米曲霉尿嘧啶营养缺陷型突变体筛选及转化体系建立

米曲霉(Aspergillus oryzae)是一种十分重要的工业微生物，但由于其菌丝体和孢子均含有多个细胞核，并且对多种抗性药物具有抗性，导致其遗传转化和分子生物学研究较其他模式丝状真菌困难。目前米曲霉遗传转化主要采用营养缺陷型作为筛选标记。尿嘧啶营养缺陷型是米曲霉转化中最常用的一种营养缺陷型标记，其筛选标记基因pyrG编码乳清酸核苷-5′-磷酸脱羧酶为尿嘧啶的前体尿苷合成所必需。本研究以米曲霉3.042为背景，利用紫外线诱变和5-氟乳清酸(5-FOA)胁迫筛选获得5株尿嘧啶营养缺陷型菌株，经DNA测序5株菌株均为pyrG基因不同位点突变，确定为尿嘧啶营养缺陷型。以筛选到的尿嘧啶营养缺陷型菌株为背景，利用农杆菌介导的米曲霉转化系统，成功构建了米曲霉尿嘧啶营养缺陷型为筛选标记的农杆菌转化体系。     

黑曲霉菌pyrG缺陷株的建立

运用紫外线照射致突变方法建立了黑曲霉菌ATCC 12049,13496和N402等3种菌株的乳清酸核苷-5′-磷酸脱羧酶基因(pyrG)缺陷株.其中ATCC 13496是一种蛋白酶缺陷株.含黑曲霉菌pyrG基因的重组质粒pY 1.2可使它们发生转化,成为Pyr+,转化效率约为8～40转化子/μgDNA.这些pyrG缺陷株将可被用作基因工程的受体菌.     

草酸青霉可重复利用筛选标记5'氟乳清酸的构建

草酸青霉是纤维素酶高产真菌,也是科学研究的重要真菌之一.借助基因工程技术手段对工业真菌进行分子改造,可以有效提高菌株在工业生产中的经济效益,对工业菌株进行基因改造需要大量的筛选标记,目前草酸青霉中可用的筛选标记较少,因此需要构建一个草酸青霉可重复利用筛选标记转化系统.本研究构建以乳清酸核苷-5'-磷酸脱羧酶基因(pyrG)作为选择标记,以草酸青霉pyrG缺失菌株为宿主菌构建转化系统.首先,构建了含有草酸青霉pyrG表达框及其终止子TT1重复序列的可重复利用pyrG筛选标记.然后,以pyrG筛选标记作为选择标记,以草酸青霉pyrG缺失菌株Δku70ΔpyrG(pyrG∷kan)为受体菌株,敲除Δku70ΔpyrG(pyrG∷kan)菌株中的kan基因,获得菌株Δku70Δkan(kan∷R-pyrG).最后,利用筛选标记中的pyrG终止子重复序列发生自我剪切,利用氟乳清酸(5-FOA)的筛选,获得pyrG缺失,kan抗性基因缺失菌株Δku70ΔR-pyrG.本研究成功建立以pyrG为筛选标记,草酸青霉pyrG缺失菌株为受体菌的可重复利用筛选系统.     

里氏木霉RutC30常温常压等离子体（ARTP）诱变筛选pyr4基因缺陷型菌株及转化系统的建立

以里氏木霉Trichoderma reesei重要工业生产菌RutC30为出发菌株,通过等离子体（ARTP）诱变筛选,以5-氟乳清酸（5-FOA）和尿苷（Uridine）进行筛选,获得一株pyr4基因缺陷株RutC30ΔU3。用含有野生型里氏木霉pyr4基因的互补质粒转化突变株,可回复野生性状。经测序发现其pyr4基因在核酸序列多个位点发生突变,其中包括两个错义突变和一个移码突变,从而导致乳清酸核苷-5′-磷酸脱羧酶失活。经遗传稳定性研究分析,传代5次后仍保持良好的尿苷依赖性、去葡萄糖阻遏以及高产纤维素酶特性。经实验筛选获得了pyr4基因缺陷菌株可作为基因表达系统的受体菌株,建立了以尿苷营养缺陷为筛选标记的木霉转化系统。     

