家蝇幼虫血淋巴抗真菌肽MAF-1的分子特性分析及其抗真菌作用

制备家蝇Musca domestica幼虫血淋巴中的抗真菌肽, 对其分子特性及抗真菌机制进行研究。通过C₁₈柱固相萃取、 反相高效液相色谱相结合的方法, 成功制备到家蝇幼虫血淋巴抗真菌肽 MAF-1。SDS-PAGE分析结果表明, MAF-1的分子量为17.136 kDa。通过圆二色谱测出水溶液中MAF-1主要以α螺旋及β折叠为主。扫描电镜观察结果显示, MAF-1作用白假丝酵母菌Candida albicans 1 h后, 部分真菌出现表面凸凹不平, 细胞结构模糊; 随着作用时间的延长, 表面形成很明显的凹陷, 皱缩, 个别菌体破裂, 内容物外泄, 病变真菌发生率高于对照组。单细胞凝胶电泳（single-cell gel electrophoresis, SCGE）结果显示, 正常对照组的真菌呈现典型的圆形, 而实验组则出现明显的拖尾现象即形成“彗星”样细胞特征, 细胞迁移距离明显高于对照组。SDS-PAGE图谱显示, MAF-1作用后的白假丝酵母菌菌体蛋白谱带一些条带明显变浅, 条带数下降, 甚至消失。结果提示MAF-1可能具有独特的抗真菌机制。     

黑腹果蝇抗真菌肽基因Drs和Drs-lC 的原核可溶性表达及抗真菌活性测定

Drosomycin （Drs）是第1个从黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster体内鉴定发现的昆 虫抗真菌肽因子。它对细菌无明显的抗性,但对丝状真菌具有高效广谱的抑杀作用。此外, 在黑腹果蝇基因组还存在着Drs的另外6个同系物的基因序列,其中同系物Drosomycin-lC（Drs-lC）的抗真菌谱仅次于Drs。将Drs抗真菌肽基因(Drs)和同系物Drs-lC基因（Drs-lC）进行可溶性表达,对果蔬等农产品防腐保鲜的研究有应用前景。本实验将Drs和Drs-lC分别克隆到硫氧还蛋白（Trx）融合表达载体pThiohis A中,转化宿主菌TOP10,进行可溶性表达,并从诱导表达的菌液起始浓度、IPTG的诱导浓度及诱导时间等方面进行了表达条件的优化。结果表明2种融合蛋白Trx-Drs和Trx-Drs-lC大部分以可溶形式表达,可溶性表达的Trx-Drs在上清液中约占菌体总蛋白的22％。2种融合蛋白的表达产物经 Ni-NTA亲和层析得到纯化。生测结果表明, 2种融合蛋白分别对8种供试真菌中的5种真菌显示明显的抗性。     

不同提取工艺对家蝇幼虫蛋白粗提液抗菌活性的影响

利用不同条件提取诱导过的家蝇Musca domestica 3龄幼虫的总蛋白,并用平板扩散法测定所得蛋白粗提液的抗菌活性。结果表明,收集幼虫时的处死温度、沸水浴时间及提取液的pH值均对家蝇幼虫粗提液的抗菌活性有明显的影响。     

抗真菌肽对真菌作用机制研究进展

20 世纪 90 年代初, Iijima 等从麻蝇幼虫血淋巴分离出一种具有抗真菌活性、能抑制 C.albicans 生长的蛋白质 . 到目前为止,已发现 150 多种肽具有抗真菌的特性,随着被发现的抗真菌肽数目不断增多,人们对抗真菌肽的抗真菌机理也进行了大量的研究,抗真菌肽对真菌的作用方式主要有：阻止、破坏真菌细胞壁的合成;与膜作用,在质膜上形成孔洞,使重要的内容物外泄;与真菌细胞内线粒体、核酸大分子等重要细胞器相互作用;最终导致真菌的死亡 .     

