缙云山风灾迹地恢复群落主要乔木树种种间联结性

应用方差比率法,并通过2×2列联表χ2检验法及利用联结系数AC指数测定法研究了缙云山自然保护区风灾迹地恢复群落自然恢复样地和人工恢复样地中主要乔木树种的种间联结性。结果表明:(1)自然恢复样地主要乔木种群间在总体上呈一定的正关联;而人工恢复样地种群间在总体上呈负关联;(2)2×2列联表的χ2检验共有5个(3)种对为显著正关联(括号内为人工恢复群落的种对数,下同),2个(1)种对为显著负关联;(3)联结系数(AC)指数标量出了自然恢复和人工恢复样地中种对间的联结程度和相伴随出现的机率,两种恢复方式中的多数乔木种群间的联结性不显著且联结程度较低,绝大多数乔木树种之间无显著关联,而且人工恢复比自然恢复无关联性更强;(4)种对间的正关联,主要是由于它们具有相近的生物学特性以及对生境具有相似的生态适应性所致,种对间的负关联主要是由于物种间的空间排斥,适应不同的微环境的结果;(5)人工恢复和自然恢复所在的群落处于演替的不稳定阶段。     

子午岭桥山林区柴松群落主要种群种间联结性研究

基于2×2联列表,应用χ2检验、W检验、联结系数AC和共同出现百分率PC等方法对陕西黄土高原子午岭桥山林区柴松群落乔木层14种主要种群、灌木层23种主要种群和草本层24个主要种群的种间联结显著性和关联强度进行了定量测定,以揭示柴松森林群落不同结构层次中主要植物种群的种间关系.结果显示:(1)柴松群落乔木层、灌木层和草本层主要物种的总体关联性均为正相关.(2)乔木层中柴松与辽东栎、山杏、山桃,辽东栎与山杏、山桃,白桦与山杨之间有明显的正联结;山杏与山桃之间有明显的负联结.(3)灌木层中灰栒子和五加、陕西荚蒾与野葡萄、陕西荚蒾与蒙古荚蒾、盘叶忍冬与忍冬以及草本层中凤毛菊与黄芩、铁杆蒿与地榆、悬钩子与薯蓣、荩草与油芒、菝葜与糙苏、防风与黄花蒿之间存在较为明显的正联结.(4)根据种间联结特征,将14个主要乔木树种划分为4个生态种组,其中柴松和辽东栎为第1生态种组,山楂、白桦、白蜡和山杨为第2生态种组,山桃、茶条槭、毛梾和侧柏为第3生态种组,杜梨、山杏、山荆子和盐肤木为第4生态种组.     

桂林岩溶石山青冈群落主要乔木树种的种间关联

分析桂林岩溶石山青冈群落主要种群的种间关联性,揭示其种群间的共生关系,可为桂林岩溶石山植被的修复与重建、经营管理和生物多样性保护提供理论依据.基于样方调查,采用χ²检验、联结系数(AC)、共同出现百分率(PC)、Ochiai指数(OI)、Dice指数(DI)和主成分分析(PCA)等方法,对桂林岩溶石山青冈群落中重要值前22位的乔木物种进行种间关联测定和生态种组划分.结果表明: 研究区22个主要乔木物种总体呈显著正联结,表明该地区青冈群落处于较稳定的顶极阶段;χ²检验结果显示,231个种对中有108个种对呈正联结,115个种对呈负联结,8个种对无联结,正负联结比为93.9%,绝大多数种对呈不显著联结,种对间的独立性较强,主要原因可能在于桂林岩溶石山较高的生境异质性导致物种间的生态位产生分化;AC、PC、OI和DI与χ²检验结果基本一致,种间关联性分析应以χ²检验为基础,辅以AC、PC、OI和DI等指数进行综合研究;根据PCA排序和种间关联关系,将22个主要乔木种群划分为3个生态种组,组内物种对生境具有趋同适应性,组间物种具有不同的生态要求.     

秦巴山地栓皮栎所在群落主要乔木树种种间联结性的研究

应用方差比率法,并通过2×2列联表χ2检验法及利用Jaccard指数测定法研究了秦岭北坡和巴山北坡栓皮栎所在群落主要乔木树种的种间联结性.结果表明: 1 两地栓皮栎所在群落主要乔木种群间在总体上呈显著正关联; 2 2×2列联表的χ2检验共有9 7为秦岭北坡的种对数,下同 个种对为显著正关联,1 25 个种对为显著负关联; 3 Jaccard指数标量出了两地栓皮栎所在群落中种对间的联结程度和相伴随出现的机率,两地栓皮栎所在群落中多数乔木种群间的联结性不显著且联结程度较低; 4 种对间的正关联,主要是由于它们具有相近的生物学特性以及对生境具有相似的生态适应性所致,种对间的负关联主要是由于物种间的空间排斥,适应不同的微环境的结果; 5 两地栓皮栎所在的群落处于演替的不稳定阶段.     