L-异亮氨酸产生菌的选育

以黄色短杆菌BF420为出发菌株,经紫外线和亚硝基胍复合诱变处理后,单菌落分离筛选到一株营养缺陷型突变菌株BF35(Lys-).进一步采用氨基酸结构类似物S-2-氨基乙基-L-半胱氨酸(AEC)、α-氨基丁酸(α-AB)进行抗性筛选,获得一株带有遗传标记的L-异亮氨酸高产突变株BF3510(Lys-+AECr +a-ABr).该菌株在培养基未优化的条件下摇瓶产酸量为6.4g·L-1,比出发菌株增加了83％.     

从芽胞杆菌dhs-330转座突变库筛选获得高产表面活性剂突变株

目的:利用本实验室构建的芽胞杆菌dhs-330的转座突变体库,筛选表面活性剂高产菌株,并获得最佳发酵条件。方法:通过排油圈法初筛和测定表面张力复筛,从500个突变株中筛选出5株表面活性较高的突变株,对获得的5株突变株进行遗传稳定性分析,通过单因素实验对高产表面活性剂的发酵条件进行优化。结果:获得了5株表面活性较高的突变株,传代培养10代后突变株dhs-330-021的遗传稳定性和表面活性均较好,dhs-330-021的最佳培养基为葡萄糖32 g/L、酵母提取物1.2 g/L、尿素5.0 g/L、KH_2PO_4 0.8 g/L、Na_2HPO_4·12H_2O 3 g/L、MgSO_4·7H_2O 0.15g/L、微量元素溶液1 m L/L,发酵液稀释至1/10后的表面张力降低到30.392 mN/m。结论:运用转座突变技术进行高产表面活性剂菌株的选育,可获得遗传稳定的高产菌株。     

农杆菌介导的蛹虫草营养缺陷型菌株和遗传转化体系的构建

【背景】天然蛹虫草是蛹虫草菌侵染昆虫蛹或虫形成的子实体,具有非常重要的生物药理活性。目前蛹虫草基因组测序已经完成,但是其分子生物学研究较少。【目的】在蛹虫草中构建一种以尿苷/尿嘧啶营养缺陷型为筛选标记的农杆菌介导的转基因体系。【方法】乳清酸核苷-5′-磷酸（orotidine-5′-monophosphate,OMP）脱羧酶为尿嘧啶合成必需酶,利用根癌农杆菌介导的转化（Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation,ATMT）方法,通过同源重组对蛹虫草野生型菌株中该酶的编码基因pyrG进行敲除,构建尿苷/尿嘧啶营养缺陷型突变体。然后,利用本实验室已有的米曲霉pyrG为筛选标记的二元转化载体,通过农杆菌转化法对该营养缺陷型菌株进行遗传转化。【结果】通过同源重组法,成功敲除pyrG构建了尿嘧啶营养缺陷型蛹虫草,以此为背景,在22℃共培养66h,成功对蛹虫草实现转基因,转化效率为（75±35）/10⁶孢子。另外,本研究还发现丝状真菌常用的构巢曲霉3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶启动子PgpdA及α淀粉酶启动子PamyB不能在蛹虫草...     

结合缺陷型菌株显色法采用离子束诱变筛选高产L-精氨酸突变株

为快速高效筛选L-精氨酸高产突变株,建立一种缺陷菌株平板显色法并采用低能N+离子束对L-精氨酸生产用菌株钝齿棒杆菌SYPA5-5进行诱变处理,通过上述平板显色法筛选获得高产突变株.对突变株进行摇瓶发酵实验,最终选育出一株L-精氨酸产量较高且产酸性能比较稳定的突变菌株钝齿棒杆菌SYPA5-5-36.该菌株摇瓶发酵L-精氨酸产量可达35.85 g/L,比出发菌株提高了19.5％.因此,缺陷型菌株平板显色法可以用于快速、高效筛选高产L-精氨酸突变株.     

