. In addition, we provide support for the general notion that these molecules may share common functions as CAMs, by demonstrating that Kek family members can form homotypic and heterotypic complexes.Edited by D. TautzChristina M. MacLaren, Timothy A. Evans and Diego Alvarado contributed equally to this work     

Analysis of the genes of the OEE1 and OEE3 proteins of the photosystem II complex from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The sequences of the nuclear genes of the 33 kDa (OEE1) and the 16 kDa (OEE3) polypeptides of the oxygen evolving complex of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been established. Comparison between the OEE1 protein sequences of C. reinhardtii and higher plants and cyanobacteria reveals 67 and 47% homology. In contrast, C. reinhardtii and higher plants have only 28% overall homology for OEE3 which is mostly limited to the central portion of the protein. The transit peptides of the C. reinhardtii proteins consist of 52 (OEE1) and, most likely, 51 (OEE1) amino acids. They have a basic amino terminal region and, at least in the case of OEE1, a hydrophobic segment at their carboxy terminal end typical of thylakoid lumen proteins. Comparison of the genomic and cDNA clones indicates that the OEE1 and OEE3 genes contain five and four introns, respectively, some of which are located within the coding sequences of the transit peptides.     

The history of the genusHomo

The genusHomo was established by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758. During the course of the past 150 years, the addition of fossil species to the genusHomo has resulted in a genus that, according to the taxonomic interpretation, could span as much time as 2.5 Myr, and include as many as ten species. This paper reviews the fossil evidence for each of the species involved, and sets out the case for their inclusion inHomo. It suggests that while the case for the inclusion of some species in the genus (e.g.Homo erectus) is well-supported, in the case of two of the species,Homo habilis andHomo rudolfensis, the case for their inclusion is much weaker. Neither the cladistic evidence, nor evidence about adaptation suggest a particularly close relationship with laterHomo.     

Evolution of the Australian flora through the Tertiary

The evolution of the Australian flora through the Tertiary has not been reviewed by a megafossil palaeobotanist for almost a century. Based on material available and published studies, the Australian Tertiary can be considered in three units: Eocene, Oligo-Miocene, and Pliocene. Key taxa in the Eocene includeCasuarinaceae, Proteaceae, Fagaceae, Podocarpaceae, andLauraceae. Many known Eocene deposits are interpreted as warm, humid rainforests.Oligo-Miocene floras reflect a climatic deterioration, with greater occurrence of sclerophylly and xerophylly. A reduction of tropical taxa is seen with an increase ofMyrtaceae and earliest records ofMimosaceae, Chenopodiaceae, andPoaceae. These trends continue into the Pliocene, which is not well represented in Australia.Problems needing to be addressed include the discrepancy between the pollen and megafossil records ofNothofagus, the origins of Australia's wet tropical taxa, and the role of fire in the early evolution of the Australian flora.