乙烯在豌豆植株顶端优势中的作用

用人工合成细胞分裂素ＢＡＰ和ＣＰＰＵ处理豌豆植株叶腋可诱导处理部位侧芽的生长,同时伴有大量乙烯产生,用乙烯合成抑制剂ＡＶＧ处理或植株去顶同样可导致侧芽的生长与乙烯释放量的多少无关。而３种物质处理后诱导产生的侧芽的数目,长度及其鲜重与处理部位内源ＩＡＡ含量的增加则呈正相关。     

环境胁迫对大麦幼苗一氧化氮释放的影响

采用化学发光法定量研究了高温、干旱、盐和重金属(镉和铜)等几种环境胁迫对大麦幼苗内源一氧化氮(NO)释放量的影响.结果表明:短期高温处理可诱导大麦幼苗内源NO释放上升,长期处理则降至对照水平;短期高浓度聚乙二醇6000(25%,30%)处理使植株NO释放量显著增加,但随干旱胁迫时间延长NO释放量有所下降;短期盐胁迫使植株NO释放量增加,长期处理则因盐度不同而有所差异,表现为中低盐度下(≤400 mmol·L-1)植株NO释放与对照水平相当,而高盐度下(≥600 mmol·L-1)植株NO释放则始终维持较高水平;短期重金属镉和铜处理植株后,植株NO释放与对照差异不大,长期镉处理后,植株NO释放显著升高,而长期铜处理只在低浓度下出现释放高峰.这些结果表明环境胁迫可诱导植物体内NO产生,其NO释放量与胁迫强度和作用时间有一定相关性.     

乙烯对UV-B辐射诱导蚕豆气孔关闭的调控效应(英文)

UV-B辐射作为一种重要的环境信号影响着植物的生长与发育,它能够调控气孔运动和诱导乙烯产生.该试验利用乙烯生物合成抑制剂和乙烯受体抑制剂处理蚕豆叶片表皮条,结合气孔开度分析和乙烯释放量测定,研究乙烯在UV-B辐射调控表皮条气孔运动中的作用.结果发现,将蚕豆叶片表皮条置于0.8 W·m-2的UV-B辐射下1～4 h,乙烯生成和气孔关闭均被显著诱导,且乙烯释放峰先于气孔关闭的起始;乙烯生物合成抑制剂和乙烯受体抑制剂处理均能显著逆转UV-B辐射诱导的气孔关闭;外源乙烯处理也能模拟UV-B辐射的效应诱导可见光下蚕豆表皮条的气孔关闭.可见,乙烯介导了UV-B辐射诱导的蚕豆气孔关闭.     

不同氮营养下炭疽病菌侵染对菜心叶片内源激素的影响

研究了6种不同氮营养水平下炭疽病菌对菜心叶片乙烯释放量、脱落酸(ABA)和吲哚乙酸(IAA)含量的影响及其与抗病性的关系.结果表明,在感病过程中,所有氮营养处理乙烯释放量呈单峰曲线变化,并在接种后的第4天至第6天达到峰值,适宜氮、低氮营养比高氮或不施肥可抑制乙烯产生和ABA的合成,维持体内乙烯、ABA的稳定.适宜氮、低氮处理感病后IAA含量一直上升,而高氮或不施肥处理的IAA呈单峰曲线变化,并在接种后4～6d达到峰值,随着致病时间的延长,适宜氮、低氮营养比高氮或不施肥可提高炭疽病菌对IAA的诱导.表明氮营养炭疽病内源激素之间存在密切的关系,维持植株体内的激素平衡是提高植株耐病的机理之一.     

