间充质干细胞外泌体中的RNA与蛋白质

间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cell,MSC)外泌体是MSC中的多泡小体与细胞膜融合时分泌到细胞外环境中的50～200 nm大小的细胞外囊泡。MSC外泌体含有TSG101、CD9和CD81等典型蛋白质与多种RNA。人们逐渐认识到外泌体是通过传递其蛋白质和RNA等内容物到受体细胞发挥作用的。因此,MSC外泌体的治疗潜能可能是因为它含有特殊的蛋白质或RNA。该文对外泌体蛋白质和RNA的作用机制进行探究,并提出MSC外泌体很可能通过蛋白质而不是RNA发挥效应。     

一种快速提取组织外泌体的分离富集方法

本文提供一种快速提取组织外泌体的分离富集方法。通过将目标组织用机械法切碎,加入组织消化酶进行组织解离和过滤,将获得的组织细胞悬液依次进行差速离心、超离、尺寸排阻和超滤,实现组织高质量外泌体的富集纯化。组织解离方法比较试验中,采用组织消化酶解离组织得到的蛋白质含量更高,获得的外泌体组织来源的蛋白质污染小。富集小鼠心组织、小鼠肝组织、小鼠肾组织、人结肠癌组织、人乳腺癌组织和动脉粥样硬化组织的外泌体,并对其进行纳米粒径追踪和透射电镜观察。结果显示,外泌体的粒径均在30~150 nm内,结构清晰明确。对小鼠肝组织富集的外泌体进行蛋白质印迹分析。结果显示,阳性蛋白质标志物CD9、ALIX和CD63的表达,TSG101弱表达,阴性蛋白质标志物Calnexin无表达。本方法集合多种分离措施,能够达到分离纯化外泌体的作用,同时简化了分离组织外泌体的步骤,相对于其他方法,全程只需要4~5 h,节省了富集时间,所富集的外泌体纯度高、可溶性杂蛋白质污染小,实用性更加广泛。使用微量组织样本富集的外泌体即可满足后续纳米粒径追踪、蛋白质印迹、透射电镜和转录物组等分析。     

大熊猫脐带间充质干细胞外泌体的分离鉴定及miRNAs富集分析

大熊猫脐带间充质干细胞(Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, UC-MSCs)通过旁分泌所释放的外泌体在大熊猫保健与疾病治疗方面具有一定的应用前景。本研究旨在建立大熊猫UC-MSCs外泌体分离方法,开展生物学特征分析和分子鉴定,并研究UC-MSCs外泌体中miRNAs的种类与功能。采用超速离心法从大熊猫UCMSCs培养上清中成功分离外泌体,通过透射电子显微镜进行形态学观察,纳米颗粒跟踪分析仪检测粒径大小,蛋白免疫印迹法检测特异性分子标记表达。采用Small RNA测序技术对UC-MSCs外泌体中的miRNAs进行鉴定,并对其靶基因进行了预测与功能分析。结果显示,大熊猫UC-MSCs外泌体呈圆形杯托状结构,直径为(79.15±4.81) nm,外泌体标志蛋白CD81与TSG101呈阳性表达而CALNEXIN呈阴性表达。大熊猫UC-MSCs外泌体中的miRNA主要为miR-148-3p (30.28%)与miR-21-5p (21.72%)。本研究首次从大熊猫UC-MSCs培养上清中分离出外泌体,并对其所含的miRNAs进行富集分析及功能预测,为大熊...     

外泌体环状RNA在肿瘤微环境中的研究进展

外泌体是细胞分泌的30~150 nm的细胞外囊泡,在肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)中介导细胞间通讯.环状RNA(circular RNA,circRNAs)是一类由前体mRNA(precursor mRNA,pre-mRNA)反向剪接生成的非编码RNA(non-coding RNA,ncRNA),在外泌体中富集且表达稳定.本文主要讨论外泌体起源和circRNAs在外泌体中的分选调控机制,阐述外泌体circRNAs在肿瘤微环境各个阶段中的作用与机制,包括血管生成、EMT、耐药等.最后,本文探讨外泌体circRNAs作为肿瘤标志物和治疗靶点的临床应用前景与价值.     