秦岭西段天然落叶阔叶林乔木种间关联性

为研究小陇山林区天然落叶阔叶林种群的自然生长状况和群落结构特征,解决森林经营中树种选择的问题,2009年6—9月,采用典型抽样的方法,对以锐齿栎为主的落叶阔叶林进行了调查。在小样方(10m×10m)尺度上,调查了乔木树种的分布情况,计算了其重要值;用2×2列联表,以方差比率VR、Jaccard指数、χ2检验,对37个树种666个种对间的关联性进行定量研究。结果表明:群落中锐齿栎重要值最大,其他均为伴生树种;37个树种总体呈现显著的正关联,且总体达到显著水平;χ2检验结果有7个种对呈极显著关联性,占总种对数的1.05%,19个种对呈显著关联性,占总种对数的2.85%;结合AC值,5个种对呈极显著正关联,2个种对呈极显著负关联;640个种对无关联或关联程度未达显著水平,占总种对数的96.10%。群落处于较为稳定的次生演替阶段。研究结果对天然次生林经营及造林树种的选择具有指导意义。     

山西五鹿山白皮松群落乔木层的种间关联性分析

根据2×2联列表,运用方差分析、χ2检验、AC指数、Ochiai指数等技术,对山西五鹿山白皮松群落50个样方内的26种乔木的种间总体联结关系以及各种对间关联显著性和关联系数进行分析与测定。结果表明:该地区26种乔木的总体联结关系以正关联为主,表明白皮松林与其外环境是相适应的;种对间以正、负关联两种形式存在,成对物种之间正负关联的出现,是该群落内环境的表现,也是由群落内环境异质性所致。     

金钱松群落优势种群种间联结及群落稳定性研究

种间联结反映了植物群落中的种间关系和群落稳定程度, 对群落恢复和目标物种的保护具有重要意义。为了解金钱松群落的种间关系及群落稳定性, 采用方差比率法(VR)、x2检验、联结系数(AC)、共同出现百分率(PC)、Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相关系数以及M. Godron稳定性测定等数量分析方法, 对浙江长兴金钱松群落中的18个优势种群、153个种对的种间相关性及群落稳定性进行分析。结果表明: 金钱松群落内的18个优势种群总体联结性呈不显著的正联结, 植物种类累积倒数百分比与累积相对频度交点坐标为(40, 60), 远离稳定交点坐标(20, 80), 说明群落处于不稳定状态。卡方检验表明绝大多数种对之间的联结性均不显著, 只有2个种对存在显著关联。联结系数和共同出现百分率也表明, 群落各种对相关性较弱, 各物种间呈独立分布格局。Pearson相关检验和Spearman秩相关检验发现, 金钱松与水竹之间呈显著负相关。结论: 金钱松群落种间关联性弱, 群落处于不稳定阶段。为保护和促进金钱松种群的恢复, 应进行适当的人为干扰和限制竹类植物在群落中的生长。     

广西大青山南亚热带森林植物群落的种间联结性

广西大青山地处广西西南部,对该地区的研究主要集中在人工林,而对其天然次生林植物群落种间联结性的研究尚未见有报道。该研究基于广西友谊关森林生态系统定位观测研究站1 km2固定样地的调查数据,用方差比率法( VR)和基于2×2联列表,通过χ2统计量检验、共同出现百分率( PC)、联结系数( AC),对广西大青山主要乔木层17个树种、灌木层8个树种、草本层12个树种的种间联结性进行了研究。方差分析结果表明,乔木层的总体种间联结性表现为显著正关联,灌木层的总体种间联结性表现为不显著负关联,草本层的总体种间联结性表现为不显著正关联。不同检验结果表明,该区域植物群落主要乔木树种间具有正联结性的种对较多,大多数乔木树种的种间联结性较紧密;主要灌木树种的种间联结性较松散,草本层主要种间表现为弱联结性。物种生态习性、群落演替阶段等因素可能是造成这一特性的主要原因。未来应加强对其自然环境的管理和保护,如果有必要,可适度人工干预,促进天然次生林的演替。该研究结果为进一步研究南亚热带天然次生林植物群落演替规律、维持和保护其物种多样性奠定基础,也可为该地区人工林的树种选择与配置提供数据支撑,进而对其人工林的近自然经营提供一定的理论参考。     

