翻译后修饰调节SIRT1生物学功能

SIRT1(silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog)是哺乳动物中与酵母菌沉默信息调节因子2(silent information regulator 2,Sir2)同源性最高的同系物。它通过去乙酰化作用调节基因转录、染色体稳定性及靶蛋白活性,参与调节DNA损伤修复、糖脂代谢、抑制炎症及氧化应激等病理生理过程。SIRT1作为重要的蛋白去乙酰化酶,深入了解其翻译后化学修饰及生物学功能具有重要意义。     

SIRT3在心血管疾病中的作用

沉默信息调节因子2相关酶类3(silent mating type information regulation2 homolog-3,SIRT3)是一种依赖于烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide,NAD)的III类去乙酰化酶。SIRT3主要定位于线粒体,广泛分布于肾脏、脑、心脏及肝脏等富含线粒体的组织器官中,其可对组蛋白和非组蛋白去乙酰化在调控细胞代谢、细胞周期、细胞凋亡及细胞寿命方面起着重要的作用。SIRT3通过去乙酰化相关靶蛋白调节其生物活性,在抵抗氧化应激反应,改善血管内皮细胞功能等多种心血管疾病中,都起到了保护性作用。该文旨在对SIRT3在常见的心血管疾病中的作用的研究进展进行综述。     

靶向调控SIRT1与阿尔茨海默病治疗

沉默信息调节因子1 (silent information regulator 1, SIRT1)是哺乳动物NAD+依赖的去乙酰化酶沉默信息调节因子(sirtuin)家族的七种蛋白质之一。SIRT1具有神经保护作用,且研究揭示SIRT1在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)中具有潜在神经保护作用。SIRT1调节许多AD相关病理过程,包括调节淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白(amyloid-β precursor protein, APP)剪切、神经炎症、神经退行性变和线粒体功能障碍等。SIRT1在AD中受到了特别的关注,药理学或遗传学手段激活sirtuin通路在AD实验模型中显示出治疗作用。本综述阐述了SIRT1在AD中的病理作用机制最新研究进展,并对SIRT1诱导剂及其在AD中的治疗潜力进行了概述。     

SIRT1与神经变性疾病

SIRT1(silent mating type information regulation2homolog1)是Sirtuins脱乙酰基酶家族中的一员,是酵母沉默信息调节因子SIR2(silence information regulator)的同源物,因其能在许多生物体模型中作为寿命延长调节子调控细胞生命周期而受到特别关注。SIRT1蛋白存在于哺乳动物细胞质和细胞核中,是老化相关蛋白。SIRT1作用于基因转录因子能加强基因组的稳定性。神经系统发生变性疾病时SIRT1表达量上调,起到一定的神经保护作用。但有实验验证神经元损伤SIRT1过表达导致记忆缺失,并没有起到神经保护作用。SIRT1诱导剂,可以是Sirtuin的激动剂也可以是能量限制状态。目前在生命科学领域里SIRT1已经凸显其科学价值地位,该文就SIRT1及其与神经变性疾病之间的关系做一综述。     

microRNA对衰老相关分子SIRT1调控作用的研究进展

沉默信息调节因子1(silent information regulator 1,SIRT1)是NAD+依赖的III类组蛋白去乙酰化酶,是衰老相关信号通路中的重要分子,参与细胞衰老过程。微小RNA(micro RNA,mi RNA)是一类长度约为22 nt的内源性非编码小分子RNA,通过影响靶m RNA的稳定性或抑制其翻译从而对基因进行转录后表达的调控。研究表明,mi RNAs可以通过调控SIRT1的表达,促进细胞衰老。现就mi RNA对衰老相关分子SIRT1的调控作用进行概述。     

SIRT1在雌性配子发生中的作用及相关疾病的研究进展

沉默信息调节因子1[Sirtuin(silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog)1,Sirt1]是依赖于烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸的组蛋白去乙酰化酶,可与FOX转录因子家族中的O亚家族(FOXOs)、P53等多种转录因子结合.Sirt1通过调控卵巢储备、卵泡形成发育...     