利用可重复使用的URA3标记基因建立热带假丝酵母基因敲除系统

热带假丝酵母(Candida tropicalis)在发酵工业中具有重要的应用潜力,但二倍体遗传结构和较低的遗传转化效率限制了其代谢工程育种技术的应用。建立可靠的遗传转化技术并高效的删除目的基因是代谢工程改造热带假丝酵母的重要前提。文章以C. tropicalis ATCC 20336为出发菌株,通过化学诱变筛选获得了尿嘧啶缺陷型突变株C. tropicalis XZX(ura3/ura3)。以丙酮酸脱羧酶(Pyruvate decarboxylase,PDC)基因作为靶基因构建了两端包含同源臂并在选择性标记C. tropicalis URA3(Orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase,乳清酸核苷-5-磷酸脱羧酶)基因两侧同向插入源于沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)的hisG序列的基因敲除盒PDC1-hisG-URA3-hisG- PDC1(PHUHP),并转化宿主菌株C. tropicalis XZX,筛选获得PHUHP片段正确整合到染色体的PDC基因位点的转化子XZX02。在此基础上,将转化子XZX02涂布于5-FOA(5-氟乳清酸)选择培养基上,筛选得到URA3基因从PHUHP片段中丢失的营养缺陷型菌株XZX03。进一步构建了第2个PDC等位基因的删除表达盒PDCm- URA3-PDCm,并转化C. tropicalis XZX03菌株,获得转化子C. tropicalis XZX04。经PCR和DNA测序确认转化子C. tropicalis XZX04细胞染色体上的两个PDC等位基因被成功敲除。文章建立了一种营养缺陷型标记可重复使用的热带假丝酵母遗传转化技术,利用该技术成功敲除了细胞的PDC基因,为进一步利用代谢工程改造热带假丝酵母奠定了基础。     

卷枝毛霉孢子原生质体的制备与再生

为了构建高产γ-亚麻酸的卷枝毛霉稳定遗传转化体系,利用酶解法对卷枝毛霉(Mucor circinelloides sp.)EIM-10的孢子进行原生质体制备。研究酶液组成、渗透压稳定剂、酶解温度、酶解时间等对卷枝毛霉孢子原生质体形成和再生的影响,建立了制备卷枝毛霉孢子原生质体的最适条件:1%纤维素酶和2%溶壁酶为酶解体系,0.5mol/L NaCl作为渗透压稳定剂,酶解温度32℃,酶解时间2.5 h,再生培养基为0.5 mol/L NaCl高渗培养基。用双层平板培养法进行原生质体再生,在此条件下原生质体的形成量为1.2×106个/mL,再生率为70.5%。     

Generation of lycopene-overproducing strains of the fungus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mucor circinelloides</Emphasis> reveals important aspects of lycopene formation and accumulation

Objectives

To generate lycopene-overproducing strains of the fungus Mucor circinelloides with interest for industrial production and to gain insight into the catalytic mechanism of lycopene cyclase and regulatory process during lycopene overaccumulation.

Results

Three lycopene-overproducing mutants were generated by classic mutagenesis techniques from a β-carotene-overproducing strain. They carried distinct mutations in the carRP gene encoding lycopene cyclase that produced loss of enzymatic activity to different extents. In one mutant (MU616), the lycopene cyclase was completely destroyed, and a 43.8% (1.1 mg/g dry mass) increase in lycopene production was observed in comparison to that by the previously existing lycopene overproducer. In addition, feedback regulation of the end product was suggested in lycopene-overproducing strains.

Conclusions

A lycopene-overaccumulating strain of the fungus M. circinelloides was generated that could be an alternative for the industrial production of lycopene. Vital catalytic residues for lycopene cyclase activity and the potential mechanism of lycopene formation and accumulation were identified.