基于微流控技术的外泌体分离方法的研究进展

外泌体是一种由细胞分泌的,直径一般为30-150 nm的囊泡。外泌体携带有多种蛋白质、mRNA及miRNA等生物标记物,并直接参与细胞间的信息传递、抗原传递、蛋白转运以及RNA转录等重要的生命活动过程,与癌症等多种疾病的发生密切相关,因此在疾病的发生机制探索和相关疾病的检测中具有重大的应用价值。然而,外泌体通常以游离的形式存在于体液中,对外泌体的分离和纯化是实现基于外泌体的疾病发生机制及疾病检测应用研究的基础。近年来,研究人员利用外泌体的生物物理和生物化学性质研发了多种分离和纯化外泌体的方法技术,主要有超速离心法、聚合物沉淀法、免疫分离法以及基于微流控的分离法等。综述了近年来外泌体分离和纯化方法的研究进展,简要论述了传统的外泌体分离方法,重点介绍了基于微流控技术的外泌体分离方法,并比较了这些方法的分离机制、优缺点以及应用前景。通过对近年来外泌体分离和纯化方法的研究现状进行归纳和比较,旨为相关研究人员开展外泌体研究工作提供参考,从而进一步推进外泌体在疾病检测及其他生物医学应用的研究进展。     

脐带间充质干细胞外泌体的分离和鉴定

目的探讨脐带间充质干细胞的外泌体的获取与鉴定方法。方法通过组织块贴壁法从胎儿脐带分离和培养脐带间充质干细胞并通过RiboTMExosome Isolation Kit收集外泌体,采用电镜和流式细胞仪鉴定外泌体。结果第二代脐带间充质干细胞表面CD45、CD34和HLA-DR呈阴性表达,CD29、CD44和CD105呈阳性表达;在透射电镜下观察到脐带间充质干细胞外泌体呈圆形或椭圆形,大小不均匀,直径30~100 nm,有完整的膜结构,内含低密度物质;流式细胞检测外泌体CD9、CD63、CD81和CD83呈阳性表达。结论在培养脐带间充质干细胞的培养基中可以收集到外泌体,可以通过电镜和流式细胞仪对脐带间充质干细胞的外泌体进行鉴定。     

人嗅黏膜间充质干细胞来源外泌体的分离鉴定及生物学特性研究

外泌体是指释放到细胞外微环境中的直径约50～130 nm的纳米级的膜性囊泡。嗅黏膜间充质干细胞（olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells,OM-MSCs）作为一类新发现的间充质干细胞,在许多疾病中均具有治疗作用,且其内在机制与其旁分泌的外泌体密切相关,但OM-MSCs外泌体的分离、鉴定及生物学特性的研究尚未见报道。本研究采用超速离心法提取OM-MSCs培养液中的外泌体,应用流式细胞术及免疫荧光进行细胞鉴定后,分别用透射电子显微镜、纳米粒径分析及Western印迹对外泌体形态、颗粒大小和表面的特异性分子标志进行分析鉴定。采用CCK8增殖实验,Western印迹和划痕实验,分析其对人脑微血管内皮细胞增殖和迁移的影响。电镜、Western 印迹和纳米粒径分析的结果显示：OM-MSCs来源外泌体形态多为圆形,直径约为40～150 nm;表达外泌体标记物CD63,CD81;CCK-8法检测显示：不同浓度的OM-MSCs源外泌体可提高人脑微血管内皮细胞的增殖活性,且其增殖促进作用具有浓度依赖性（P<0.05）。Western 印迹检测结果显示：相比空白对照组,OM-MSCs源外泌体可显著提高内皮细胞的增殖细胞核抗原蛋白质水平表达（P<0.01）,细胞划痕实验结果显示,OM-MSCs源外泌体可增强内皮细胞的迁移能力,且高于对照组（P<0.01）。本研究表明：通过超速离心法可以分离纯化获得OM-MSCs源外泌体,且该外泌体具有促进人脑微血管内皮细胞迁移和增殖的作用。     

