Diversity of microbes associated with the marine sponge, Haliclona simulans, isolated from Irish waters and identification of polyketide synthase genes from the sponge metagenome

Samples of the sponge Haliclona simulans were collected from Irish waters and subjected to a culture-independent analysis to determine the microbial, polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) diversity. 16S rRNA gene libraries were prepared from total sponge, bacterial enriched sponge and seawater samples. Eight phyla from the Bacteria were detected in the sponge by phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene libraries. The most abundant phylum in the total sponge library was the Proteobacteria (86%), with the majority of these clones being from the γ- Proteobacteria (77%); two groups of clones were dominant and together made up 69% of the total. Both of these groups were related to other sponge-derived microbes and comprised novel genera. Within the other bacterial phyla groups of clones representing novel candidate genera within the phyla Verrucomicrobia and Lentisphaerae were also found. Selective enrichment of the bacterial component of the sponge prior to 16S rRNA gene analysis resulted in a 16S rRNA gene library dominated by a novel genus of δ- Proteobacteria , most closely related to the Bdellovibrio . The potential for the sponge microbiota to produce secondary metabolites was also analysed by polymerase chain reaction amplification of PKS and NRPS genes. While no NRPS sequences were isolated seven ketosynthase (KS) sequences were obtained from the sponge metagenome. Analyses of these clones revealed a diverse collection of PKS sequences which were most closely affiliated with PKS from members of the Cyanobacteria , Myxobacteria and Dinoflagellata .     

Culturable Actinobacteria from the Marine Sponge Hymeniacidon perleve: Isolation and Phylogenetic Diversity by 16S rRNA gene-RFLP Analysis

A total of 106 actinobacteria associated with the marine sponge Hymeniacidon perleve collected from the Yellow Sea, China were isolated using eight different media. The number of species and genera of actinobacteria recovered from the different media varied significantly, underlining the importance of optimizing the isolation conditions. The phylogenetic diversity of the actinobacteria isolates was assessed using 16S rRNA gene amplification–restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the 106 strains with different morphologies. The RFLP fingerprinting of selected strains by HhaI-digestion of the 16S rRNA genes resulted in 11 different patterns. The HhaI-RFLP analysis gave good resolution for the identification of the actinobacteria isolates at the genus level. A phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolates belonged to seven genera of culturable actinobacteria including Actinoalloteichus, Micromonospora, Nocardia, Nocardiopsis, Pseudonocardia, Rhodococcus, and Streptomyces. The dominant genus was Streptomyces, which represented 74% of the isolates. Three of the strains identified are candidates for new species.     

河北九莲城淖尔可培养放线菌多样性及抗菌活性筛选

【目的】勘探干涸的九莲城淖尔土壤放线菌多样性并进行活性筛选,以期发现药用微生物资源,为新抗生素的发现奠定基础。【方法】采用15种分离培养基,以稀释涂布法分离放线菌;根据分离菌株的16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析放线菌多样性;发酵液经乙酸乙酯萃取,菌丝体经丙酮浸提,获得提取浓缩物样品;样品通过纸片扩散法进行抗菌活性初筛;抗菌阳性菌株采用PCR技术进行Ⅰ型聚酮合酶(PKS I)KS域、Ⅱ型聚酮合酶(PKS II)KS域和非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)A结构域抗生素生物合成基因的检测。【结果】从11份盐湖土壤样品中分离纯化到251株放线菌,其分布于放线菌纲的10个目15个科31个属,其中优势菌属为链霉菌属和拟诺卡氏菌属;251株放线菌中包括57株耐(嗜)盐放线菌,其优势菌属为拟诺卡氏菌属(22株)和涅斯捷连科氏菌属(15株)。基于16S r RNA基因序列的系统发育分析显示,菌株J11Y309为糖霉菌科潜在新属,菌株J12GA03为分枝杆菌科潜在新种。96株放线菌活性检测结果显示,56株至少对1株检定菌具有抗菌活性,阳性率为58.3%;56株有活性的放线菌中,47株至少含有1种抗生素生物合成基因,其中17株同时具有3种抗生素生物合成基因。【结论】干涸的九莲城淖尔土壤中含有较为丰富的药用放线菌资源,具有从中发现放线菌新物种和新抗生素的潜力。     