家蝇抗真菌肽-溶菌酶基因的克隆、表达及序列分析

旨在对家蝇抗真菌肽MAF-1-溶菌酶(LZM)基因进行生物信息学分析,并进行融合基因MAF-1-LMZ的克隆和表达分析。从Gen Bank获得家蝇抗真菌肽MAF-1和溶菌酶LZM的编码序列,分析和预测这两种蛋白质的结构和功能。PCR扩增融合蛋白质抗真菌肽-溶菌酶的基因MAF-1-LMZ,将其克隆到原核表达载体p ET-28a中,重组质粒p ET-28a-MAF-1-LMZ在大肠杆菌Origmi B/DE3中经用IPTG诱导表达,表达产物MAF-1-LMZ通过SDS-PAGE电泳进行鉴定,采用小试管法倍比稀释法进行活性验证。结果显示,融合蛋白质MAF-1-LMZ序列的ORF为969 bp,编码322个氨基酸残基,理论分子量为35 468.6 Da,等电点为8.31,在大肠杆菌Origmi B/DE3中得到成功表达。其纯化后的目的蛋白具有抗真菌活性。     

黑腹果蝇抗真菌肽Drosomycin同系物的免疫原性和抗真菌活性

通过黑腹果蝇 Drosophila melanogaster抗真菌肽Drosomycin（Drs）及其同系物Drs-lC和Drs-lE的抗体制备及Western blotting 结果,分析了Drs同系物的免疫原性与其抗真菌活性的关系。研究采用了2种技术路线,分别将Drs、Drs-lC和Drs-lE 基因构建成与细胞生长因子基因 afgf 融合的重组表达质粒 pET-afgf-Drs、pET-afgf-C和pET-afgf-E,以及通过基因同向串连获得重组表达质粒 pRSET-2Drs、4Drs、6Drs 和 pRSET-2E、4E、6E,并将这些重组表达质粒转化到BL21（DE3）plysS受体菌进行诱导表达。分离纯化后的融合蛋白afgf-Drs、afgf-C和afgf-E 以及串连蛋白 4 Drs、4 Drs-lE分别免疫小白鼠获得相应的抗血清。Western blotting免疫原性检测结果表明,Drs及其同系物与各自的抗血清具有强的免疫反应,同时相互间也有交叉免疫反应,提示它们具有相似的主要抗原决定簇,这些抗原决定簇可能与抗真菌活性无关。同系物之间抗真菌活性的差异可能来源于某些细微结构上的差异。     

不同诱导条件下家蝇(Musca domestica)三龄幼虫免疫相关基因的表达研究

旨在研究在不同诱导条件下家蝇三龄幼虫先天性免疫基因的表达情况。采用冷刺激、热刺激及革兰氏阴性菌、革兰氏阳性菌和真菌注射诱导12 h后提取家蝇三龄幼虫总RNA。根据GenBank公布的家蝇磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)基因、攻击素(Attacin)、天蚕素(Cecropin)、防御素(Defensin)、双翅肽(Diptericin)、溶菌酶(Lysozyme)、热休克蛋白(Heat shock protein,HSP)及家蝇抗真菌肽(MAF-1)基因序列进行RT-PCR反应,以GAPDH基因为内参照,分析在不同诱导条件下家蝇三龄幼虫先天性免疫基因的表达情况。结果显示,不同条件诱导下,家蝇免疫相关基因表达显现较大差异,微生物诱导比物理刺激诱导后家蝇免疫相关基因表达水平高;真菌、阳性菌诱导后家蝇免疫相关基因表达量最高,阴性菌次之;冷刺激诱导最低。微生物及物理刺激均能激活家蝇的免疫系统,在不同条件刺激下,家蝇幼虫机体免疫应激反应不同。     

家蝇幼虫抗菌肽对铜绿假单胞菌感染小鼠创面的抗菌活性

通过超声处理诱导家蝇幼虫产生抗菌肤,观察抗菌肤对铜绿假单胞菌感染小鼠创面的抗菌作用.超声处理诱导家蝇幼虫产生抗菌肽,经分离纯化后,体外试验分析抗菌肽的抑菌特性.结果表明,术后对照组小鼠相比其他两组活动减少,且3组白细胞计数均减少.14 d后对照组存活率为30%,明显少于磺胺米隆组90%(P＜0.05)和抗菌肽组80%(P＜0.05).对照组小鼠的重量在第6 d开始下降,明显少于其他两组(P＜0.05).而无菌对照组无死亡,重量持续增加.因此,超声处理能诱导家蝇幼虫产生抗菌肽,其对铜绿假单胞菌感染的ICR小鼠创面有较强抗感染作用.能明显增加其存活率.     

