玉米秸秆调节牛粪含水率对其腐熟进程及氨气释放量的影响

为探究玉米秸秆调节牛粪初始含水率对其腐熟进程及氨气释放量的影响, 通过控制玉米秸秆的添加量调节牛粪初始含水率, 以C/N、温度、pH值、种子发芽指数(GI)、纤维素降解率、半纤维素降解率、木质素降解率以及氨气释放量作为判断标准, 研究堆肥初始含水率与堆肥腐熟进程及氨气释放量的关系。结果表明, 当初始含水率为71%时, 高温持续时间最长, 堆肥产品种子发芽指数最高, 纤维素、半纤维素和木质素降解率最高, 氨气释放量最少。因此, 实际应用中, 初始含水率为71%的A4处理堆肥效果最好。本研究结果将为牛粪和玉米秸秆的高效科学资源化再利用提供技术参数。     

产纤维素酶耐高温真菌在有机肥料生产中的潜在价值

农作物秸秆是农作物生产中一种富含氮、磷、钾、钙、镁和有机质等有效成分的可再生资源,我国每年的农作物秸秆废弃物产量巨大,因此,如何有效地"转废为宝",实现对农作物秸秆废弃物的再利用一直是我国学者关注的问题.秸秆堆腐还田技术是有机废弃物再利用的理想途径之一,其作用原理是利用微生物的分解作用,促使农作物秸秆发酵腐熟后成为优良的绿色有机肥.农作物秸秆属于高纤维素含量废弃物,且纤维素的结构复杂、降解困难,如何加速纤维素的分解是实现农作物秸秆堆肥物料快速分解、达到腐熟的关键问题.已有研究表明,在堆肥中接种高温或耐高温降解菌可促进有机物降解,提高堆肥高温期温度,延长高温期,加快堆肥腐熟.     

白腐菌及黑曲霉所产的纤维素复合酶对稻草秸秆的生物降解

研究了白腐菌及纤维素复合酶对稻草秸秆的协同生物降解。结果表明,利用黄孢原毛平革菌固态发酵稻草秸秆的过程中,LiP和MnP的最大活力可以达到28.3U/g和12.6U/g,同时,秸秆中的木质素能被有效降解,但纤维素、半纤维素降解率较低。添加黑曲霉所产的纤维素复合酶能有效地促进秸秆腐熟程度。在接入白腐菌培养10天后,每克稻草添加3 IU纤维素酶液并酶解48h可以使稻草秸秆中纤维素降解53.8%,半纤维素降解57.8%,木质素降解44.5%,干物质损失46.3%。此时细胞壁出现大范围破损,整个组织变得松散,秸秆完全腐熟。     

应用混料实验设计制备秸秆复合降解菌剂

农业秸秆类废弃物含有大量木质纤维素,该类物质结构稳定,不易降解,为秸秆的合理利用带来诸多困难。本实验尝试利用混料实验设计对筛选出可以共同培养的五种木质纤维素降解菌的配比进行研究,寻求复合发酵降解剂各组分的最佳配比,并分析发酵产品得到适用于不同发酵目的的菌剂。通过对发酵产品中木质素和纤维素降解率及还原糖的含量的分析建立模型,分析预测纤维素降解率最高为35.75%,木质素降解率最高为27%,还原糖含量最高为3.39mg/g。通过优化得出发酵菌剂最优配比为枯草芽胞杆菌12.1%,克鲁斯假丝酵母10%,地衣芽胞杆菌27.2%,变色栓菌10.6%,黄孢原毛平革菌40%。对应三指标的实测值为：35.47%,26.41%和2.37mg/g。     