塔里木盆地胀果甘草内生放线菌多样性及抗菌活性分析

【目的】发掘具有开发前景的放线菌资源,对分离自新疆胀果甘草的内生放线菌的多样性、抗菌活性和次级代谢产物合成相关基因进行研究。【方法】采用5种培养基和3种前处理方法,从胀果甘草中分离获得80株放线菌。基于菌株形态学特征,对36株代表菌株进行抗菌活性检测,通过特异性引物扩增方法,检测了PKS I、PKS II、NPRS和卤化酶基因,探究其合成天然产物的潜在能力。结合筛选结果,选取其中20株代表菌,经16S r RNA基因测序,对其进行系统发育分析。【结果】培养基E2和E3结合热处理的分离效果较好;86.1%的代表菌株对供试的细菌、病原真菌表现出了不同程度的抗菌活性,PKS I、PKS II、NRPS基因和卤化酶基因阳性检出率分别为16.7%、72.2%、25.0%和11.1%。具有活性功能的代表菌株经16S r RNA基因测序分析,分别属于链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、小单胞菌属(Micromonospora)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus)和游动放线菌属(Actinoplanes)4个属,其中链霉菌属(Streptomyces)为优势菌属,占60%以上。【结论】胀果甘草是我国传统的药用植物,其植株内部蕴藏着丰富的放线菌资源,并在次生代谢产物合成方面拥有巨大潜力,具有进一步开发的价值。     

海南东寨港真红树植物内生放线菌多样性及其抗菌活性

【目的】勘探海南东寨港真红树植物内生放线菌多样性,为发现放线菌新物种和新抗生素奠定基础。【方法】样品经表面消毒后粉碎,用10种不同培养基分离放线菌;通过PCR扩增、测定并比对16S r RNA基因序列,开展放线菌多样性分析;通过发酵、萃取等处理方法得到四类样品,包括发酵原液、乙酸乙酯提取液及水层和菌体的丙酮浸泡提取液;采用纸片扩散法对样品进行抗菌活性筛选;基于PCR的基因筛选技术探测活性菌株可能存在的NRPS、PKS I、PKS II抗生素生物合成基因。【结果】经形态特征排重,从14种真红树植物样品中共得到放线菌146株,16S r RNA基因序列比对表明它们分布于13个科18个属,其中链霉菌属为优势菌属,菌株S3Cf-2和S3Af-1的16S r RNA基因序列分别与有效发表菌株Couchioplanes caeruleus DSM44103T(X93202)和Microlunatus terrae BS6T(JF806519)的相似率最高,分别为97.45%和97.43%,可能为新物种。对其中46株放线菌发酵样品的抗菌活性检测表明,40株具有抗菌活性,总阳性率为86.96%;活性菌株中,38株菌存在至少一种所探测的生物合成基因簇,阳性率为95%,其中14株同时具有所探测的3种抗生素生物合成基因簇。【结论】海南东寨港真红树植物中存在多样性丰富的药用放线菌资源,具有从中发现放线菌新物种及新抗生素的潜力。     

抗菌和细胞毒活性海洋细菌的筛选及其次生代谢基因证据

从不同海域的海水、海泥和海洋生物中分离海洋细菌,利用琼脂扩散法和MTT法对细菌培养液的乙酸乙酯提取物进行了抗菌和细胞毒活性筛选,并对具有细胞毒活性的细菌菌株进行了16SrRNA系统发生学分析和多聚酮合酶(PKSⅠ型)、非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPS)的筛选。结果显示,在分离到的346株海洋细菌中,42株细菌具有抗菌活性,12株具有细胞毒活性。对12株具有细胞毒活性的细菌菌株进行了16SrRNA系统发生学分析,它们分别属于Agrobacterium,Pseudoalteromons,Bacillus,Paracoccus,Rheinheimera,Aerococcus,Exiguobacterium和Alteromonas8个属。对这12株具有细胞毒活性的细菌菌株进行进一步的PKS和NRPS筛选,得到了4株含有PKSⅠ型的KS结构域或NPRS的A结构域的海洋细菌,为从聚酮和非核糖体肽等生物合成途径去深入研究其次生代谢产物提供了基因学的证据。     

A comparative study on the phylogenetic diversity of culturable actinobacteria isolated from five marine sponge species