SIRT6——一个重要的寿命和肿瘤调控蛋白质

哺乳动物NAD^＋依赖的组蛋白去乙酰化酶SIRT6（NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-6）属于沉默配型信息调节蛋白家庭（silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog, sirtuin）成员,对机体寿命调控有重要作用,主要表现在：（1）维持基因组和端粒稳定;（2）调节糖和脂肪的能量代谢;（3）调控炎症反应。此外,研究还发现SIRT6是一个抑癌基因,与肿瘤的起源、发展有关。本文就SIRT6与抗衰老及肿瘤调控之间的相关性进行综述。     

Sir2基因与端粒沉默的研究进展

转录沉默是基因表达调控的重要方式,它对于保持细胞的不同分化状态和维持染色质的稳定性至关重要。沉默信息调节因子2（silent information regulator 2,Sir2）参与酵母交配型基因沉默（silent mating type）、端粒区基因沉默以及核糖体DNA（rDNA）沉默。端粒区的基因沉默可能是酵母衰老过程中的机制之一,处于沉默状态的染色质中的许多基因无转录活性,可能由此影响酵母生长。     

沉默信息调节因子1在阿尔茨海默病中的神经保护作用

沉默信息调节因子1(silent information regulator1,SIRT1)作为NAD+依赖的脱乙酰基酶,参与基因转录、能量代谢以及细胞衰老过程的调节。近年研究显示,SIRT1具有明显的神经保护作用。但SIRT1在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)中如何发挥对神经元的调节及保护作用仍不甚明了。本文结合近年的研究,重点总结了SIRT1在AD中的神经保护作用及其可能的分子机制,为防治神经退行性疾病提供新思路。     

Sirt7在病理生理活动中的作用机制

沉默信息调节因子2相关酶(silent mating type information regulator 2-related enzymes,Sirtuin)是烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD⁺)依赖性的去乙酰化酶。Sirt7是定位于核仁的Sirtuin蛋白家族成员,除了具有去乙酰化酶活性外,还具有腺苷二磷酸(adenosine diphosphate,ADP)-核糖基转移酶、去琥珀酰化酶和去戊二酰化酶活性。Sirt7的作用底物包括组蛋白、DNA损伤修复相关因子、核仁小核糖核蛋白成分(核仁纤维蛋白、U3)、转录因子(GA结合蛋白β1(GA binding protein β1,GABPβ1)、叉头框蛋白O4、GATA4)、细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶9、组蛋白乙酰转移酶1、聚合酶相关因子53(polymerase associated factor 53,PAF53)、Ras相关核蛋白(Ras-related nuclear protein,Ran)、活化T细胞的核因子c1和p53等。另外,Sirt7还可以与损伤特异性DNA结合蛋白1(damage-specific DNA binding protein 1,DDB1)/cullin 4/DDB1-cullin 4相关因子1、Suv39h1/Sirt1、Myc、核呼吸因子1和Elk4等作用,进而调节其功能,但作用机制尚不清楚。Sirt7的多种活性使其在维持基因组稳定、调节RNA转录、抵御应激反应、调控代谢及炎症等病理生理活动中发挥重要作用。本文将介绍Sirt7在调节以上病理/生理活动中的作用机制,以及腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(adenosine 5′-monophosphate activated protein kinase,AMPK)、蛋白质精氨酸甲基转移酶6、泛素特异性肽酶7等对Sirt7蛋白合成及活性的调节作用,并对目前Sirt7研究中存在的问题进行讨论。     

Sirt1 deficiency attenuates spermatogenesis and germ cell function

In mammals, Sirt1, a member of the sirtuin family of proteins, functions as a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent protein deactylase, and has important physiological roles, including the regulation of glucose metabolism, cell survival, and mitochondrial respiration. The initial investigations of Sirt1 deficient mice have revealed a phenotype that includes a reduced lifespan, small size, and an increased frequency of abnormal sperm. We have now performed a detailed analysis of the molecular and functional effects of Sirt1 deficiency in the germ line of Sirt1 knock-out (-/-) mice. We find that Sirt1 deficiency markedly attenuates spermatogenesis, but not oogenesis. Numbers of mature sperm and spermatogenic precursors, as early as d15.5 of development, are significantly reduced ( approximately 2-10-fold less; P相似文献   