基于环境微生物资源库快速构建易腐垃圾高效堆肥复合菌剂

【目的】针对易腐垃圾成分快速构建一种高效堆肥复合菌剂。【方法】研究以"中国科学院战略生物资源服务网络计划"支持建设的微生物资源库为基础,根据菌株产酶活功能信息,针对易腐垃圾有机成分定向挑选出高产酶(蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、木质素酶、脂肪酶)菌株,通过测定菌株间拮抗作用,构建了一种高效堆肥复合菌剂CM菌剂。进行了菌剂发酵条件优化和易腐垃圾堆肥应用研究。【结果】CM菌剂最适发酵条件为接种7%的种子液于红糖培养基中,30°C下培养48h,此时菌剂产生蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、木质素酶、脂肪酶酶活分别为181.76、52.92、1.57、12.81、9.94 U/mL。堆肥结果表明CM菌剂堆肥产品pH、含水率、有机质含量均满足生物有机肥标准(NY884-2012)。CM菌剂堆肥过程中最高温度为63.5°C,高温期9–12 d,30 d后含水率为28.7%,有机质降解率为30.4%,C/N为8.93,与商品菌剂BM相比堆肥效果更好,可使堆体高温期延长4–7d、含水率降低3.8%,可加快易腐垃圾中有机质降解,降解率提升6.2%,并具有更强的固氮能力,缩短腐熟时间,提升堆肥产品品质。【结论】基于环境微生物资源库功能信息构建堆肥复合菌剂是一种快速有效的菌剂构建方法。     

枯草芽胞杆菌降解木质纤维素能力及产酶研究

从农林废物堆肥中分离得到1株细菌经鉴定为枯草芽胞杆菌,将该细菌用于木质素类化合物利用.固态培养条件下考察其对木质纤维素的降解能力及产酶特性,另外对发酵前后的稻草结构进行了红外光谱分析.结果表明,枯草芽胞杆菌具有木质素降解能力,兼具低分子量木质素酚型、非酚型类物质的降解能力.其对木质素降解是木质素过氧化物酶、锰过氧化物酶、漆酶、纤维素酶和半纤维素酶共同作用的结果.在实验条件下,培养30 d使木质素降解率达9.47%,同时对纤维素、半纤维素也有较高程度的降解;降解率分别为38.8%、41.84%.红外光谱分析结果表明,稻草木质素结构被破坏,枯草芽胞杆菌对木质素各官能团的降解作用有所不同.     

滇池水葫芦固液分离后的沼气发酵研究

在常温下,分离水葫芦为水葫芦渣和水葫芦汁,水葫芦渣与猪粪结合进行批量发酵试验,研究了产气量及原料半纤维素、纤维素、木质素的降解,结果表明原料的产气率为504.04 L/g TS,甲烷含量65%,半纤维素、纤维素降低,木质素升高.对水葫芦汁厌氧发酵的产气及COD降解情况进行了研究,结果表明水葫芦汁的产气潜力为2.192 mL/g,COD降解率达到91.27%.     

滇池水葫芦固液分离后的沼气发酵研究

在常温下,分离水葫芦为水葫芦渣和水葫芦汁,水葫芦渣与猪粪结合进行批量发酵试验,研究了产气量及原料半纤维素、纤维素、木质素的降解,结果表明：原料的产气率为504．04L/g TS,甲烷含量65％,半纤维素、纤维素降低,木质素升高。对水葫芦汁厌氧发酵的产气及COD降解情况进行了研究,结果表明：水葫芦汁的产气潜力为2．192mL／g,COD降解率达到91．27％。     

秸秆与牛粪混合发酵对秸秆降解及土壤肥力的影响

利用GET技术可以有效地降解秸秆生产清洁能源生物甲烷,达到无害化处理与利用秸秆的目的。本研究应用GET技术研究了发酵基质(秸秆∶牛粪)配比和温度对秸秆降解及土壤肥力的影响,以求为GET技术的推广与应用提供支撑。结果表明,各处理因素中发酵基质配比和温度及其相互作用对秸秆纤维素和半纤维素的降解有显著影响,两因数的交互作用对纤维素和半纤维素的降解也有显著作用,但对木质素的影响不显著。其中发酵基质配比以1∶1最为适宜,其纤维素和半纤维素的降解率分别为55. 39%和27. 75%;秸秆纤维素的降解率随着温度的升高而增加,但半纤维素降解率在30℃时达到最高,分别比10℃、20℃和40℃时高33. 80%、18. 37%和6. 26%。发酵基质配比和温度对厌氧发酵后土壤的肥力也有显著作用,土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量均以1∶1配比处理和30℃处理条件下为最高。GET技术的应用还能显著改善土壤结构,厌氧发酵后土壤微团聚体粒径组成由小团聚体转化为大团聚体为主,土壤微团聚体分形维数显著下降。     