A cultivation-based approach was employed to compare the culturable actinobacterial diversity associated with five marine sponge species (Craniella australiensis, Halichondria rugosa, Reniochalina sp., Sponge sp., and Stelletta tenuis). The phylogenetic affiliation of the actinobacterial isolates was assessed by 16S rDNA-RFLP analysis. A total of 181 actinobacterial strains were isolated using five different culture media (denoted as M1–M5). The type of medium exhibited significant effects on the number of actinobacteria recovered, with the highest number of isolates on M3 (63 isolates) and the lowest on M1 (12 isolates). The genera isolated were also different, with the recovery of three genera on M2 and M3, and only a single genus on M1. The number of actinobacteria isolated from the five sponge species was significantly different, with a count of 83, 36, 30, 17, and 15 isolates from S. tenuis, H. rugosa, Sponge sp., Reniochalina sp., and C. australiensis, respectively. M3 was the best isolation medium for recovery of actinobacteria from S. tenuis, H. rugosa, and Sponge sp., while no specific medium preference was observed for the recovery of actinobacteria from Reniochalina sp., and C. australiensis. The RFLP fingerprinting of 16S rDNA genes digested with HhaI revealed six different patterns, in which 16 representative 16S rDNAs were fully sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that 12 strains belong to the group Streptomyces, three strains belong to Pseudonocardia, and one strain belongs to Nocardia. Two strains C14 (from C. australiensis) and N13 (from Sponge sp.) have only 96.26% and 96.27% similarity to earlier published sequences, and are therefore potential candidates for new species. The highest diversity of three actinobacteria genera was obtained from Sponge sp., though the number of isolates was low. Two genera of actinobacteria, Streptomyces, and Pseudonocardia, were isolated from both S. tenuis and C. australiensis. Only the genus of Streptomyces was isolated from H. rugosa and Reniochalina sp. Sponge species have been demonstrated here to vary as sources of culturable actinobacterial diversity, and the methods for sampling such diversity presented may be useful for improved sampling of such diversity.     

The rhizospheres of traditional medicinal plants in Panxi, China, host a diverse selection of actinobacteria with antimicrobial properties

Actinobacteria are a prolific source of antibiotics. Since the rate of discovery of novel antibiotics is decreasing, actinobacteria from unique environments need to be explored. In particular, actinobacterial biocontrol strains from medicinal plants need to be studied as they can be a source of potent antibiotics. We combined culture-dependent and culture-independent methods in analyzing the actinobacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of seven traditional medicinal plant species from Panxi, China, and assessed the antimicrobial activity of the isolates. Each of the plant species hosted a unique set of actinobacterial strains. Out of the 64 morphologically distinct isolates, half were Streptomyces sp., eight were Micromonospora sp., and the rest were members of 18 actinobacterial genera. In particular, Ainsliaea henryi Diels. hosted a diverse selection of actinobacteria, although the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence identity ranges of the isolates and of the 16S rRNA gene clone library were not congruent. In the clone library, 40% of the sequences were related to uncultured actinobacteria, emphasizing the need to develop isolation methods to assess the full potential of the actinobacteria. All Streptomyces isolates showed antimicrobial activity. While the antimicrobial activities of the rare actinobacteria were limited, the growth of Escherichia coli, Verticillium dahliae, and Fusarium oxysporum were inhibited only by rare actinobacteria, and strains related to Saccharopolyspora shandongensis and Streptosporangium roseum showed broad antimicrobial activity.     

Phylogenetically Diverse Cultivable Fungal Community and Polyketide Synthase (PKS), Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthase (NRPS) Genes Associated with the South China Sea Sponges

Compared with sponge-associated bacteria, the phylogenetic diversity of fungi in sponge and the association of sponge fungi remain largely unknown. Meanwhile, no detection of polyketide synthase (PKS) or non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) genes in sponge-associated fungi has been attempted. In this study, diverse and novel cultivable fungi including 10 genera (Aspergillus, Ascomycete, Fusarium, Isaria, Penicillium, Plectosphaerella, Pseudonectria, Simplicillium, Trichoderma, and Volutella) in four orders (Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Microascales, and Phyllachorales) of phylum Ascomycota were isolated from 10 species marine sponges in the South China Sea. Eurotiales and Hypocreales fungi were suggested as sponge generalists. The predominant isolates were Penicillium and Aspergillus in Eurotiales followed by Volutella in Hypocreales. Based on the conserved Beta-ketosynthase of PKS and A domain of NRPS, 15 polyketide synthases, and four non-ribosomal peptides synthesis genes, including non-reducing and reducing PKSs and hybrid PKS–NRPS, were detected in these fungal isolates. A lateral gene transfer event was indicated in the comparison between the phylogenetic diversity of 18S rRNA genes and β-ketoacyl synthase domain sequences. Some fungi, especially those with PKS or NRPS genes, showed antimicrobial activity against P. fluorescens, S. aureus and B. subtilis. It was the first time to investigate PKS and NRPS genes in sponge-associated fungi. Based on the detected antibiotics biosynthesis-related PKS and NRPS genes and antimicrobial activity, the potential ecological role of sponge-associated fungi in the chemical defense for sponge host was suggested. This study extended our knowledge of sponge-associated fungal phylogenetic diversity and their potential roles in the chemical defense.     