家蝇抗菌肽AMPs17蛋白原核表达条件的优化及其抗真菌活性检测

目的:优化AMPs17重组蛋白的原核表达条件,分析重组蛋白的抗真菌活性。方法:比较不同的诱导温度(25℃、28℃、30℃、32℃、34℃)、异丙基硫代-β-D半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导浓度(0. 025mmol/L、0. 05mmol/L、0. 1mmol/L、0. 3mmol/L、0. 5mmol/L、0. 8mmol/L、1. 0mmol/L)和诱导时间(12h、15h、18h、21h、24h)对AMPs17重组蛋白表达量的影响,筛选AMPs17重组蛋白的最佳表达条件;采用镍离子金属螯合剂亲和层析柱对重组蛋白进行纯化,SDS-PAGE和ImageJ图像分析系统对表达结果进行分析,Western blot对AMPs17重组蛋白进行鉴定,高效液相色谱分析重组蛋白的纯度,微量液体稀释法及菌落计数法检测其抗真菌活性。结果:在诱导温度为32℃、IPTG浓度为0. 05mmol/L的条件下诱导培养15h,AMPs17重组蛋白的表达量最高且最为稳定;HPLC色谱仪分析显示AMPs17重组蛋白纯度可达到90%以上;优化后的AMPs17重组蛋白能有效抑制白色念珠菌的生长。结论:优化了家蝇抗菌肽AMPs17的诱导表达条件,获得了高表达、稳定且具有抗真菌活性的蛋白质,为后续抗菌机制及应用研究提供一定的实验基础。     

商陆根中抗真菌蛋白的分离和特性研究

从美洲商陆(Phytolacca americana L.)夏天采集的2—4年生宿根中分离了二种抗真菌蛋白,称为PAFP-R_1和PAFP-R_2。分离程序包括用盐溶液提取,经CM-Sephadex离子交换层析、凝胶过滤层析和羟基磷灰石柱层析纯化。在PGA培养基上,0.1mg/ml蛋白明显抑制木霉菌丝的生长;但对细菌的增殖,即使1mg/ml也无抑制作用。用SDS-PAGE测得二者的相对分子量各为13kD和15kD,单多肽链,等电点约为5.8。用酚-硫酸法未测出含糖。二种蛋白均高含半胱氨酸(19mol/mol)。用Edman降解法测得二者的N末端均为Ala。秋天采集的根中,这二种蛋白含量均很低,但富含由二条PAFP-R_1肽链以双硫键联结的二聚体,它无抗真菌活性。冬天宿根中抗真菌蛋白主要成分是Mr为17kD的单肽链蛋白。上述蛋白对于人红血球均无凝集活性,因此不是PWM的成分。以上结果说明,商陆根中有多种具抗真菌活性的蛋白,成分随季节发生变化,它们都是不含糖,高含半胱氨酸,分子量小于20kD的单肽链蛋白。     

Humoral immune response of Galleria mellonella larvae after infection by Beauveria bassiana under optimal and heat-shock conditions

Natural infection of Galleria mellonella larvae with the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana led to antifungal, but not antibacterial host response. This was manifested by induction of gallerimycin and galiomicin gene expression and, consequently, the appearance of antifungal activity in the hemolymph of the infected larvae. The activity of lysozyme increased at the beginning of infection and dropped while infection progressed. Exposure of the naturally infected animals to 43 °C for 15 min extended their life time.Galleria mellonella larvae were injected with 10⁴, 10⁵ and 10⁶ fungal blastospores, resulting in the appearance of strong antifungal activity and a significant increase in lysozyme activity in larval hemolymph after 24 h. Antibacterial activity was detectable only when 10⁵ and increased when 10⁶ blastospores were injected. The number of the injected B. bassiana blastospores also determined the survival rate of animals. We found that exposure of the larvae to 38 °C for 30 min before infection extended their life time when 10³ and 10⁴ spores were injected. The increase in the survival rate of the pre-heat-shocked animals may be explained by higher expression of antimicrobial peptides and higher antifungal and lysozyme activities in their hemolymph in comparison to non-heat-shocked animals.     

