生物质生物预处理研究进展与展望

木质纤维素生物质分布广、产量大、可再生,用于制备生物基能源、生物基材料和生物基化学品。木质纤维素生物质组成复杂,包含纤维素、半纤维素和木质素等,木质素与半纤维素通过共价键、氢键交联形成独特的“包裹结构”,纤维素含有复杂的分子内与分子间氢键,上述因素制约着其资源化利用。生物预处理以其独特优越性成为生物质研究的重要方面。系统阐述了生物预处理过程中木质素降解和基团修饰对纤维素酶解的影响,纤维素含量及结晶区变化,半纤维素五碳糖利用,微观物理结构的改变。进一步提出了以生物预处理为核心的组合预处理、基于不同功能的多酶协同催化体系、木质纤维素组分分级利用和新型高效细菌预处理工艺是生物预处理未来发展的重要趋势。

Recent Developments and Future Prospect of Biological Pretreatment

Lignocellulosic biomass, a kind of renewable and widely distributed resource on earth, serves as a potential source for the production of bio-based energy, bio-based materials and bio-based chemicals. Resistance barrier is the major limitation in conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. The main components of lignocellulosic biomass are cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Lignin interacts with hemicellulose through hydrogen or covalent bonding, acting as a physical barrier that restricts the access of cellulose. Furthermore, there is a strong hydrogen bonding among crystalline cellulose. Though several pretreatments are available, biological pretreatment seems to be promising as an eco-friendly process and has been paid much attention by many researchers. The effects of biological pretreatment on cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were evaluated. The degradation and modification of lignin, variation of cellulose content and crystalline cellulose, production and utilization of pentose from hemicelluloses, and microstructure changes during the biological pretreatment were systematically reviewed. In addition, the future prospect of combination pretreatments, multi-enzyme catalytic system, biomass component fractionation and utilization, and the efficient bacterial pretreatment were put forward.