不同提取工艺对家蝇幼虫蛋白粗提液抗菌活性的影响

利用不同条件提取诱导过的家蝇Musca domestica 3龄幼虫的总蛋白,并用平板扩散法测定所得蛋白粗提液的抗菌活性。结果表明,收集幼虫时的处死温度、沸水浴时间及提取液的pH值均对家蝇幼虫粗提液的抗菌活性有明显的影响。     

黑豆魔芋果冻的研制

以黑豆和魔芋精粉为主要原料,以白砂糖、柠檬酸、卡拉胶和果冻粉等食用凝胶剂为辅料,对黑豆汁、凝胶剂、白砂糖以及柠檬酸的浓度等工艺条件进行了研究。通过正交试验得出最佳产品配方为:黑豆汁5%、魔芋精粉0.2%、卡拉胶0.6%、白砂糖6%、柠檬酸0.2%。制作出一种香味独特,风味可口,营养丰富且具有较好保健功能的黑豆魔芋果冻。     

家蝇幼虫血淋巴中抗真菌肽的诱导方法比较及抗真菌活性

以未诱导组作为空白对照研究比较真菌诱导、超声诱导和热诱导家蝇Musca domestica 幼虫血淋巴初提液的抗真菌肽效果,比较各种诱导方法诱导后的幼虫存活率;用凝胶层析法和高效液相分离纯化热诱导家蝇3龄幼虫抗真菌肽,检测其抗白假丝酵母菌Candida albicans和新生隐球菌Cryptococcus neoformans活性;SDS-PAGE分析抗真菌肽的蛋白分子量范围。结果表明：3种诱导方法诱导后家蝇幼虫均产生具有明显抗真菌作用的抗真菌肽,其初提液抑菌圈大小没有明显差别;真菌诱导组和热诱导组幼虫存活率低于对照组,而超声诱导组与对照组相比则无明显差别。经分离纯化后,抗真菌肽仍具有较好的抗真菌活性;SDS-PAGE分析表明该抗真菌肽有效成分的蛋白分子量在14.4 kD以下。结果提示热诱导家蝇幼虫产生抗真菌肽是一种方便、有效的诱导方式。     

凝胶过滤层析参数对家蝇蛋白粗提液分离效果的影响

考察了凝胶过滤介质、层析柱直径、柱床高度和洗脱流速对家蝇Muscadomestica蛋白粗提液分离效果的影响,结果表明：凝胶过滤介质种类、层析柱直径、柱床高度、洗脱流速均能不同程度地影响家蝇蛋白粗提液的分离效果。在实验范围内,选择1.3 cm直径、40 cm柱床高度的Sephadex G-75,以0.4 mL/min的流速洗脱时,对家蝇蛋白粗提液的分离效果比较理想。     

紫背天葵保健果冻加工工艺研究

以新鲜紫背天葵为主要原料研究紫背天葵保健果冻的生产工艺。对紫背天葵预处理、复合胶凝剂和果冻主要原辅料配比进行了重点研究,结果表明：适宜加工紫背天葵果冻的胶凝剂为卡拉胶、明胶、魔芋胶的复合胶凝剂;紫背天葵保健果冻的最佳配方为20%紫背天葵汁、1.0%复合胶（卡拉胶∶明胶∶魔芋胶/m∶m∶m=4∶3∶3）、20%白砂糖、0.15%柠檬酸。在此工艺条件下所得产品色泽紫红,具有紫背天葵特有清香气,酸甜可口,口感软滑。     

中国家蝇资源化利用研究进展

家蝇世代周期短、繁殖能力强,其幼虫营养丰富,含有多种生物活性物质,是一种重要的昆虫资源。本文综述了我国家蝇在多个领域利用的研究现状,从食品、保健、环保、工业和农业等方面阐述了家蝇资源的价值,并展望了家蝇的产业化开发前景。     

营养型葛仙米果冻的制作工艺研究

研究营养型葛仙米果冻的制作工艺,为武陵山区葛仙米特色资源的开发提供新途径。将烫漂护色后的葛仙米打浆制得葛仙米汁,以葛仙米汁为主要原料,卡拉胶、魔芋胶为胶体基材,进行营养型葛仙米果冻生产工艺的研究。利用单因素试验和正交试验,通过感官评价和质构指标的综合分析,得到葛仙米果冻的最佳配方为:复合胶含量1%(m卡拉胶∶m魔芋胶=6∶4),柠檬酸含量0.3%,葛仙米汁含量30%,白糖含量14%和β-环糊精含量2%~4%。在此条件下制作的葛仙米果冻口感爽滑,绿色天然、酸甜适口、质地均匀,具有一定的保健功能。     