小麦乙烯利杀雄和乙烯熏气的作用

小麦孕穗期用4000ppm乙烯利处理诱导雄性不育时,穗部乙烯大量释放的时间集中在大约10天以内,形成高峰。乙烯熏气直接处理三天(1～100ppm,每天12小时),明显增加不育率,但对植株生长发育的其它方面未见影响。AgNO_3(500ppm)预处理对乙烯利(乙烯)抑制小麦生长和杀雄等具有拮抗作用。对杀雄过程中乙烯利的运转、分解以及乙烯的作用进行了讨论。     

Fe^2＋诱发谷粒颖壳中乙烯释放和促进水稻幼苗生长的关系

Ｆｅ２＋ 可诱发水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）谷粒颖壳中释放大量乙烯,诱导反应是一个非酶促的化学过程。可能在谷粒颖壳中存在一种非气态的乙烯前体,在Ｆｅ２＋ 的作用下可转化为气态乙烯。Ｆｅ２＋ 促进水稻幼苗的生长可能是通过其诱导乙烯所引起的。因为Ｆｅ２＋ 诱发颖壳中的乙烯释放和它促进幼苗生长在时间上正好同步,当第一次处理后再更新Ｆｅ２＋ 溶液时,不再能诱发乙烯释放,也不再促进幼苗生长;Ｆｅ２＋ 不能刺激萌发糙米的乙烯产生,也不促进其幼苗生长     

硼对吲哚乙酸在植物体内运输的影响

以绿豆为指示作物,研究缺硼对侧芽生长及³H-吲哚乙酸（IAA）在完整植株体内运输的影响.结果表明：缺硼诱导侧芽生长,导致³H-IAA移动峰靠近植株顶端,茎中³H-IAA的放射性活度也低于供硼充分的植株,说明缺硼抑制了³H-IAA在植株体内的极性运输;无论缺硼与否侧芽中均未检测到³H-IAA,所以侧芽的生长与³H-IAA在其中的积累没有关系,表明硼并不是通过调节IAA在侧芽中的积累,而是通过调节IAA在主茎的移动流调控侧芽生长;给缺硼植株供硼24 h能够恢复IAA在植株体内的极性运输能力.     

测量组培容器中乙烯胁迫的方法

在组培容器中积累的乙烯会抑制小植株的生长。然而,没有能测量组培容器中乙烯引起的胁迫的方法。Ｒ．Ｊｏｎａ和同事们在螺旋盖锥形容器中培养乙烯敏感苹果小植株和乙烯不敏感葡萄小植株,向容器中注入浓度的０．２μｌ／ｍｌ的乙烯。容器由装置着橡皮膜的螺旋盖关闭。可以从培养容器中抽取气体样品。对照小植株培养在封盖较松可使乙烯挥发出去的容器里。每两天测定一次容器中乙烯的量和小植株中叶绿素的量。据作者称：“叶绿素含量可用来定量估计乙烯对生长的小植株产生的胁迫。认为苹果比葡萄对乙烯更敏感的经验性估计,现在不但可以用实…     

多效唑调节水稻植株生长的作用机理

多效唑处理水稻植株后使株高降低和分蘖增加,植株体内的GA类物质和IAA含量相应下降,乙烯释放率显著增加;用外源GA_3和氮肥能逆转多效唑的抑制作用而使株高增加,同时GA类物质含量也明显增加。因此,多效唑不仅调节体内的GA类物质含量,还能通过调节IAA含量和乙烯释放率而影响植物生长。     

欧洲云杉胚性愈伤组织培养中乙烯的释放及其作用

在欧洲云杉胚性愈伤组织诱导培养中,有乙烯不断释放。以3μmol·L-1氨氧乙基乙烯基甘氨酸（AVG）、30μmol·L－1AgNO3处理时,乙烯的释放量分别减少88．2％和32．9％;以30μmol·L－1乙烯丰处理,乙烯释放增加70．4％。乙烯释放量的变化对胚性愈伤组织的诱导率无显著的抑制或促进效果。乙烯的变化对胚性细胞的显微形态无显著影响。     

Stimulatory effect of cytokinins and interaction with IAA on the release of lateral buds of pea plants from apical dominance