角额壁蜂共生放线菌分离、鉴定及其发酵产物抗菌活性研究

近年来,昆虫与共生菌的关系受到越来越多的关注,研究昆虫共生菌的种类及生物学功能具有重要意义。对从烟台、威海采集的角额壁蜂及其巢室进行放线菌的分离、纯化和16S rRNA序列测序并构建系统发育树,分别采用菌块对峙法和纸片扩散法测定菌株及其发酵液抗真菌和抗细菌活性。共计得到37株放线菌,鉴定结果表明共生菌菌株分别归属于7个属:链霉菌属26株,小单孢菌属3株,拟诺卡氏菌属2株,珊瑚状放线菌属1株,马杜拉放线菌属3株、假诺卡氏菌属1株和疣孢菌属1株。Streptomyces sp.OC1611-8A和Streptomyces sp.R1706-8菌体抗真菌作用较强,对杨生盾壳霉和云南刺盘孢抑菌圈直径更是达到了25~32 mm;Micromonospora sp.OC1403-4发酵液对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌均有较好的抗菌活性,抑菌圈直径达到了16~19 mm。本研究为进一步分离角额壁蜂共生菌的发酵产物,鉴定具有新型结构的抗菌化合物提供了参考。     

Biodiversity of Actinomycetes Associated with Caribbean Sponges and Their Potential for Natural Product Discovery

Marine actinomycetes provide a rich source of structurally unique and bioactive secondary metabolites. Numerous genera of marine actinomycetes have been isolated from marine sediments as well as several sponge species. In this study, 16 different species of Caribbean sponges were collected from four different locations in the coastal waters off Puerto Rico in order to examine diversity and bioactive metabolite production of marine actinomycetes in Caribbean sponges. Sediments were also collected from each location, in order to compare actinomycete communities between these two types of samples. A total of 180 actinomycetes were isolated and identified based on 16S rRNA gene analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the presence of at least 14 new phylotypes belonging to the genera Micromonospora, Verruscosispora, Streptomyces, Salinospora, Solwaraspora, Microbacterium and Cellulosimicrobium. Seventy-eight of the isolates (19 from sediments and 59 from sponges) shared 100 % sequence identity with Micromonospora sp. R1. Despite having identical 16S rRNA sequences, the bioactivity of extracts and subsequent fractions generated from the fermentation of both sponge- and sediment-derived isolates identical to Micromonospora sp. R1 varied greatly, with a marked increase in antibiotic metabolite production in those isolates derived from sponges. These results indicate that the chemical profiles of isolates with high 16S rRNA sequence homology to known strains can be diverse and dependent on the source of isolation. In addition, seven previously reported dihydroquinones produced by five different Streptomyces strains have been purified and characterized from one Streptomyces sp. strain isolated in this study from the Caribbean sponge Agelas sceptrum.     

川楝内生放线菌多样性及抗菌活性筛选

【目的】探究药用植物川楝内生放线菌多样性,从中挖掘出新的放线菌菌株,发现新的潜在农业生防和医药先导化合物。【方法】从四川境内的资阳、遂宁以及重庆万州采集川楝的根、茎、叶、果、皮,采用纯培养方法,用4种培养基共分离获得148株放线菌。通过形态学观察筛选出60株放线菌进行RFLP分析,选出代表菌株进行16S r RNA基因序列分析。以3株细菌和6株病原真菌作为指示菌株,检测初筛出的60株菌株的抗菌活性以及聚酮合酶(PKSⅠ、PKSⅡ)基因、非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)基因和卤化酶(Halo)基因。【结果】基于16S r RNA-RFLP分析,60株放线菌被分成10簇,筛选出25株代表菌株分别属于7个属,包括Streptomyces、Micromonospora、Planotetraspora、Streptosporangium、Nocardiopsis、Prauseria、Microbispora,其中链霉菌占73.3%。供试的川楝内生放线菌对细菌、真菌有不同程度的抗菌活性;其中含有4类化合物合成基因的菌株占10%-55%。【结论】药用植物川楝内生放线菌具有丰富的多样性,且不同地区不同部位川楝组织中放线菌的种群存在差异;分离菌株广谱的抗菌活性证明,川楝内生放线菌在次生代谢产物合成方面具有巨大潜力,这为进一步的药物开发提供了丰富的菌种资源。     