皖西大别山多枝尖山区主要乔木树种种间联结特征

为探讨皖西大别山多枝尖山区植物群落中乔木树种间的相互关系,采用X2检验、联结系数(AC)和共同出现百分率(PC)对出现频率大于5%的30个主要乔木树种间的种间联结特性进行了分析。X2检验结果显示:在30个主要乔木树种组成的435个种对中,种间联结性显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)的种对有23个,其中,正联结种对有15个,负联结种对有8个。AC值分析结果显示:具有明显正联结性(AC≥0.4)的种对有20个,仅占种对总数的4.6%;而具有明显负联结性(AC<-0.6)的种对有113个,占种对总数的26.0%。PC值分析结果显示:PC值在0.6以上(PC≥0.6)的种对有22个,占种对总数的5.1%;PC值低于0.2(PC<0.2)的种对有271个,占种对总数的62.3%。3个指标的分析结果均表明:该区域植物群落主要乔木树种间具有明显正联结性的种对较少,大多数树种的种间联结较松散;物种生态习性、群落演替阶段和人为活动等因素是造成这一特性的主要原因。     

珍稀植物十齿花群落乔木优势种群种间联结性

采用2×2列联表,通过X2检验和W检验,分析了贵州六盘水市玉舍国家级森林公园十齿花群落20个主要乔木种群的种间联结性.结果表明:20个乔木种群在抽样面积分别为50、100和250 m23种取样水平上均表现为显著的正关联,但取样面积为100 m2,比50 m2和250 m2更为合适.结合联结系数(AC)和种间共同出现百分率(PC)等指标对其种间联结性的程度测度显示:各项指标对十齿花群落主要乔木种群之间联结性关系总体上反映了大致相同的结果,但不同的测定方法可以相互弥补由于单一方法分析的不足;十齿花种群与其它乔木种群之间的联结性较显著,而且多数为正联结.种间正联结性越强,其对环境要求越接近,生态位重叠值越大.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Hectorella: A member of the betalain-suborderChenopodiineae of the orderCentrospermae

Roots ofHectorella caespitosa Hook. f. were induced to produce a red pigment which was shown to be a betalain and not an anthocyanin. These data indicate thatHectorella belongs to theChenopodiineae, the betalain suborder of theCentrospermae, and excludes alignment with the anthocyanin family theCaryophyllaceae.     

Succession in the southern part of the Canadian boreal forest

Forest succession following fire in a forest mosaic of northwestern Quebec has been studied in order to: (1) describe the successional pathways using communities of different ages and (2) evaluate convergence of successional pathways and possible effect of fire suppression on the establishment of steady-state communities. As a first step, ordination and classification techniques were used in order to remove changes in forest composition which are related to abiotic conditions. Then, ordinations based on tree diameter distributions were used to study shifts in species composition in relation to time since the last fire.Even under similar abiotic conditions, successional pathways are numerous. However, regardless of forest composition after fire, most stands show convergence toward dominance of Thuja occidentalis and Picea mariana on xeric sites and dominance of Abies balsamea and Thuja occidentalis on more mesic sites. Stable communities of >300 yr occur on xeric sites while on mesic sites directional succession still occurs after 224 yr. Nearly all species involved in succession are present in the first 50 yr following fire. Only Abies balsamea and Thuja occidentalis increase significantly in frequency during succession. Following initial establishment, successional processes can generally be explained by species longevity and shade tolerance. Early successional species may be abundant in the canopy for more than 200 yr while the rapid decrease of Picea glauca, a late successional species could be related to spruce budworm outbreaks. Considering the short fire rotation observed (about 150 yr), a steady-state forest is unlikely to occur under natural conditions, though it may be possible if fire is controlled.     

The purification of the three trimannosyl-N-acetylchitobiose pentasaccharides from the urine of swainsonine-intoxicated sheep

A simple method for the preparative resolution of three Man₃GlcNAc₂ isomers called Ia, Ib and II has been designed. It consists mainly of the use of concanavalin A-Sepharose which allowed the total purification of Man₃GlcNAc₂-Ia, and then of anion-exchange resin in borate buffer-gradient to separate the Ib and II isomers. The purity of each oligosaccharide was checked by two HPLC methods. The use of these oligosaccharides for different analytical and biosynthetic purposes is discussed, and the unexpected resistance of one of the Man₃GlcNAc₂ alditols to the action of endo--N-acetylglucosaminidase H is noted.     