杠柳根皮乙醇粗提液对菜青虫的拒食作用及其防治效果

测定了杠柳 (PeriplocasepiumBunge .)其根皮乙醇粗提液对菜青虫Pierisrapae (L .)的拒食活性 ,并进行了乙醇粗取液及其与氯氰菊酯混用防治菜青虫药效试验。生测结果表明 ,乙醇粗提液对菜青虫 4龄和 5龄幼虫具有较强的拒食活性 ,2 4h拒食中浓度分别为 1 3 2 0 8mg L和 1 1 96 3mg L ,且对拒食后试虫生长发育有严重的影响。药效试验结果显示 ,乙醇粗提液 1 0 0倍液及其混配制剂 1 0 0 0倍液对菜青虫具有较好的防治效果。温室处理后 5d ,杠柳乙醇粗提液 1 0 0倍液、混剂 1 0 0 0倍液的防虫效果与 1 0 %氯氰菊酯 1 0 0 0倍液效果相当 ;田间处理后 5d ,杠柳粗提液防虫效果虽然较差 ,但保叶效果仍达 60 %以上 ,而混剂的防虫和保叶效果均与氯氰菊酯效果相当。     

食物中多不饱和脂肪酸在家蝇幼虫体内的富集与代谢及对其生长的影响

【目的】阐明家蝇 Musca domestica 幼虫对食物中各种多不饱和脂肪酸的富集能力以及代谢转化情况,并探究各种多不饱和脂肪酸对家蝇幼虫生长的影响。【方法】在基础饲料中添加不同浓度(3%, 6%和12%)的多不饱和脂肪酸(亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、花生四烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸)饲养经过脱脂传代培养的家蝇幼虫;提取家蝇幼虫的总脂肪酸,利用气相色谱仪进行检测和分析;测定统计幼虫体重,以分析多不饱和脂肪酸对家蝇幼虫生长的影响。【结果】亚油酸、α-亚麻酸和花生四烯酸在家蝇幼虫体内均能被富集,且它们的富集程度随着食物中多不饱和脂肪酸的添加浓度的升高而增加,其中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸和花生四烯酸在幼虫体内富集的最高含量(占体内总脂肪酸的比例)分别为21.93%, 16.13%和9.68%,而二十二碳六烯酸不能在家蝇幼虫体内富集,提示家蝇幼虫食物中添加的各种多不饱和脂肪酸经过代谢后并没有在其体内产生新的脂肪酸,而食物中添加的二十二碳六烯酸在家蝇幼虫体内被分解代谢后消除。饲喂α-亚麻酸及花生四烯酸后家蝇幼虫体重增长较为明显,其中6%α-亚麻酸添加组的幼虫体重显著高于对照组(取食脱脂饲料)和3%和12%α-亚麻酸添加组,3%和6%花生四烯酸添加组的幼虫体重显著高于对照组和12%花生四烯酸添加组。【结论】家蝇幼虫体内能够从食物中富集部分多不饱和脂肪酸,多不饱和脂肪酸碳链越长其富集程度越低直至不能富集,富集的多不饱和脂肪酸对家蝇幼虫生长有不同程度的影响。     

利用PiggyBac系统在家蝇中表达蜜蜂王浆蛋白MRJP1

家蝇Musca domestica是一种重要的资源昆虫,作为饲料蛋白已广泛应用于动物养殖产业。MRJP1蛋白（Major Royal Jelly Proteins 1, MRJP1）是蜂王浆的主要蛋白成分,具有营养作用和跨物种促细胞增殖作用。构建表达意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera王浆蛋白基因Ammrjp1的家蝇可望提高家蝇幼虫的应用价值。本研究构建了携带Ammrjp1基因的重组转座质粒pBac[fa PUb-mrjp1-DsRed],显微注射家蝇胚胎,成功建立Ammrjp1转基因家蝇品系,RT-PCR证明Ammrjp1基因在转基因家蝇中正常转录;SouthernBlot证实Ammrjp1基因是以单拷贝的形式插入到家蝇基因组内;利用Inverse-PCR技术获得Ammrjp1基因在家蝇基因组上插入位点侧翼序列。与野生型家蝇比较,G8代Ammrjp1转基因家蝇4龄幼虫的百头重增加8.6%。家蝇遗传转化体系的成功构建,为建立新型转基因生物反应器和开发高值动物蛋白饲料提供技术支持。     

Inhibition of fungal NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase by citric acid