Lateral buds of pea plants can be released from apical dominance and even be transformed into dominant shoots when repeatedly treated with synthetic exogenous cytokinins (CKs). The mechanism of the effect of CKs, however, is not clear. The results in this work showed that the stimulatory effects of CKs on the growth of lateral buds and the increase in their fresh weights in pea plants depended on the structure and concentration of the CKs used. The effect of N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU) was stronger than that of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA). Indoleacetic acid (IAA) concentration in shoot, IAA export out of the treated apex and basipetal transport in stems were markedly increased after the application of CPPU or 6-BA to the apex or the second node of pea plant. This increase was positively correlated with the increased concentration of the applied CKs. These results suggest that the increased IAA synthesis and export induced by CKs application might be responsible for the growth of lateral shoots in intact pea plants.     

甘蓝型油菜Fad2基因的RNA干扰及无筛选标记高油酸含量转基因油菜新种质的获得

利用已获得的油莱种子贮存蛋白——十字花科蛋白（cruciferin）基因的启动子和终止子,构建了无选择标记基因且同时具有正义及反义结构的油酰去饱和酶基因（Fad2）种子特异表达RNAi载体,并通过农杆菌介导的转化,获得了只含有油菜原有基因且Fad2基因表达受抑制的转基因植株。RT—PCR分析结果表明,在油酸含量达到83.9％的转基因植株中未检测到在非转基因植株中普遍存在的Fad2基因转录mRNA——一种典型的RNA干扰现象。通过对植株生长发育状态的观察比较,该高油酸含量转基因株系并未表现出双突变体中由于Fad2基因的失活所引起的植株抗寒能力差、发育迟缓、花蕾死亡、结实率低等不利农艺学性状。     

Hormone Profiling by LC-QToF-MS/MS in Dormant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Macadamia integrifolia</Emphasis>: Correlations with Abnormal Vertical Growth

A method for analyzing multiple plant hormone groups in small samples with a complex matrix was developed to initiate a study of the physiology of abnormal vertical growth (AVG) in Macadamia integrifolia (cv. HAES344). Cytokinins (CKs), gibberellins (GAs), abscisic acid (ABA), and auxins were detected in xylem sap and apical and lateral buds using high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QToF-MS/MS). The extraction method separated compounds with high sensitivity in positive (CKs) and negative (ABA, auxins, GAs) modes of QToF-MS/MS. CK profiles differed in xylem sap and apical and lateral buds irrespective of AVG symptoms. Trans-zeatin riboside (t-ZR) was dominant in sap of normal and AVG trees (∼4 and 6 pmol g⁻¹ FW, respectively). In apical buds isopentenyl adenine (iP) (∼30 pmol g⁻¹ FW) was the most abundant CK, and in lateral buds trans-zeatin (t-Z) (22–24 pmol g⁻¹ FW) and iP (24–30 pmol g⁻¹ FW) were the most abundant. t-Z levels of AVG trees were higher in apical buds (13.88 vs. 6.6 pmol g⁻¹ FW, p < 0.05) and lower in sap (0.16 vs. 0.51 pmol ml⁻¹, p < 0.005) compared to normal trees. ABA in lateral buds was 1.9 times higher (p < 0.001) in AVG. IAA was below quantification, whereas indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was consistently present. GA₇ was the dominant GA in apical and lateral buds of all trees (100–150 pmol g⁻¹ FW). GA_{3, 4, & 9} were consistently present at low concentrations (<12 pmol g⁻¹ FW) in buds. GAs_{1, 3, & 9} were detected in xylem sap at low concentrations (<0.5 pmol g⁻¹ FW). Differences in sap amino acids (AA) were also assessed. In sap from AVG trees, asparagine and glutamine increased significantly (p < 0.05) in their contribution to total AA. Potential AVG hormone correlations are discussed.     