Evaluation of the Pro-Lab ID ring system for the identification of medically important yeasts

We evaluated 151 coded isolates of medically important yeast species belonging to the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Geotrichum, Rhodoturula, Saccharomyces and Torulopsis using the newly developed rapid Pro-Lab Identification Ring, PL 960 system (PLID-Ring). All isolates were concurrently identified by the API 20C and conventional procedures comprising macro- and micromorphology, assimilation and fermentation of various carbon and nitrogen compounds. The PLID-Ring system identified isolates of Candida albicans, C. kefyr, C. krusei, C. lusitaniae, C. parapsilosis, Rhodotorula rubra, and Torulopsis glabrata with 100% accuracy in 24 h. This system identified C guilliermondii and S. cerevisiae isolates with an accuracy of 90% and 86%, respectively, while those belonging to Cr. neoformans, T. candida (= C. famata), C. rugosa and C. tropicalis were identified with 38.4%, 50%, 12.5% and 50% accuracy, respectively. Three isolates of Cr. laurentii were not identified by the PLID-Ring system. The overall accuracy of the PLID-Ring system was 81.45% (123 of 151 isolates). However, the system does not include species such as Cr. laurentii in its data base. When these three Cr. laurentii isolates were excluded from the evaluation, the accuracy of the PLID-Ring system increased from 81.45% to 83.1%.     

Analysis of the genes of the OEE1 and OEE3 proteins of the photosystem II complex from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The sequences of the nuclear genes of the 33 kDa (OEE1) and the 16 kDa (OEE3) polypeptides of the oxygen evolving complex of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been established. Comparison between the OEE1 protein sequences of C. reinhardtii and higher plants and cyanobacteria reveals 67 and 47% homology. In contrast, C. reinhardtii and higher plants have only 28% overall homology for OEE3 which is mostly limited to the central portion of the protein. The transit peptides of the C. reinhardtii proteins consist of 52 (OEE1) and, most likely, 51 (OEE1) amino acids. They have a basic amino terminal region and, at least in the case of OEE1, a hydrophobic segment at their carboxy terminal end typical of thylakoid lumen proteins. Comparison of the genomic and cDNA clones indicates that the OEE1 and OEE3 genes contain five and four introns, respectively, some of which are located within the coding sequences of the transit peptides.     

Comparative analysis of the Kekkon molecules,related members of the LIG superfamily

Leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) and immunoglobulin (Ig) domains represent two of the most abundant sequence elements in metazoan proteomes. Despite this prevalence, comparatively few molecules containing both LRR and Ig (LIG) modules exist, and fewer still have been functionally defined. One LIG whose function has been investigated is the Drosophila protein Kekkon1 (Kek1). In vivo studies have demonstrated a role for Kek1 in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) signaling and have suggested a role in neuronal pathfinding. Kek1 is the founding member of the Kek family, a group of six Drosophila transmembrane proteins that contain seven LRRs and a single Ig in their extracellular domains. While this arrangement of domains predicts a possible role as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), to date little is known about the function or evolutionary relationship of these additional Kek molecules. Here we report that orthologs of Kek1, Kek2, Kek5, and Kek6 exist in the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and the honeybee, Apis mellifera, indicating that this family has been conserved for ~300 million years of evolutionary time. Comparative sequence analyses reveal remarkable identity among these orthologs, primarily in their extracellular regions. In contrast, the intracellular regions are more divergent, exhibiting only small pockets of conservation. In addition, we provide support for the general notion that these molecules may share common functions as CAMs, by demonstrating that Kek family members can form homotypic and heterotypic complexes.Edited by D. TautzChristina M. MacLaren, Timothy A. Evans and Diego Alvarado contributed equally to this work     

The history of the genusHomo

The genusHomo was established by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758. During the course of the past 150 years, the addition of fossil species to the genusHomo has resulted in a genus that, according to the taxonomic interpretation, could span as much time as 2.5 Myr, and include as many as ten species. This paper reviews the fossil evidence for each of the species involved, and sets out the case for their inclusion inHomo. It suggests that while the case for the inclusion of some species in the genus (e.g.Homo erectus) is well-supported, in the case of two of the species,Homo habilis andHomo rudolfensis, the case for their inclusion is much weaker. Neither the cladistic evidence, nor evidence about adaptation suggest a particularly close relationship with laterHomo.     

Progress on the genetics of the N2-fixing actinorhizal symbiont Frankia

The actinomycete Frankia is of fundamental and ecological interests for several reasons including its wide distribution, its ability to fix nitrogen, differentiate into sporangium and vesicle (specialized cell for nitrogen-fixation), and to nodulate plants from about 24 genera. Here, we present a review on the genetics performed so far on Frankia. At the end of July 2001, 293 kbp of Frankia DNA sequences were found in the databases. Thirty five percent of these sequences corresponded to full gene or gene cluster sequences. These genes could be divided according to their role into 6 key activities: gene translation (rrnA and tRNA ^pro gene), proteolysis (pcr genes), assimilation of ammonium (glnA and glnII), protection against superoxide ions (sodF), nitrogen fixation (nif cluster), and plasmid replication. We present a review of these genetic islands; their function, expression, localization and particular properties are discussed. A comparative analysis of Frankia nif genes from various strains and species is presented. An improved nomenclature for some of these genes is suggested to avoid conflicts. Frankia plasmids DNA sequences are also presented. The novel trends in Frankia genetics are described.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).