不同血清量标本外泌体提取及微小RNA的检测结果比较

本文旨在探讨Qiagen exoRNeasy Serum/Plasma试剂盒提取血清标本中外泌体所需的最适血清量。采用Qiagen exoRNeasy Serum/Plasma 试剂盒分别对250、500、1 000 μL血清中的外泌体进行抽提,使用透射电子显微镜检测分离的外泌体大小和形态,蛋白质免疫印迹法检测外泌体蛋白标记CD63和TSG101的表达,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)检测外泌体中微小RNA-122(microRNA-122,miR-122)的表达。结果显示,透射电子显微镜下可见血清外泌体呈圆形或椭圆形,直径30～150 nm,有完整的膜结构。蛋白免疫印迹法检测外泌体CD63和TSG101阳性。实时荧光定量PCR检测慢性乙型肝炎患者250、500、1 000 μL血清外泌体中miR-122表达量,与正常人相比,分别上调22.44、21.48、20.69倍(P＝0.42)。结果提示,在临床血清样本体积有限的情况下,采用 Qiagen exoRNeasy Serum/Plasma 试剂盒提取血清中外泌体,减少血清量至250 μL也可达到所需实验目的。     

两种人脐带间充质干细胞源外泌体分离方法的比较

目的探索人脐带间充质干细胞(hUMSCs)来源的外泌体的最佳分离条件并对其进行生物学鉴定。方法无血清培养法培养hUMSCs,培养上清中收集外泌体,超高速离心法(ult-exo)和沉淀法分离外泌体(pri-exo),Western Blot检测外泌体标志性蛋白CD63、HSP70、HSP90和阴性对照蛋白TAPA1,透射电镜观察分离所得外泌体生物学形态,高清晰质谱分析外泌体包裹蛋白种类。结果无血清培养法能够在不改变细胞生物学形态的条件下获取hUMSCs源外泌体,透射电镜下可见超高速离心可以获得具有典型双层膜结构的外泌体,大小在100 nm左右,而沉淀法分离所得产物不具有典型的外泌体形态表征,大小在30 nm左右;Western Blot结果表明超高速离心法所得外泌体CD63、HSP70、HSP90均呈现阳性,阴性对照蛋白TAPA1呈现阴性,沉淀法只能检测到HSP90;高清晰质谱检测出超高速离心法分离所得外泌体有169种蛋白,沉淀法有102种,共有蛋白79种。结论超高速离心法和沉淀法所得外泌体在蛋白标志物、生物学形态和内含蛋白种类均有差别,本实验结果提示分离hUMSCs源外泌体超高速离心法优于沉淀法。     

尿外泌体在肾脏疾病中的研究进展

外泌体是体内多种细胞分泌的30-100nm的脂质双层膜结构的囊泡,内含蛋白质、核酸、脂质等成分。尿外泌体在生理状态下主要来源于面向管腔的各种细胞,尿外泌体内载的蛋白质、microRNA等参与泌尿系统微环境中细胞间的信息交流,与肾脏疾病发生、发展密切相关。检测尿外泌体特定蛋白或microRNA、mRNA的表达,可以反映特定的疾病,有利于肾脏疾病的诊断和鉴别诊断,甚至判断预后。本文就尿外泌体在肾脏疾病中的研究进展进行综述。     

Exosomes in tears of healthy individuals: Isolation,identification, and characterization

Exosomes represent a sort of extracellular vesicles, which transfer molecular signals in the body and contain markers of the exosome-producing cell. This study was aimed at search of exosomes in the tears of healthy humans, validation of their nature and examination of their morphological and molecular-biological characteristics. Samples of the tears individually collected from 24 healthy donors (aged 45–60 years) were centrifuged at 20000 g for 15 min to pellet cell debris. The supernatants were examined in an electron microscope using negative staining and were also used for isolation and purification of exosomes by filtration (100 nm pore-size) and double ultracentrifugation (90 min at 100000 g, 4°C). Resultant pellets were investigated by electron microscopy and immunolabeling, RNA and DNA were isolated and their sizes were determined by capillary electrophoresis, concentration and localization of nucleic acids in the isolated exosomes were studied. DNA sequencing was performed using MiSeq (Illumina, USA), data were analyzed using CLC GW 7.5 (Qiagen, USA). Sequences were mapped on human genome (hg19). Supernatants of the tears contained cell debris, spherical microparticles (20–40 nm), and vesicles; some of the vesicles had morphology and sizes corresponding to exosomes. The pellets obtained after ultracentrifugation of tears contained microparticles (17%), spherical and cup-shaped vesicles (40–100 nm, 83%), which were positive for CD63, CD9, and CD24 receptors (specific markers of exosomes). The study revealed high concentrations of exosomes in human tears; these exosomes contained both RNA (of less than 200 nucleotides in size) and DNA (of 3–9 kb in size). DNA sequencing demonstrated that about 92% of the reads was mapped to human genome.     