生物质生物预处理研究进展与展望

木质纤维素生物质分布广、产量大、可再生,用于制备生物基能源、生物基材料和生物基化学品。木质纤维素生物质组成复杂,包含纤维素、半纤维素和木质素等,木质素与半纤维素通过共价键、氢键交联形成独特的“包裹结构”,纤维素含有复杂的分子内与分子间氢键,上述因素制约着其资源化利用。生物预处理以其独特优越性成为生物质研究的重要方面。系统阐述了生物预处理过程中木质素降解和基团修饰对纤维素酶解的影响,纤维素含量及结晶区变化,半纤维素五碳糖利用,微观物理结构的改变。进一步提出了以生物预处理为核心的组合预处理、基于不同功能的多酶协同催化体系、木质纤维素组分分级利用和新型高效细菌预处理工艺是生物预处理未来发展的重要趋势。     

Influence of green waste, biowaste and paper-cardboard initial ratios on organic matter transformations during composting

The influence of green waste, biowaste and paper-cardboard proportions in initial mixtures on organic matter (OM) evolution during composting in pilot-scale reactors was studied using respirometric procedure, humic substance extraction, crude fiber analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The stabilisation of OM during composting resulted from the degradation of easily biodegradable organic fraction as cellulose and hemicellulose, the relative increase of resistant compounds as lignin, the microbial synthesis of resistant biomolecules, and from humification processes. Little stabilisation of green waste OM during composting was observed, in relation with their large lignin content. With moderate contents of paper-cardboard in initial mixtures (20-40%), cellulose proportion remained favorable to fast OM stabilisation. Larger proportions of paper-cardboard (more than 50%) affected OM stabilisation, probably due to a lack of nitrogen. The influence of biowastes only appeared at the very beginning of composting, because of their large proportions of easily biodegradable OM.     

Long-term survival of pathogenic and sanitation indicator bacteria in experimental biowaste composts

For economic, agricultural, and environmental reasons, composting is frequently used for organic waste recycling. One approach to limiting the potential risk from bacterial food-borne illnesses is to ensure that soil amendments and organic fertilizers are disinfected. However, more knowledge concerning the microbiological safety of composted substrates other than sludge and manure is necessary. Experimental in-vessel biowaste composts were used to study the survival of seeded Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Enteritidis, and Escherichia coli. Four organic waste mixtures, containing various proportions of paper and cardboard, fruits and vegetables, and green waste, were composted in laboratory reactors with forced aeration. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters were monitored for 12 weeks during composting. The survival of bacteria over a 3-month period at 25 degrees C was assessed with samples collected after different experimental composting times. Strain survival was also monitored in mature sterilized composts. Nonsterile composts did not support pathogen growth, but survival of seeded pathogens was observed. Salmonella serovar Enteritidis survived in all composts, and longer survival (3 months) was observed in mature composts (8 and 12 weeks of composting). Mature biowaste composts may support long-term survival of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis during storage at room temperature. E. coli and L. monocytogenes survival was observed only in 4-week-old composts and never in older composts. Proper composting may prevent long-term survival of E. coli and L. monocytogenes. These results suggest that like composted sewage sludge or manure, domestic waste composts may support pathogen survival. Survival was not related to the physicochemical characteristics of the composts.     