不同细菌对家蝇幼虫抗菌蛋白/肽的诱导效应

利用抑菌圈测量法和毛细管电泳研究、比较不同细菌对家蝇Musca domesticaL.幼虫抗菌蛋白/肽的诱导效应。结果表明,家蝇幼虫受细菌诱导后抗菌活性比对照都有不同程度的增加,同时不同细菌诱导表达样品对于相应的诱导菌均表现很高的抗菌活性。毛细管电泳图谱表明鼠伤寒沙门氏菌Salmonella typhimurium50013诱导后抗菌蛋白/肽表达强度增加了50倍,其它细菌诱导后抗菌蛋白/肽表达强度增加了1～40倍。与G+细菌相比,G-细菌具有更强的诱导效应。结论:家蝇幼虫对不同的细菌刺激有特异性反应,即不同细菌诱导抗菌蛋白/肽的强度、种类和数量都不一致。     

Antifungal peptides homologous to the Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein (PAF) are widespread among Fusaria

Putative antifungal peptide encoding genes containing Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein (PAF) characteristic amino acid motifs were identified in 15 Fusarium isolates, representing 10 species. Based on the predicted sequences of mature peptides, discrepancy in one, two or three amino acids was observed between them. Phylogenetic investigations revealed that they show high amino acid sequence similarity to PAF and they belong to the group of fungal derived antifungal peptides with PAF-cluster. Ten from the 15 partially purified <10 kDa peptide fraction of Fusarium ferment broths showed antifungal activity. The presence of approximately 6.3 kDa molecular weight peptides was detected in all of the antifungally active ferment broths, and this peptide was isolated and purified from Fusarium polyphilaidicum. The minimal inhibitiory concentrations of F. polyphilaidicum antifungal protein (FPAP) were determined against different filamentous fungi, yeasts and bacteria. Filamentous fungal species were the most susceptible to FPAF, but some yeasts were also slightly sensitive.     

家蝇幼虫分泌物抗菌肽的生化特性初步研究

研究了不同温度、蛋白酶及反复冻溶对家蝇 Musca domestica 幼虫活体浸泡法获得的分泌物抗菌肽抗菌活性的影响;并检测其凝血效应;试管稀释法测定其最低抑菌浓度（MIC）、最低杀菌浓度（MBC）;SDS-PAGE分析其分子量范围。结果表明,该抗菌肽具有较强的热稳定性、酶稳定性及较强抗菌活性的特性,无凝血作用。对大肠埃希菌的最低抑菌浓度为37 μg/mL、最低杀菌浓度为75 μg/mL;分子量约10 kD。     

Insect immunity. Isolation from the lepidopteran Heliothis virescens of a novel insect defensin with potent antifungal activity

Lepidoptera have been reported to produce several antibacterial peptides in response to septic injury. However, in marked contrast to other insect groups, no inducible antifungal molecules had been described so far in this insect order. Surprisingly, also cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides, which predominate in the antimicrobial defense of other insects, had not been discovered in Lepidoptera. Here we report the isolation from the hemolymph of immune induced larvae of the lepidopteran Heliothis virescens of a cysteine-rich molecule with exclusive antifungal activity. We have fully characterized this antifungal molecule, which has significant homology with the insect defensins, a large family of antibacterial peptides directed against Gram-positive strains. Interestingly, the novel peptide shows also similarities with the antifungal peptide drosomycin from Drosophila. Thus, Lepidoptera appear to have built their humoral immune response against bacteria on cecropins and attacins. In addition, we report that Lepidoptera have conferred antifungal properties to the well conserved structure of antibacterial insect defensins through amino acid replacements.     

