细胞色素P450介导的昆虫抗药性的分子机制

细胞色素P450(简称P450) 对杀虫剂的代谢作用直接影响到昆虫对杀虫剂的耐受性和杀虫剂对昆虫的选择性,由P450介导的杀虫剂代谢解毒作用的增强是昆虫产生抗药性的常见而重要的机制。P450介导的杀虫剂代谢抗性具有普遍性、交互抗性与进化可塑性的特点,涉及P450基因重复与基因扩增、基因转录上调以及结构基因的变异等多样化的分子机制,并且多重机制的共同作用可以导致高水平抗药性。这些研究发现说明,无论是昆虫抗药性机制的研究,还是抗药性监测与治理都要有动态的、因地制宜的理念。     

CPR和P450基因在昆虫抗药性中的作用研究进展

P450酶系在昆虫代谢农药中有重要作用，NADPH-细胞色素P450还原酶（NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase，CPR）和细胞色素P450（P450）在该酶系起核心作用。昆虫具有P450超基因家族，但只有一个单一的CPR基因，CPR是昆虫所有参与农药代谢的P450酶的唯一电子供体，其影响P450活性。P450基因的高水平表达在害虫抗药性中具有重要作用，P450基因介导的昆虫抗药性是最重要的代谢抗性类型。不同P450基因的高表达的调控机制不同，引起P450基因过量表达的原因可能有P450基因的编码区突变、顺式作用元件和反式作用因子变化、基因扩增等。细胞色素P450介导的抗药性存在一定程度的进化可塑性，即同种昆虫不同种群对相同的农药产生抗药性时，导致抗性产生的P450基因不同；同一昆虫品系在某种农药的抗性选择压力下，影响抗性的P450基因的种类和表达特性会随着持续的农药选择而发生变化。最近的研究显示，CPR的变异和昆虫抗药性相关，但是昆虫CPR基因介导抗药性的机制还缺乏深入研究。全面阐释P450酶系介导昆虫抗药性的机制、建立基于P450基因表达量变化与CPR突变的抗性分子标记，对于害虫抗药性治理具有重要意义。     

细胞色素P450介导的昆虫抗药性

本文介绍了昆虫细胞色素P450(简称P450)及其介导抗性的分子基础的研究进展。细胞色素：P450在转录水平上的过量表达是P450介导抗性的主要机制,P450的氨基酸残基改变也可能改变昆虫的抗药性。     

昆虫细胞色素P450与抗药性关系研究进展

细胞色素P450单加氧酶系是一类广泛分布于生物有机体中的重要酶系,它能够代谢多种内源性物质和外源性物质,因其生物学的重要性,一直是生物学领域研究的一个重要对象.本文综述了昆虫细胞色素P450目前的一些研究进展,介绍了其与昆虫抗药性之间的关系,并阐述了细胞色素P450介导抗性的分子基础.     

杀虫剂抗性: 遗传学、基因组学及应用启示

杀虫剂抗性已成为害虫防治工作需要解决的一个重要问题,也是一种人为的、自然选择的重要的进化现象,开展抗药性的研究不仅为抗性的监测、治理和农药工业的发展提供科学参考,还可以揭示生物进化的一些基本规律。在过去的10年,昆虫对许多化学杀虫剂抗药性的分子基础得到了进一步阐明,已从果蝇Drosophila melanogaster中克隆了杀虫剂的靶标基因,还查明了一些害虫的与抗性相关联的基因突变。最近,随着经注释的昆虫基因组的出现,由复杂多基因酶系如酯酶、细胞色素P450酶及谷胱甘肽S-转移酶介导的抗性的机制有了突破性的进展,有关杀虫剂抗性的进化以及抗性基因的传播模式也逐步得到揭示。基因组技术在揭示昆虫其他可能的抗药性机制以及在发现新的杀虫剂靶标方面将发挥更大的作用。     

细胞色素P450介导的果蝇抗药性研究进展

细胞色素P450 (cytochrome P450, CYP450)超基因家族是由一些数量多而功能复杂的血红蛋白酶基因所组成,该代谢酶系作为一种几乎地球上所有需氧生物都存在的重要生存策略,可以调控多种内源物质及外源化合物的代谢,参与了众多重要的生命过程,代谢解毒作用是该酶系重要功能之一。细胞色素P450的代谢解毒作用受药物影响,机体通过改变基因表达量,实现增强代谢解毒,加快机体对于有害物质的代谢,从而使得机体对有害环境产生一定的适应性,进而使得机体产生耐药性或抗药性。本研究说明果蝇细胞色素P450介导的杀虫剂类药物代谢机制及代谢抗性的特点等方面的研究,对明确果蝇的抗药性机制研究具有参考意义。     