The variations observed during earlier studies in the activity of NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC. 1.1.1.42) in a strain of Aspergillus niger were found to be related to the extent of washing of mycelium. As a result the mycelium washed four times with phosphate buffer (0.05 M, pH 7.5), the enzyme activity present in 4 and 8 days old fungal mycelia increased five- and two-fold, respectively. In vivo studies showed a complete loss of enzyme activity in mycelia resuspended in HCl-KCl buffer (0.02 M, pH 2.2) containing citric acid (13 mM or more). The in vitro studies revealed 50% loss of enzyme activity in presence of 3.6 to 5.2 mM citric acid. However, in case of Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015, which produced less citric acid than the above strain, a much higher citric acid concentration (13 to 26 mM) was required to cause 50% loss of enzyme activity. These findings suggest a correlation between citric acid inhibition of NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase and the ability of A. niger to accumulate citric acid in the medium.     

Mineral nutrition ofAspergillus niger for citric acid production

The mineral requirements of a strain ofAspergillus niger for the production of citric acid in a synthetic medium were studied. It was observed that K₂HPO₄ and MgSO₄.7 H₂O were required at concentrations of 0.1% and 0.02% respectively. The optimum level of each of the trace elements Fe, Mn and Zn was 1.0 μg/ml. NaCl and CaCl₂ at lower concentrations had no effect on citric acid production. Trace elements, Cu, Co and Mo, had an adverse effect on the production of citric acid while Ni and V were without effect.     

Optimization of date syrup for enhancement of the production of citric acid using immobilized cells of Aspergillus niger

Date syrup as an economical source of carbohydrates and immobilized Aspergillus niger J4, which was entrapped in calcium alginate pellets, were employed for enhancing the production of citric acid. Maximum production was achieved by pre-treating date syrup with 1.5% tricalcium phosphate to remove heavy metals. The production of citric acid using a pretreated medium was 38.87% higher than an untreated one that consumed sugar. The appropriate presence of nitrogen, phosphate and magnesium appeared to be important in order for citric acid to accumulate. The production of citric acid and the consumed sugar was higher when using 0.1% ammonium nitrate as the best source of nitrogen. The production of citric acid increased significantly when 0.1 g/l of KH₂PO₄ was added to the medium of date syrup. The addition of magnesium sulfate at the rate of 0.20 g/l had a stimulating effect on the production of citric acid. Maximum production of citric acid was obtained when calcium chloride was absent. One of the most important benefits of immobilized cells is their ability and stability to produce citric acid under a repeated batch culture. Over four repeated batches, the production of citric acid production was maintained for 24 days when each cycle continued for 144 h. The results obtained in the repeated batch cultivation using date syrup confirmed that date syrup could be used as a medium for the industrial production of citric acid.     

Stimulatory effect of alcohols (methanol and ethanol) on citric acid productivity by a 2-deoxy D-glucose resistant culture of aspergillus niger GCB-47

The present study describes citric acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger GCB-47 in a 15-1 stainless steel stirred fermentor. Among the alcohols tested as stimulating agents, 1.0% (v/v) methanol was found to give maximum amount of anhydrous citric acid (90.02 +/- 2.2 g/l), 24 h after inoculation. This yield of citric acid was 1.96 fold higher than the control. Methanol has a direct effect on mycelial morphology and it promotes pellet formation. It also increases the cell membrane permeability to provoke more citric acid excretion from the mycelial cells. The sugar consumed and % citric acid was 108 +/- 3.8 g/l and 80.39 +/- 4.5%, respectively. The desirable mycelial morphology was in the form of small round pellets having dry cell mass 14.5 +/- 0.8 g/l. Addition of ethanol, however, did not found to enhance citric acid production, significantly. The maximum value of Yp/x (i.e., 5.825 +/- 0.25 g/g) was observed when methanol was used as a stimulating agent. The best results of anhydrous citric acid were observed, 6 days after inoculation when the initial pH of fermentation medium was kept at 6.0.     

Biosensor online control of citric acid production from glucose by Yarrowia lipolytica using semicontinuous fermentation

Our study aimed at the development of an effective method for citric acid production from glucose by use of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. The new method included an automated bioprocess control using a glucose biosensor. Several fermentation methodologies including batch, fed‐batch, repeated batch and repeated fed‐batch cultivation were tested. The best results were achieved during repeated fed‐batch cultivation: Within 3 days of cycle duration, approximately 100 g/L citric acid were produced. The yields reached values between 0.51 and 0.65 g/g and the selectivity of the bioprocess for citric acid was as high as 94%. Due to the elongation of the production phase of the bioprocess with growth‐decoupled citric acid production, and by operating the fermentation in cycles, an increase in citric acid production of 32% was achieved compared with simple batch fermentation.     