Isolation and characterization of exosomes from blood plasma of breast cancer and colorectal cancer patients

A simple approach for isolation of exosomes from blood plasma samples has been proposed. Using this approach it is possible to obtain highly purified preparations of microvesicles no larger than 100 nm. The presence of different subpopulations of exosomes isolated by this method has been recognized in the blood plasma of healthy donors and cancer patients. Universal markers CD9, CD24, and CD81 are applicable for routine typing of exosomes isolated from blood plasma samples.     

尿液外泌小体中miRNA的含量与肾纤维化的关系

目的:探讨尿液外泌小体(exosomes)中微小RNA(miRNA,miR)的变化与肾纤维化的关系,以寻找早期诊断肾纤维化的生物标志物。方法:以行肾穿刺活检术并诊断为原发性肾脏病的患者为研究对象,其中,肾活检未发现肾纤维化的患者作为对照组,而存在轻到中度肾纤维化的患者作为纤维化组。收集20 m L晨尿,用超速离心方法分离尿液exosomes,用电镜观察其形态,用定量PCR方法检测其中miRNA的含量,并分析其与肾纤维化的关系。结果:超速离心获得的尿液沉淀物呈现exosomes的形态学特征。miR-21、miR-29b、miR-29c、miR-30e、miR-192、miR-200a、miR-200c和miR-429可在所有患者的尿液exosomes中被检出,但含量存在较大差异。与对照组相比,纤维化组患者尿液exosomes中,miR-21、miR-29b、miR-30e和miR-200c的含量显著增高,miR-29c的含量显著下降,而miR-192、miR-200a和miR-429的含量无显著变化。尿液exosomes中miRNA含量与纤维化肾组织中miRNA表达量的变化并不完全一致。结论:尿液exosomes中miR-29c和miR-21的含量在肾纤维化的病变中发生显著改变,可能成为早期诊断肾纤维化的生物标志物。     

Contamination of exosome preparations,isolated from biological fluids

The aim of this study was to attract attention of researchers to the problem of contamination of exosome preparations. Using a transmission electron microscope JEM-1400 (JEOL, Japan) we have examined exosome preparations, isolated according to the conventional scheme of sequential centrifugation from different biological fluids: blood plasma and urine of healthy persons and patients with oncologic diseases, bovine serum, and conditioned cell culture medium (MDCK, MDA-MB, and MCF-7 cells). All examined preparations (over 200) contained exosomes, which were identified by immuno-electron microscopy using antibodies to tetraspanins CD63 or CD9. Besides exosomes, all the studied preparations were characterized by the presence of contaminating structures: low electron density particles without limiting membrane and therefore could not be attributed to exosomes (“non-vesicles”). Two main types of the “non-vesicles” were found in the exosome preparations: particles of 20–40 nm in size, representing 10–40% of all structures in the exosome preparations; and particles of 40–100 nm in size (identical to exosomes by size). Morphology of the “non-vesicles” corresponded to that of intermediate and low density lipoproteins (20–40 nm), and very low density lipoproteins (40–100 nm), which were identical to exosomes in their size. The highest level of the contamination was detected in exosome preparations, isolated from blood samples. The results of our study indicate the need to control the composition of exosome preparations by electron microscopy and to take into consideration the presence of contaminating structures in the analysis of experimental data.     