Commercialization of antifungal peptides

There remains an urgent and very much unmet medical need for new antifungal therapies. Ideally, the next generation of treatments for nosocomial and community-acquired infections, including those caused by Candida spp, Aspergillus spp, Cryptococcus spp and Fusarium spp, will be more efficacious, with higher therapeutic indices and broader activity spectra than existing antifungal drug classes. Moreover, future antifungal therapeutics should have novel modes of action/drug targets that at least minimise, if not negate, the risk of acquired resistance developing in their target fungal pathogen populations. In short, developing the next generation of antifungals is a tall order and whoever is successful in doing so must address the various and well-described shortcomings of what remains at present, a very limited choice of largely small molecule-based therapeutics against the fungal infection spectrum. Novel peptide antifungals engineered from a template of mammalian, amphibian and even insect endogenous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have clear potential to meet these requirements and consequent clinical success in a range of fungal diseases. This potential will hopefully be realised in the future as any number of the promising preclinical candidate antifungal peptides identified to date are developed further towards the clinic. The size of the ever-increasing market potential as well as unmet clinical need for new antifungal treatments is such that succeeding in delivering novel peptide antifungals as safe and potently efficacious therapies for the future will have a significant health-economic impact.     

Commercialization of antifungal peptides

There remains an urgent and very much unmet medical need for new antifungal therapies. Ideally, the next generation of treatments for nosocomial and community-acquired infections, including those caused by Candida spp, Aspergillus spp, Cryptococcus spp and Fusarium spp, will be more efficacious, with higher therapeutic indices and broader activity spectra than existing antifungal drug classes. Moreover, future antifungal therapeutics should have novel modes of action/drug targets that at least minimise, if not negate, the risk of acquired resistance developing in their target fungal pathogen populations. In short, developing the next generation of antifungals is a tall order and whoever is successful in doing so must address the various and well-described shortcomings of what remains at present, a very limited choice of largely small molecule-based therapeutics against the fungal infection spectrum. Novel peptide antifungals engineered from a template of mammalian, amphibian and even insect endogenous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have clear potential to meet these requirements and consequent clinical success in a range of fungal diseases. This potential will hopefully be realised in the future as any number of the promising preclinical candidate antifungal peptides identified to date are developed further towards the clinic. The size of the ever-increasing market potential as well as unmet clinical need for new antifungal treatments is such that succeeding in delivering novel peptide antifungals as safe and potently efficacious therapies for the future will have a significant health-economic impact.     

Purification and characterization of a thermal stable antimicrobial protein from housefly larvae, Musca domestica, induced by ultrasonic wave

This work describes the induction, purification and partial biochemical characterizations of an antimicrobial protein from the housefly larvae induced by ultrasonic wave. It has been purified to apparent homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by Sephadex G-75, Bio-gel P6 gel filtration, and CM-Sepharose Fast Flow cation exchange chromatography. The protein is a cationic protein with an apparent molecular weight of 16315 Da determined by no-denaturing electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE, respectively. Biochemical profile assays show that this protein has good thermal stability, and repeatedly frozen and defrosted durability. The optimum pH for antimicrobial activity is around pH5. The antimicrobial range of the protein includes Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and some fungi. Results of the membrane permeability assays suggest that the probable mode of action of this protein is membrane-disrupting mechanism.     

黄粉甲幼虫抗菌物质的诱导及其抗菌活性

采用饥饿法、紫外线照射法和针刺法处理黄粉甲Tenebriomolitor 6龄幼虫后均能诱导其 产生抗菌物质,收集的血淋巴上清液对真菌有抑制作用,对细菌无抑制作用;经热处理后的血 淋巴上清液则对细菌有抑制作用,而对真菌无抑制作用。SDS-PAGE检测结果发现,与未诱导的 对照相比经诱导的黄粉甲幼虫血淋巴中,原有的一类大分子蛋白质如分子量分别为97kD、44 kD和37 kD左右的蛋白质缺失;而ESI-MS分析结果显示诱导后比诱导前黄粉甲幼虫血淋巴中有 小分子物质产生,推测可能是此类缺失蛋白质分解为小分子量的抗菌肽,从而表现出抗菌活性 。     

家蝇微生物感染对RNA干扰GNBP3基因的作用

为了研究家蝇Musca domestica微生物感染对RNA干扰GNBP3基因的作用,评价微生物感染后对下游抗菌肽水平的影响,本研究用RNA干扰技术沉默家蝇GNBP3基因探索最佳沉默时间及效果,检测RNA干扰后家蝇幼虫存活及化蛹情况,通过微生物喂食途径感染,采用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测抗菌肽基因(cecropins、...