Long-Term Survival of Pathogenic and Sanitation Indicator Bacteria in Experimental Biowaste Composts

For economic, agricultural, and environmental reasons, composting is frequently used for organic waste recycling. One approach to limiting the potential risk from bacterial food-borne illnesses is to ensure that soil amendments and organic fertilizers are disinfected. However, more knowledge concerning the microbiological safety of composted substrates other than sludge and manure is necessary. Experimental in-vessel biowaste composts were used to study the survival of seeded Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Enteritidis, and Escherichia coli. Four organic waste mixtures, containing various proportions of paper and cardboard, fruits and vegetables, and green waste, were composted in laboratory reactors with forced aeration. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters were monitored for 12 weeks during composting. The survival of bacteria over a 3-month period at 25°C was assessed with samples collected after different experimental composting times. Strain survival was also monitored in mature sterilized composts. Nonsterile composts did not support pathogen growth, but survival of seeded pathogens was observed. Salmonella serovar Enteritidis survived in all composts, and longer survival (3 months) was observed in mature composts (8 and 12 weeks of composting). Mature biowaste composts may support long-term survival of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis during storage at room temperature. E. coli and L. monocytogenes survival was observed only in 4-week-old composts and never in older composts. Proper composting may prevent long-term survival of E. coli and L. monocytogenes. These results suggest that like composted sewage sludge or manure, domestic waste composts may support pathogen survival. Survival was not related to the physicochemical characteristics of the composts.     

In vitro Studies on lignocellulose degradation by microbial strains isolated from composting processes

An in vitro study of different strains isolated from composting piles in relation to their capacity to biodegrade lignocellulose was achieved. Thirteen microorganisms (five bacteria, one actinomycete, and seven fungi) isolated from compost windrows were grown on agricultural wastes and analyzed for cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin degradation. Hemicellulose fraction was degraded to a lesser extent because only two of the isolates, B122 and B541, identified as Bacillus licheniformis and Brevibacillus parabrevis, respectively, were able to decrease the concentration of this polymer. On the contrary, most of the isolates were capable of reducing cellulose and lignin concentrations; strain B541 was the most active cellulose degrader (51%), while isolate B122 showed higher lignin degradation activity (68%). Consequently, an increase in humification indices was detected, especially with respect to humification index (HI) for both bacteria and CAH/AF in the case of strain B122. According to these data, the use of microbial inoculants as a tool to improve organic matter biodegradation processes (i.e., composting) may become important if microorganisms’ capabilities are in accordance with the final characteristics required in the product (high humic content, lignin content decrease, cellulose concentration decrease, etc.).     

Evaluation of “alperujo” composting based on organic matter degradation, humification and compost quality

The main by-product generated by the Spanish olive oil industry, a wet solid lignocellulosic material called "alperujo" (AL), was evaluated as a composting substrate by using different aeration strategies and bulking agents. The experiments showed that composting performance was mainly influenced by the type of bulking agent added, and by the number of mechanical turnings. The bulking agents tested in this study were cotton waste, grape stalk, a fresh cow bedding and olive leaf; the latter showed the worse performance. Forced ventilation alone was revealed to work inadequately in most of the experiments. The composting process involved a substantial degradation of the organic substrate with average losses of 48.4, 28.6, 53.7 and 57.0% for total organic matter, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, respectively. Both organic matter biodegradation and humification were greatly influenced by the lignocellulosic nature of the starting material, which led to low organic matter and nitrogen loss rates and a progressive increase in more humified substances, as revealed by the end-values of the humification indices. The resulting composts were of good quality in terms of nutrient content, stabilised and non-phytotoxic organic matter and low heavy metal content. This demonstrates that composting technology can be used as an alternative treatment method to turn AL into compost that can be used as organic amendments or fertilisers for agricultural systems.     

Agrochemical characterisation of "alperujo", a solid by-product of the two-phase centrifugation method for olive oil extraction

Introduction of the two-phase centrifugation system for olive oil extraction during the early nineties in Spain has led to the generation of approximately four million tons per year of a solid olive-mill by-product called "alperujo" (AL). Agrochemical characterisation showed that AL has a high moisture content, slightly acidic pH values and a very high content of organic matter, mainly composed by lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. It also has a considerable proportion of fats, proteins, water-soluble carbohydrates and a small but active fraction of hydrosoluble phenolic substances. Amongst plant nutrients, AL is rich in potassium, less so in (mainly organic) nitrogen and poor in phosphorus and micronutrients. Some of those properties are not compatible with agricultural requirements, for which reason composting may be considered a suitable alternative for its disposal. AL needs to be characterised before composting, and so an attempt was made to correlate the easily determined ash content with other parameters; the regression models thus obtained are discussed.     