     

The effect of dietary administration of the fungus Mucor circinelloides on non-specific immune responses of gilthead seabream

The immunostimulant potential of the whole fungus Mucor circinelloides administered in the diet to gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) was studied. Three different lyophilised strains were used: the wild-type (R7B) and two mutant strains in the carotene-production pathway which are enriched in lycopene (MU224) or beta-carotene (T31). Fish were fed diets containing 0 (control) or 10 g of one of the whole M. circinelloides strains per kg feed. After 2, 4 or 6 weeks of treatment the growth rate as well as humoral (lysozyme activity) and cellular (phagocytosis and cytotoxicity) immune responses were determined. The specific growth rate increased slightly with all the M. circinelloides-supplemented diets. Serum lysozyme activity increased slightly (P>0.05) in fish fed the mutant strain-supplemented diets. Of the cellular responses, phagocytosis significantly increased after 6 weeks, in fish fed the wild-type strain-supplemented diets while cytotoxicity increased after 4 weeks in fish fed the beta-carotene-enriched strain-supplemented diet. The immune responses were increased to some degree by diets containing whole M. circinelloides strains. These results are discussed in the light of the on-going search for new microorganisms, wild or mutant-type, for use as immunostimulants in fish farming.     

红肉蜜柚果肉红色色素鉴定

红肉蜜柚是在琯溪蜜柚园中发现的一个红肉变异单株,经连续多年对无性子代(三代)系统观测,其红肉变异性状稳定。对其汁胞呈色色素测定结果表明,成分主要为番茄红素和β-胡萝卜素,含量分别为(55.45±1.13) μg/g·dw和(41.10±2.24) μg/g·dw;而叶黄素含量极微。     

Cloning,characterization and heterologous expression of the Blakeslea trispora gene encoding orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase

The pyrG gene of the fungus Blakeslea trispora, encoding orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (OMPD) enzyme, was cloned by heterologous hybridization of a genomic library with the Mucor circinelloides pyrG gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of the B. trispora pyrG gene is highly similar to the OMPD from other organisms. Hybridization analyses revealed that the only copy of this gene present in the genome of B. trispora is constitutively expressed. Heterologous complementation of a mutant of M. circinelloides deficient in OMPD activity with the B. trispora pyrG gene and promoter sequence confirmed the function of this gene. This functional complementation demonstrates that heterologous expression in M. circinelloides might be used to investigate the function of genes of B. trispora.     

γ-亚麻酸产生菌Mucor sp．EIM-10的筛选及分子鉴定

为了获得高产γ-亚麻酸（γ-linolenic acid,GLA）的菌株,利用苏丹黑染色法筛选获得1株GLA产生菌EIM-10,通过摇瓶培养,其生物量可达11．882g／L,菌丝体油脂含量可达18．86％。气相色谱-质谱（GC—MS）分析表明其γ-亚麻酸质量分数（占总脂肪酸）高达27．68％。为进一步鉴定该菌株,克隆测定了该菌18SrRNA基因序列,并对其进行系统进化树分析,结果表明该菌属于毛霉属,与Mucor racemosus、Mucor plumbeus、Mucor ramosissimus与Mucor circinelloides同属一个分支。     

Mycophenolic Acid Production by Drug-resistant and Methionine or Glutamic-Acid Requiring Mutants of Pénicillium brevicompactum

Penicillium brevicompactum ATCC 16024 produced 1.7 g/1 of mycophenolic acid (MPA) in the culture medium. Various drug-resistant mutants, showing resistance to such as polyene antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, redox indicator and surfactants, were derived from the fungus. Most of the mutants produced 2.0 ~2.5 g/1 of MPA. A clofibrate and dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride double resistant mutant, No. 4–23–11, produced 4.7 g/1 of MPA. A monofluoroacetic acid resistant strain, No. 5–1, derived from No. 4–23–11 produced 5.3 g/1 of MPA.

A methionine auxotroph, M-l, derived from ATCC 16024, produced 4.0 g/1 of MPA. A glutamate auxotroph, G-42, derived from strain No. 4–23–11 produced 5.8 g/1 of MPA. G-42 grew on l-aspartate instead of l-glutamate, and showed one-third the pyruvate carboxylase activity of the parent. Another glutamate auxotroph, G-78, did not produce MPA but accumulated 1.5 g/1 of acetate in the culture medium, and showed one-fifth the citrate synthase activity of the parent strain.