豌豆茎尖切除对茎和子叶中细胞分裂素含量的影响

豌豆植株去顶后６ｈ,茎中内源Ｚ／ＺＲ和ｉ－Ａｄｅ／Ａｄｏ的含量明显增加,１２ｈ后达到最高值,其后迅速下降、人工合成生长素ＮＡＡ可代替茎尖的作用抑制这些变化。经同样处理后子叶中的ＣＫｓ含量也表现出类似的变化。同时切去茎尖、子叶及根１２ｈ后茎中Ｚ／ＺＲ及ｉ－Ａｄｅ／Ａｄｏ的含量明显低于仅切去茎尖植株的ＣＫｓ含量,但高于ＮＡＡ处理。表明茎尖产生的生长素抑制了茎中ＣＫｓ含量的增加。     

性激素对大鼠诱发肝癌中胎盘型谷胱甘肽S—转移酶（GST—P）表达的影响

Using Solt-Farber method for the induction of rat hepatocarcinoma, the changes of the activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the content of placenta form GST (GST-P) were studied during hepatocarcinogenesis, then the effects of sex hormones on the hepatic expression of GST-P were observed using immunohistochemical method. The results showed that both GST activity and GST-P content began to increase at the 3rd week, and reached the highest level at the 5th week (Table 1). Therefore, the 5th week was selected for the study of GST-P expression in the livers of rats treated with different protocol (Fig. 1). It was found that GST-P was highly expressed in the livers of sham-castrated male rats after chemically induced hepatocarcinoma (PLATE I, Fig. 1A, Table 2). When estradiol was administrated to these rats, both the number and area of GST-P positive(+) foci decreased significantly (PLATE I, Fig. 1B, Table 2). While testosterone was administrated instead of estradiol, the decrease of the area but slight increase of the number of GST-P positive foci were found (PLATE I, Fig. 1C, Table 2). After orchiectomy, the areas of GST-P (+) foci in carcinogen treated liver of male rats were smaller than those in rats with sham-orchiectomy and same carcinogen treatment (PLATE I, Fig. 2A, B, Table 3). When the orchiectomized male rats were administrated with estradiol, the areas of GST-P (+) foci decreased further (PLATE I, Fig. 2C, Table 3). In contrast, after ovariectomy of the female rats, the areas of GST-P (+) foci in carcinogen treated livers were slightly increased as compared with those in the rats with sham-ovariectomy and same carcinogen treatment (PLATE I, Fig. 2D, E, Table 3). While the ovariectomized female rats were administrated with testosterone, the areas of GST-P (+) foci increased further (PLATE I, Fig. 2F, Table 3). Regardless of whether castrations were done or not, GST-P expression in livers of male rats induced hepatocarcinoma was higher than in livers of female rats (PLATE I, Fig. 2A, B, D, E, Table 3). These results indicated that estrogen may inhibit but androgen may promote the GST-P expression in the rat liver during hepatocarcinogenesis. This may be related to the higher incidence of liver carcinoma in male than in female.     

性激素对大鼠诱发肝癌中胎盘型谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST-P)表达的影响

本实验利用Solt-Farber顺序诱发大鼠肝癌,观察肝组织中GST活性及GST-P含量在化学诱癌中的变化,并观察性激素对大鼠化学诱发肝癌的早期病变中GST-P表达的作用。结果显示无论是GST活性或GST-P的含量,在诱癌至第三周开始升高,第五周升至最高。利用此模式,选择诱癌至第五周,免疫组化法检测各种处理后肝组织中GST-P的表达。发现睾丸假切除的雄性大鼠经化学诱癌后,肝中有高的GST-P表达,睾丸假切除的雄性大鼠诱癌合并雌二醇处理,明显降低肝组织GST-P阳性灶的面积和数量;合并睾丸酮处理,虽减少GST-P阳性灶的面积,但其数量略有升高。与睾丸假切除后诱癌的雄性大鼠相比,切除睾丸的大鼠经诱癌,有更低的GST-P阳性灶的面积;睾丸切除合并雌二醇处理,GST-P阳性灶的面积进一步降低。与仅化学诱癌的卵巢假切除雌性大鼠比,卵巢切除鼠诱癌后,GST-P阳性灶的面积稍有增加;对卵巢切除合用睾丸酮的大鼠诱癌,阳性灶的面积进一部增加。无论性腺切除与否,雄性大鼠比雌性大鼠有更高的GST-P表达。这些结果提示雌激素可抑制而雄激素则可促进化学诱癌大鼠肝中GST-P的表达。这一结果可能与临床上男性较女性易患肝癌有关。     