Respirometric screening of several types of manure and mixtures intended for composting

The viability of mixtures from manure and agricultural wastes as composting sources were systematically studied using a physicochemical and biological characterization. The combination of different parameters such as C:N ratio, free air space (FAS) and moisture content can help in the formulation of the mixtures. Nevertheless, the composting process may be challenging, particularly at industrial scales. The results of this study suggest that if the respirometric potential is known, it is possible to predict the behaviour of a full scale composting process. Respiration indices can be used as a tool for determining the suitability of composting as applied to manure and complementary wastes. Accordingly, manure and agricultural wastes with a high potential for composting and some proposed mixtures have been characterized in terms of respiration activity. Specifically, the potential of samples to be composted has been determined by means of the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and the dynamic respirometric index (DRI). During this study, four of these mixtures were composted at full scale in a system consisting of a confined pile with forced aeration. The biological activity was monitored by means of the oxygen uptake rate inside the material (OURinsitu). This new parameter represents the real activity of the process. The comparison between the potential respirometric activities at laboratory scale with the in situ respirometric activity observed at full scale may be a useful tool in the design and optimization of composting systems for manure and other organic agricultural wastes.     

Utilization of sugarcane bagasse cellulose for producing cellulose acetates: Novel use of residual hemicellulose as plasticizer

Sugarcane bagasse was fractionated to cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin by a proprietary steam explosion process, followed by downstream purifications, developed in our laboratory. The fractionated cellulose contained ～94% cellulose, about ～5% hemicellulose, traces of lignin (～0.2%), and ～1% ash. The cellulose was acetylated under heterogeneous conditions to obtain cellulose acetates. These were extensively characterized using FTIR, TGA, DSC, GPC, HPIC, WAXRD, and viscometry. The novel feature of this study was the utilization of the hemicellulose content (5%) of bagasse cellulose as an internal plasticizer. Through kinetic experimentation, we have demonstrated that the residual hemicellulose need not be considered as an impurity; rather it can be used in acetylated form as a plasticizer as well as a biodegradable additive for cellulose acetates made from slightly impure cellulose produced from non-wood origin. Our results therefore show how lignocellulosic agricultural wastes can be utilized to produce high value plastics.     

Microbial community succession and lignocellulose degradation during agricultural waste composting

The changes of microbial community during agricultural waste composting were successfully studied by quinone profiles. Mesophilic bacteria indicated by MK-7 and mesophilic fungi containing Q-9 as major quinone were predominant and seemed to be important during the initial stage of composting. Actinobacteria indicated by a series of partially saturated and long-chain menaquinones were preponderant during the thermophilic period. While Actinobacteria, fungi and some bacteria, especially those microbes containing MK-7(H4) found in Gram-positive bacteria with a low G+C content or Actinobacteria were found cooperate during the latter maturating period. Since lignocellulsoe is abundant in the agricultural wastes and its degradation is essential for the operation of composting, it’s important to establish the correlation between the quinone profiles changes and lignocellulose degradation. The microbes containing Q-9 or Q-10(H2) as major quinone were found to be the most important hemicellulose and cellulose degrading microorganisms during composting. While the microorganisms containing Q-9(H2) as major quinone and many thermophilic Actinobacteria were believed to be responsible for lignin degradation during agricultural waste composting.     

木质纤维素的定量测定及降解规律的初步研究

为了准确地测定稻草及其发酵物中纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的含量,通过差重法进行定量测定,并以此评价白腐菌株Pleurotus sapidus对稻草秸秆的降解状况,结果表明：利用差重法测定稻草发酵物中纤维素、半纤维索、木质素的百分含量是可行的,并能很好地评价白腐菌对稻草的降解规律,即降解过程中纤维素、半纤维素、本质素在前20d降解的很快,之后降解减缓,在50d内,纤维素被降解34．02％,半纤维素被降解56．29％,木质素被降解61．65％。