昆虫抗药性机理：行为和生理改变及解毒代谢增强（英文）

杀虫剂抗性是指“生物的一个品系发展了对该生物正常种群中大多数个体具有致死作用剂量的杀虫药剂的能力”。行为改变、生理学上的变化或代谢解毒等抗性机制能够降低毒物到达靶标的有效剂量。行为抗性是指减少昆虫与毒物接触或使昆虫能够存活于对大多数对正常个体致死（或有害）的环境中的任何行为。生理学改变的机制包括杀虫剂对表皮的穿透性降低、增加对药剂阻隔（sequestration）或储存和加速杀虫剂的排泄。细胞色素P450、水解酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶是杀虫药剂代谢解毒的主要3大酶系。细胞色素P450是一个超基因家族,是生物体内对外源性和内源性化合物解毒代谢或活化最重要的酶系。在许多害虫中发现P450介导的解毒代谢增加导致了对杀虫药剂抗性的增加。谷胱甘肽S-转移酶是可溶性的 二聚体蛋白,与代谢解毒、大量内源性和外源性化合物的排泄有关,许多昆虫中证明其抗药性与该酶活性增加有关。水解酶实际上是一组异源的酶类,其对抗药性的作用包括通过基因扩增增加酶量,作为结合蛋白隔离杀虫药剂或通过增加酶的活性加强对药剂的水解作用。     

昆虫抗药性相关细胞色素P450基因的表达调控机制

杀虫剂的频繁持续使用,必然导致昆虫产生抗药性。大量研究事例表明参与杀虫剂解毒的细胞色素P450(简称P450)过量表达是昆虫对不同类型杀虫剂产生抗性的重要原因,但目前人们对P450基因过量表达机制的认识还非常有限。近十年来,随着生命科学与相关研究技术的发展,有关昆虫P450基因表达调控机制的研究取得了实质性的进展。本文综述了这一研究领域的重要发现。除了基因重复或基因扩增导致的P450基因拷贝数增加外,P450基因在转录层面的上调表达是P450介导抗药性的普遍且重要的机制。P450基因的转录上调由顺式调控元件与反式作用因子相互作用得以实现。现已发现了几种不同类型的转录因子(CncC, CREB和核受体等)对昆虫P450表达的直接调控,也鉴定了间接调控P450表达的作用因子如G蛋白偶联受体及其下游效应子。ncC:Maf/Keap1是抗药性相关P450基因表达的重要而普遍的调控途径。越来越多的事例表明小RNA在昆虫P450的表达调控中起重要作用。现有的研究结果揭示了昆虫P450基因调控因子和信号转导通路的多样性及调控机制的复杂性。     

疟疾媒介冈比亚按蚊杀虫剂代谢抗性解毒酶芯片

代谢抗性是蚊虫对各类杀虫剂产生抗性的一个重要而普遍的机制,但这一通路所涉及的基因仍不清楚。英国利物浦热带医学院媒介研究组构建了疟疾媒介冈比亚按蚊与代谢抗性相关的基因芯片,是从230个可能与杀虫剂代谢有关的基因选出的单一片段,包括细胞色素P450s、GSTs、羧酸酯酶、氧化还原基因,以及与P450氧化代谢复合体相关的基因和对照基因。     

昆虫抗药性产生机制

杀虫剂是害虫防治的有效途径之一,但随着杀虫剂长期和广泛的使用,昆虫种群对各种杀虫剂的敏感性降低,产生了抗药性,如何克服昆虫的抗药性是害虫综合治理的重要问题。近年来,借助基因组测序和遗传操作技术的发展,对昆虫抗药性的研究已经深入到细胞水平和分子水平,取得诸多重要的突破,为害虫抗性的控制奠定了理论基础。本文从常见杀虫剂的历史沿革及作用机理切入,从靶标抗性、代谢抗性和穿透抗性3个方面阐述了杀虫剂抗性产生的机制:杀虫剂作用位点的突变降低了靶标与杀虫剂的亲和力,细胞色素P450酶系和谷胱甘肽转移酶系的激活增加了杀虫剂的降解,表皮结构成分的变化和ABC转运蛋白的增加有效阻挡了杀虫剂的渗入。利用基因操作手段或抑制剂,对上述3种抗性机制的关键步骤进行调控可能成为未来杀虫剂抗性控制的新策略。     

Cytochromes P450 and insecticide resistance.

The cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (monooxygenases) are an extremely important metabolic system involved in the catabolism and anabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. Monooxygenase-mediated metabolism is a common mechanism by which insects become resistant to insecticides as evidenced by the numerous insect species and insecticides affected. This review begins by presenting background information about P450s, the role of monooxygenases in insects, and the different techniques that have been used to isolate individual insect P450s. Next, insecticide resistance is briefly described, and then historical information about monooxygenase-mediated insecticide resistance is reviewed. For any case of monooxygenase-mediated resistance, identification of the P450(s) involved, out of the dozens that are present in an insect, has proven very challenging. Therefore, the next section of the review focuses on the minimal criteria for establishing that a P450 is involved in resistance. This is followed by a comprehensive examination of the literature concerning the individual P450s that have been isolated from insecticide resistant strains. In each case, the history of the strain and the evidence for monooxygenase-mediated resistance are reviewed. The isolation and characterization of the P450(s) from the strain are then described, and the evidence of whether or not the isolated P450(s) is involved in resistance is summarized. The remainder of the review summarizes our current knowledge of the molecular basis of monooxygenase-mediated resistance and the implications for the future. The importance of these studies for development of effective insecticide resistance management strategies is discussed.     