南海深海沉积物放线菌多样性分析

【目的】免培养和纯培养相结合分析南海深海沉积物放线菌多样性。【方法】免培养方法通过提取沉积物宏基因组DNA,利用放线菌门特异性引物扩增放线菌16S r RNA基因序列,构建放线菌16S r RNA基因克隆文库,文库经RFLP(Restriction fragment length polymorphism)分析后挑选代表序列测序并进行多样性指数分析和系统发育分析。可培养方法利用8种培养基进行菌株分离,对排重后的菌株进行16S r RNA基因序列多样性分析。【结果】构建的两个深海位点的16S r RNA基因克隆文库在放线菌门的放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)、酸微菌纲(Acidimicrobiia)、腈基降解菌纲(Nitriliruptoria)和嗜热油菌纲(Thermoleophilia)4个纲中均有分布;两个位点中的种群结构有差异,N40-4位点的优势种群是放线菌纲的链霉菌目(Streptomycetales);N63-4位点的优势种群是腈基降解菌纲的腈基降解菌目(Nitriliruptorales)。8种培养基共分离出41株放线菌,根据形态特征排重后得到的19株菌分布于10个不同的属,12个不同的种,其中稀有放线菌属比例较高,菌株OAct400为潜在的微杆菌属(Microbacterium)新种。【结论】南海深海沉积物蕴含着丰富的放线菌物种资源及大量未知种群,具有进一步研究的价值。     

Investigation of bacteria with polyketide synthase genes and antimicrobial activity isolated from South China Sea sponges

Aims:  To obtain bacteria with PKS (polyketide synthase) genes and antimicrobial activity from sponges.
Methods and Results:  Eighteen bacteria with KS (ketosynthase) genes were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening of 98 isolates from South China Sea sponges, Stelletta tenuis , Halichondria rugosa , Dysidea avara and Craniella australiensis . 16S rRNA gene-based B last analysis indicated that 15 isolates belonged to the phylum Firmicutes , among which 14 isolates were closely related to genus Bacillus , and 1 to Staphylococcus lentus . Two isolates were identified as actinomycetes, and one as Alcaligenes sp. in the phylum Proteobacteria . The 18 KS domains belong to trans-AT type I PKS and match PKS of marine bacterial symbionts. The 18 bacteria exhibited broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities against fungi, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. A 21·8-kb PKS gene cluster fragment containing five modules was isolated from the Staphylococcus lentus isolate A75 by screening of a fosmid library.
Conclusions:  The PKS gene diversity and different antimicrobial spectra indicate the potential of bacteria associated with South China Sea sponges for diverse polyketide production.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Combined with bioactivity assay the PKS gene-based approach can be applied to efficient screening of strains of pharmaceutical value and the prediction of related compounds.     

Rapid identification of marine bioluminescent bacteria by amplified 16S ribosomal RNA gene restriction analysis

To rapidly identify natural isolates of marine bioluminescent bacteria, we developed amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) methods. ARDRA, which is based on the restriction patterns of 16S rRNA gene digested with five enzymes (EcoRI, DdeI, HhaI, HinfI, RsaI), clearly distinguished the 14 species of marine bioluminescent bacteria currently known, which belong to the genera Vibrio, Photobacterium, and Shewanella. When we applied ARDRA to 129 natural isolates from two cruises in Sagami Bay, Japan, 127 were grouped into six ARDRA types with distinctive restriction patterns; these isolates represented the bioluminescent species, P. angustum, P. leiognathi, P. phosphoreum, S. woodyi, V. fischeri, and V. harveyi. The other two isolates showing unexpected ARDRA patterns turned out to have 16S rRNA gene sequences similar to P. leiognathi and P. phosphoreum. Nevertheless, ARDRA provides a simple and fairly robust means for rapid identification of the natural isolates of marine bioluminescent bacteria, and is therefore useful in studying their diversity.     