Cell-secreted vesicles in equine ovarian follicular fluid contain miRNAs and proteins: a possible new form of cell communication within the ovarian follicle

Proper cell communication within the ovarian follicle is critical for the growth and maturation of a healthy oocyte that can be fertilized and develop into an embryo. Cell communication within the follicle involves many signaling molecules and is affected by maternal age. Recent studies indicate that cell communication can be mediated through secretion and uptake of small membrane-enclosed vesicles. The goals of this study were to 1) identify cell-secreted vesicles (microvesicles and exosomes) containing miRNAs and proteins within ovarian follicular fluid and 2) determine if miRNA level differs in exosomes isolated from follicular fluid in young compared to old mares. We demonstrate the presence of vesicles resembling microvesicles and exosomes in ovarian follicular fluid using transmission electron microscopy and CD63-positive and RNA containing vesicles using flow cytometry. Moreover, proteomics analysis reveals that follicular fluid-isolated exosomes contain both known exosomal proteins and proteins not previously reported in isolated exosomes. MicroRNAs were detected in microvesicle and exosomes preparations isolated from follicular fluid by real-time PCR analysis. Uptake of fluorescent-labeled microvesicles by granulosa cells was examined using in vitro and in vivo approaches. MicroRNA expression profiling reveals that miRNAs in microvesicle and exosome preparations isolated from follicular fluid also are present within surrounding granulosa and cumulus cells. These studies revealed that cell communication within the mammalian ovarian follicle may involve transfer of bioactive material by microvesicles and exosomes. Finally, miRNAs present in exosomes from ovarian follicular fluid varied with the age of the mare, and a number of different miRNAs were detected in young vs. old mare follicular fluid.     

Exosomes with immune modulatory features are present in human breast milk

Breast milk is a complex liquid with immune-competent cells and soluble proteins that provide immunity to the infant and affect the maturation of the infant's immune system. Exosomes are nanovesicles (30-100 nm) with an endosome-derived limiting membrane secreted by a diverse range of cell types. Because exosomes carry immunorelevant structures, they are suggested to participate in directing the immune response. We hypothesized that human breast milk contain exosomes, which may be important for the development of the infant's immune system. We isolated vesicles from the human colostrum and mature breast milk by ultracentrifugations and/or immuno-isolation on paramagnetic beads. We found that the vesicles displayed a typical exosome-like size and morphology as analyzed by electron microscopy. Furthermore, they floated at a density between 1.10 and 1.18 g/ml in a sucrose gradient, corresponding to the known density of exosomes. In addition, MHC classes I and II, CD63, CD81, and CD86 were detected on the vesicles by flow cytometry. Western blot and mass spectrometry further confirmed the presence of several exosome-associated molecules. Functional analysis revealed that the vesicle preparation inhibited anti-CD3-induced IL-2 and IFN-gamma production from allogeneic and autologous PBMC. In addition, an increased number of Foxp3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) T regulatory cells were observed in PBMC incubated with milk vesicle preparations. We conclude that human breast milk contains exosomes with the capacity to influence immune responses.     

Exosomes are secreted at similar densities by M21 and PC3 human cancer cells and show paclitaxel solubility

Exosomes are cell-secreted vesicles less than ≈150 nm in size that contain gene-encoding and gene-silencing RNA and cytosolic proteins with roles in intercellular communication. Interest in the use of exosomes as targeted drug delivery vehicles has grown since it was shown that they can bind specific cells and deliver intact genetic material to the cytosol of target cells. We isolated extracellular vesicles (EVs), consisting of a mixture of exosomes and microvesicles, from prostate (PC3) and melanoma (M21) cancer cell lines using serial ultracentrifugation. Interrogation via western blot analysis confirmed enrichment of CD63, a widely recognized EV surface protein, in the EV pellet from both cell lines. Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) of EV pellets revealed that the two cell lines produced distinct vesicle size profiles in the ≈30 nm to ≈400 nm range. NTA further showed that the fraction of exosomes to all EVs was constant, suggesting cellular mechanisms that control the fraction of secreted vesicles that are exosomes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the unmodified PC3 EVs showed vesicles with cup-like (i.e., nanocapsule) and previously unreported prolate morphologies. The observed non-spherical morphologies for dehydrated exosomal vesicles (size ≈30–100 nm) are most likely related to the dense packing of proteins in exosome membranes. Solubility phase diagram data showed that EVs enhanced the solubility of paclitaxel (PTX) in aqueous solution compared to a water-only control. Combined with their inherent targeting and cytosol delivery properties, these findings highlight the potential advantages of using exosomes as chemotherapeutic drug carriers in vivo.