Targeting anti-aging protein sirtuin (Sirt) in the diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe, incurable, age-associated respiratory disorder that has gained significance because of its unknown etiology and lack of therapeutic approaches. IPF causes maximum damage to the alveolar epithelial cells, thereby leading to lung remodeling and initiating epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). The actual molecular mechanisms underlying IPF still remain unclear, and knowledge about these mechanisms would be helpful in its diagnosis. Sirtuins (Sirt) are class of NAD+-dependent proteins, widely known to exert positive and protective effects on age-related diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and so on, and are also involved in regulating IPF. The sirtuin family comprises of seven members (Sirt1 to Sirt7), out of which Sirt1, Sirt3, Sirt6, and Sirt7 exert positive effects on IPF. Sirt1 is associated with aging and inhibits cellular senescence and fibrosis. Sirt1 is well recognized in controlling pulmonary fibrosis and is also considered as a prime positive mediator of EMT. The expressions of Sirt3 protein tend to decline in IPF patients; hence it is known as an anti-fibrotic protein. Sirt6 indeed has been proven to reduce EMT during IPF. Decreased levels of Sirt7 during IPF regulate lung fibroblasts. Hence, active levels of Sirt1, Sirt3, Sirt6, and Sirt7 can be attractive target models to elucidate a novel potential therapeutic approach for IPF. In this prospect, we have discussed the role of Sirtuins in pulmonary fibrosis by exploring the recent research evidence that highlight the role of sirtuins and also describes their protective effects.     

Neuronal Sirt3 protects against excitotoxic injury in mouse cortical neuron culture

Background

Sirtuins (Sirt), a family of nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD) dependent deacetylases, are implicated in energy metabolism and life span. Among the known Sirt isoforms (Sirt1-7), Sirt3 was identified as a stress responsive deacetylase recently shown to play a role in protecting cells under stress conditions. Here, we demonstrated the presence of Sirt3 in neurons, and characterized the role of Sirt3 in neuron survival under NMDA-induced excitotoxicity.

Methodology/Principal Findings

To induce excitotoxic injury, we exposed primary cultured mouse cortical neurons to NMDA (30 µM). NMDA induced a rapid decrease of cytoplasmic NAD (but not mitochondrial NAD) in neurons through poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activation. Mitochondrial Sirt3 was increased following PARP-1 mediated NAD depletion, which was reversed by either inhibition of PARP-1 or exogenous NAD. We found that massive reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced under this NAD depleted condition mediated the increase in mitochondrial Sirt3. By transfecting primary neurons with a Sirt3 overexpressing plasmid or Sirt3 siRNA, we showed that Sirt3 is required for neuroprotection against excitotoxicity.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated for the first time that mitochondrial Sirt3 acts as a prosurvival factor playing an essential role to protect neurons under excitotoxic injury.     

Neuroprotective role of Sirt1 in mammalian models of Huntington's disease through activation of multiple Sirt1 targets

Huntington's disease is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded polyglutamine repeat in huntingtin (HTT) protein. We previously showed that calorie restriction ameliorated Huntington's disease pathogenesis and slowed disease progression in mice that model Huntington's disease (Huntington's disease mice). We now report that overexpression of sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), a mediator of the beneficial metabolic effects of calorie restriction, protects neurons against mutant HTT toxicity, whereas reduction of Sirt1 exacerbates mutant HTT toxicity. Overexpression of Sirt1 improves motor function, reduces brain atrophy and attenuates mutant-HTT-mediated metabolic abnormalities in Huntington's disease mice. Further mechanistic studies suggested that Sirt1 prevents the mutant-HTT-induced decline in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations and the signaling of its receptor, TrkB, and restores dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32 kDa (DARPP32) concentrations in the striatum. Sirt1 deacetylase activity is required for Sirt1-mediated neuroprotection in Huntington's disease cell models. Notably, we show that mutant HTT interacts with Sirt1 and inhibits Sirt1 deacetylase activity, which results in hyperacetylation of Sirt1 substrates such as forkhead box O3A (Foxo3a), thereby inhibiting its pro-survival function. Overexpression of Sirt1 counteracts the mutant-HTT-induced deacetylase deficit, enhances the deacetylation of Foxo3a and facilitates cell survival. These findings show a neuroprotective role for Sirt1 in mammalian Huntington's disease models and open new avenues for the development of neuroprotective strategies in Huntington's disease.