A comparison of Drosophila melanogaster detoxification gene induction responses for six insecticides, caffeine and phenobarbital

Modifications of metabolic pathways are important in insecticide resistance evolution. Mutations leading to changes in expression levels or substrate specificities of cytochrome P450 (P450), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and esterase genes have been linked to many cases of resistance with the responsible enzyme shown to utilize the insecticide as a substrate. Many studies show that the substrates of enzymes are capable of inducing the expression of those enzymes. We investigated if this was the case for insecticides and the enzymes responsible for their metabolism. The induction responses for P450s, GSTs and esterases to six different insecticides were investigated using a custom designed microarray in Drosophila melanogaster. Even though these gene families can all contribute to insecticide resistance, their induction responses when exposed to insecticides are minimal. The insecticides spinosad, diazinon, nitenpyram, lufenuron and dicyclanil did not induce any P450, GST or esterase gene expression after a short exposure to high lethal concentrations of insecticide. DDT elicited the low-level induction of one GST and one P450. These results are in contrast to induction responses we observed for the natural plant compound caffeine and the barbituate drug phenobarbital, both of which highly induced a number of P450 and GST genes under the same short exposure regime. Our results indicate that, under the insecticide exposure conditions we used, constitutive over-expression of metabolic genes play more of a role in insect survival than induction of members of these gene families.     

Cytochrome P450 MA expression in insecticide-resistant German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae).

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are detoxification enzymes commonly involved in insecticide resistance by insects. Recently, an overexpressed form of this enzyme, P450 MA, was purified from an insecticide-resistant strain of German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), and polyclonal antisera (anti-P450 MA) was produced. To test hypotheses that the overexpressed condition of P450 MA has evolved in > 1 geographic location and that P450 MA might be involved in insecticide resistance to specific insecticides, investigations were conducted using 4 insecticide-resistant and 1 susceptible German cockroach strains. In western blots that used anti-P450 MA antiserum as a probe, substantial differences in expression of P450 MA were observed. Strains showing the highest P450 MA expression had both the highest tolerance to the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos and cytochrome P450-mediated demethylation activity. Results support the hypothesis that cytochrome P450 MA is potentially overexpressed in insecticide-resistant populations on a global scale.     

Identification and classification of detoxification enzymes from Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Molecular characterization of the insecticide resistance has become a hot research topic ever since the first disease transmitting arthropod (Anopheles gambiae) genome sequence has unveiled in 2002. A recent publication of the Culex quinquefasciatus genome sequence has opened up new opportunities for molecular and comparative genomic analysis of multiple mosquito genomes to characterize the insecticide resistance. Here, we utilized a whole genome sequence of Cx. quinquefasciatus to identify putatively active members of the detoxification supergene families, namely cytochrome P450s (P450s), glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), and choline/carboxylesterases (CCEs). The Culex genome analysis revealed 166 P450s, 40 GSTs, and 62 CCEs. Further, the comparative genomic analysis shows that these numbers are considerably higher than the other dipteran mosquitoes. These observed speciesspecific expansions of the detoxification super gene family members endorse the popular understanding of the involvement of these gene families in protecting the organism against multitudinous classes of toxic substances during its complex (aquatic and terrestrial) life cycle. Thus, the generated data set may provide an initial point to start with to characterize the insecticide resistance at a molecular level which could then lead the development of an easy to use molecular marker to monitor the incipient insecticide resistance in field environs.     

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and insecticide resistance in insects

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are involved in many cases of resistance of insects to insecticides. Resistance has long been associated with an increase in monooxygenase activities and with an increase in cytochrome P450 content. However, this increase does not always account for all of the resistance. In Drosophila melanogaster, we have shown that the overproduction of cytochrome P450 can be lost by the fly without a corresponding complete loss of resistance. These results prompted the sequencing of a cytochrome P450 candidate for resistance in resistant and susceptible flies. Several mutations leading to amino-acid substitutions have been detected in the P450 gene CYP6A2 of a resistant strain. The location of these mutations in a model of the 3D structure of the CYP6A2 protein suggested that some of them may be important for enzyme activity of this molecule. This has been verified by heterologous expression of wild-type and mutated cDNA in Escherichia coli. When other resistance mechanisms are considered, relatively few genetic mutations are involved in insecticide resistance, and this has led to an optimistic view of the management of resistance. Our observations compel us to survey in more detail the genetic diversity of cytochrome P450 genes and alleles involved in resistance.