Polygalacturonase,biomass, and ascospore production by byssochlamys fulva. I. Effects of acids found in fruits

Polygalacturonase, biomass, and ascospore production by four strains of Byssochlamys fulva cultured in laboratory media supplemented with citric, malic, or tartaric acids was determined over a 20-day incubation period at 30°C. Polygalacturonase activity was higher in tartaric acid media than in malic or citric acid media, with 1 % acid supporting the greatest activity in media initially at pH 4 or 5; at 0.1 % acid, highest activity was noted in media initially at pH 3. Most activity was produced between 4 and 8 days of incubation. Malic acid supported greater biomass production than did citric or tartaric acids. Media containing tartaric acid was the best for the production of ascospores whereas citric acid was the poorest. Higher numbers of ascospores generally were produced in media initially at pH 3 as compared to pH 4 or 5 after 10 days of incubation.     

Fed-batch production of citric acid by Candida lipolytica grown on n-paraffins

This study reports on the effects of fermentor agitation and fed-batch mode of operation on citric acid production from Candida lipolytica using n-paraffin as the carbon source. An optimum range of agitation speeds in the 800-1000 rpm range corresponding to Reynolds numbers of 50000-63000 (based on initial batch conditions) seemed to give the best balance between substrate utilization for biomass growth and citric acid production. Application of multiple fed-batch feedings can be used to extend the batch fermentation and increase final citric acid concentrations and product yield. The three-cycle fed-batch system increased overall citric acid yields to 0.8-1.0 g citricacid/g n-paraffin, approximately a 100% improvement in product yield from those observed in the single cycle fed-batch system and a 200% improvement over normal batch operation. The three-cycle fed-batch mode of operation also increased the final citric acid concentration to 42 g/l from about 12 and 6g/l for single fed-batch cycle and normal batch modes of operation, respectively. Increased citric acid concentrations in three-cycle fed-batch mode was achieved at longer fermentation times.     

Mutation of Aspergillus niger for hyperproduction of citric acid from black strap molasses

Spore suspensions of Aspergillus niger GCB 75, which produced 31.1 g/l citric acid from 15% sugars in molasses, were subjected to u.v.-induced mutagenesis. Among three variants, GCM 45 was found to be the best citric acid producer and was further improved by chemical mutagenesis using NTG. Out of 3 deoxy-D-glucose-resistant variants, GCM 7 was selected as the best mutant which produced 86.1 ± 1.5 g/l citric acid after 168 h of fermentation of potassium ferricyanide + H₂SO₄-pretreated black strap molasses (containing 150 g sugars/l) in Vogel's medium. On the basis of comparison of kinetic parameters, namely the volumetric substrate uptake rate (Q _s), and specific substrate uptake rate (q _s), the volumetric productivity, theoretical yield and specific product formation rate, it was observed that the mutants were faster growing organisms and had the ability to overproduce citric acid.     

Influence of calcium on fungal growth and citric acid production during fermentation of a sugarcane molasses-based medium by a strain of Aspergillus niger

The effect of CaCl₂ on the growth, morphology and citric acid production from sugarcane molasses by Aspergillus niger 419 was studied. The addition of 0.5g CaCl₂/l to the fermentation medium induced a loose pelleted form of growth, reduced the biomass concentration and increased the volumetric productivity (g citric acid/h) and the specific production (g citric acid/g biomass dw) from 0.02 and 0.37 to 0.13 and 3.72, respectively.     

Selection of a strain of Aspergillus for the production of citric acid from pineapple waste in solid-state fermentation

Aspergillus foetidus ACM 3996 (=FRR 3558) and three strains of Aspergillus niger ACM 4992 (=ATCC 9142), ACM 4993 (=ATCC 10577), ACM 4994 (=ATCC 12846) were compared for the production of citric acid from pineapple peel in solid-state fermentation. A. niger ACM 4992 produced the highest amount of citric acid, with a yield of 19.4g of citric acid per 100g of dry fermented pineapple waste under optimum conditions, representing a yield of 0.74g citric acid/g sugar consumed. Optimal conditions were 65% (w/w) initial moisture content, 3% (v/w) methanol, 30°C, an unadjusted initial pH of 3.4, a particle size of 2mm and 5ppm Fe²⁺. Citric acid production was best in flasks, with lower yields being obtained in tray and rotating drum bioreactors.