番茄突变体Epinastics的乙烯反应表现型分析

对番茄(Lycopersicoin esculentum Mil1.)突变体Epinastics(Epi)及其野生亲本VFN幼苗、成长植株和果实生长发育与成熟特性进行了系统研究和比较分析.Epi突变体从幼苗到果实都有乙烯过量合成,在黄化幼苗部分三重反应、成长植株叶柄严重上位生长、器官脱落和果实加速成熟等多方面表现出明显增强的乙烯反应,与已知的乙烯反应模式相符.强烈的顶端优势、紧凑的植株形态提示乙烯在植物的顶端优势调节中可能起着重要的作用.Epi突变体黄化幼苗项勾缩小、叶片和花瓣衰老延迟,与传统的乙烯反应不符,提示植物不同的生长发育特性由不同的乙烯信号转导途径调控.     

水杨酸和阿斯匹林对小麦盐害的缓解作用

盐胁迫条件下水杨酸和阿斯匹林能提高小麦种子发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,降低幼苗叶片质膜透性和盐胁迫对细胞膜的伤害,提高幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶等细胞保护酶的活性,减少膜脂过氧化作用产物丙二醛的积累,降低根系Ｎａ＋和提高根系Ｋ＋ 的向上运输选择性。所有这些变化都有利于缓解盐胁迫对小麦的伤害,提高其对盐胁迫的适应性。     

In vitro regulation of morphogenesis in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Callusing, caulogenesis, in vitro flowering and somatic embryogenesis were induced from the base of leaflets derived from mature embryos of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) by altering the hormonal composition of the Murashige and Skoog's (MS) basal medium. A combination of 4 mg/l alpha napththaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 5 mg/l 6-benylaminopurine (BAP) was optimum for inducing caulogenic buds. The caulogenic buds proliferated in medium with 3 mg/l BAP. Differentiation of these buds to shoots was achieved in MS basal medium with 0.5 mg/l each of BAP and kinetin (KN). Shoot buds and flower buds were produced when caulogenic buds were cultured on medium containing 1 mg/l BAP and 1 mg/l KN, prior to elongation. Clonally propagated plantlets derived from axillary buds elongated, formed roots and were grown to maturity in soil. Embryogenic mass formation was induced from the leaf base in the presence of 20 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Somatic embryos developed upon reducing 2,4-D to 3 mg/l.     

Plant production via shoot regeneration from thin cell layer pseudo-bulblet expiants of Lilium longiflorum in vitro

Transverse thin cell layers (tTCLs) (0.2–0.4 mm thick) excised from the pseudo-bulblets of L. longiflorum in vitro were placed on the Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 3 % sucrose and a concentration of N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (forchlofenuron, CPPU) varying from 0.1 to 10 μM. Buds were obtained from the tTCL pseudo-bulblet expiants cultured in the presence of CPPU in the light but not in the dark. The number of buds formed per tTCL was the highest with 1 or 3 μM CPPU (16.8 ± 1.1 and 16.2 ± 1.6 buds per tTCL, respectively). Testing a combination of sucrose (from 1 to 12 %) and CPPU (from 1 to 10 μM) confirmed that the number of buds produced per tTCL was the highest when 1 or 3 % sucrose was combined with 1 or 3 μM of CPPU. The regenerated shoots were transferred to soil after rooting with 10 μM indole-3-byturic acid and normal plants were produced.