杀虫剂抗性: 遗传学、基因组学及应用启示

杀虫剂抗性已成为害虫防治工作需要解决的一个重要问题，也是一种人为的、自然选择的重要的进化现象，开展抗药性的研究不仅为抗性的监测、治理和农药工业的发展提供科学参考，还可以揭示生物进化的一些基本规律。在过去的10年，昆虫对许多化学杀虫剂抗药性的分子基础得到了进一步阐明，已从果蝇Drosophila melanogaster中克隆了杀虫剂的靶标基因，还查明了一些害虫的与抗性相关联的基因突变。最近，随着经注释的昆虫基因组的出现，由复杂多基因酶系如酯酶、细胞色素P450酶及谷胱甘肽S-转移酶介导的抗性的机制有了突破性的进展，有关杀虫剂抗性的进化以及抗性基因的传播模式也逐步得到揭示。基因组技术在揭示昆虫其他可能的抗药性机制以及在发现新的杀虫剂靶标方面将发挥更大的作用。

Insecticide resistance: genetics, genomics and implications for pest control

Insecticide resistance is one of the major obstacles that impede control of agriculturally and medically important arthropod pests. It is also an important man-made example of natural selection and evolution. Knowledge on insect resistance enable us not only to develop effective strategies for detecting, monitoring and managing resistance, but also to understand the rules of evolution of organisms. The molecular basis of insect resistance to many chemical insecticides has been elucidated in the past ten years. Target genes, mostly in the nervous system, have been identified and cloned from the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, and resistance-associated mutations have been examined in a range of pest insects. More recently, with the advent of annotated insect genomes, resistance mediated by complex multi-gene enzyme systems such as esterases, cytochrome P450s and glutathione S-transferases has also been elucidated. The spread and evolutionary patterns of resistance genes have been revealed gradually. Additional resistance mechanisms will be found as the power of genomic technologies, such as the comparative genomics, microarray and positional cloning, is applied to further examples of resistance.