百部内生放线菌的分离、分类及次级代谢潜力

【目的】以对叶百部块根为材料分离内生放线菌,并对分离菌株进行分类、抗菌活性和次级代谢产物合成基因研究。【方法】样品经过严格的表面消毒,选用4种培养基分离百部内生放线菌;分离菌株通过形态观察和16S rRNA序列分析进行分类鉴定;采用琼脂移块法测试分离菌株的抗菌活性;通过PCR检测分离菌株的PKS/NPRS和卤化酶基因;使用HPLC-UV/VIS-ESI-MS/MS分析发酵产物。【结果】从6个样品中获得18株内生放线菌,分属链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、小单孢菌属(Micromonospora)、假诺卡氏菌属(Pseudonocardia)和甲基杆菌属(Methylobacterium)。分离菌株绝大部分具有抗菌活性和次级代谢产物合成基因,其中13株对耐药金黄色葡萄球菌和/或绿脓杆菌有拮抗活性,17株具有PKS/NRPS基因,8株菌具有卤化酶基因,且卤化酶阳性代表菌株的发酵产物具有抗细菌活性和卤代化合物特征。【结论】百部作为一种传统中药,其内生放线菌以链霉菌和小单孢菌为主,在次级代谢产物合成方面具有很好的潜力,可作为一类重要微生物资源进行活性产物开发。     

Streptomyces associated with a marine sponge Haliclona sp.; biosynthetic genes for secondary metabolites and products

Terrestrial actinobacteria have served as a primary source of bioactive compounds; however, a rapid decrease in the discovery of new compounds strongly necessitates new investigational approaches. One approach is the screening of actinobacteria from marine habitats, especially the members of the genus Streptomyces. Presence of this genus in a marine sponge, Haliclona sp., was investigated using culture‐dependent and ‐independent techniques. 16S rRNA gene clone library analysis showed the presence of diverse Streptomyces in the sponge sample. In addition to the dominant genus Streptomyces, members of six different genera were isolated using four different media. Five phylogenetically new strains, each representing a novel species in the genus Streptomyces were also isolated. Polyphasic study suggesting the classification of two of these strains as novel species is presented. Searching the strains for the production of novel compounds and the presence of biosynthetic genes for secondary metabolites revealed seven novel compounds and biosynthetic genes with unique sequences. In these compounds, JBIR‐43 exhibited cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines. JBIR‐34 and ‐35 were particularly interesting because of their unique chemical skeleton. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study detailing the isolation of actinobacteria from a marine sponge and novel secondary metabolites from these strains.     

Isolation and identification of actinobacteria from surface-sterilized wheat roots

This is the first report of filamentous actinobacteria isolated from surface-sterilized root tissues of healthy wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.). Wheat roots from a range of sites across South Australia were used as the source material for the isolation of the endophytic actinobacteria. Roots were surface-sterilized by using ethanol and sodium hypochlorite prior to the isolation of the actinobacteria. Forty-nine of these isolates were identified by using 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing and found to belong to a small group of actinobacterial genera including Streptomyces, Microbispora, Micromonospora, and Nocardiodes spp. Many of the Streptomyces spp. were found to be similar, on the basis of their 16S rDNA gene sequence, to Streptomyces spp. that had been isolated from potato scabs. In particular, several isolates exhibited high 16S rDNA gene sequence homology to Streptomyces caviscabies and S. setonii. None of these isolates, nor the S. caviscabies and S. setonii type strains, were found to carry the nec1 pathogenicity-associated gene or to produce the toxin thaxtomin, indicating that they were nonpathogenic. These isolates were recovered from healthy plants over a range of geographically and temporally isolated sampling events and constitute an important plant-microbe interaction.     

武陵山放线菌多样性

[目的]为了探究武陵山放线菌多样性,以便从新放线菌菌株中发现新的潜在药物先导化合物.[方法]从武陵山采集280份土样,采用纯培养的方法,用4种培养基分离到1134株放线菌.选择其中30株代表菌进行了初步分类鉴定;以3株细菌和7株农作物致病真菌作为指示菌,检测其抑菌活性;利用特异性引物扩增的方法,检测是否具有聚酮合酶(PKS Ⅰ、PKSⅡ)基因、非核糖体多肽合成酶(NRPS)基因和多烯类化合物合成酶(CYP)基因.[结果]分离到的武陵山放线菌中,链霉菌占70%以上,还有小单孢菌等8个科13个属,其中有5个菌株是潜在的新种.选取的30株实验菌对细菌、真菌有不同程度的抗菌活性;其中含有4类化合物合成基因的菌株占23%～60%.[结论]武陵山原始森林土壤中,放线菌多样性很丰富,且存在很多未开发的稀有类群.有抑菌活性的菌株,可用于进一步的药物开发利用.