海洋中分离的抗白念珠菌芽胞杆菌性状特征及系统鉴定

对筛选自中国南海、黄海、渤海4个地区近海海水样品的7株有抗白念珠菌活性,且稳定性较强的芽胞杆菌的形态特征、培养特征及生理生化试验等进行系统分析比较,结果表明,LU-B02为凝结芽胞杆菌(Bacillus coagulans),LU-B13为蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus),其他各菌株为短小芽胞杆菌(Bacillius pumilus),除LU-B02耐盐度5%外,其他耐盐度达10%以上。它们均属于芽胞杆菌的第一群。16S r DNA基因同源性序列比较进一步证实LU-B02为凝结芽胞杆菌,它与凝结芽胞杆菌标准菌株ATCC15950在鉴定特征上虽然相同,但与后者相比,最高生长温度较低,耐盐性较强,可以利用阿拉伯糖、木糖、甘露醇等碳源,可水解酪素,并可稳定地产生抗白念珠菌活性物质,将其命名为Bacillus coagulans subsp.heishijiaosis。尚未见抗白念珠菌的凝结芽胞杆菌菌株的有关报道。     

抗水稻黄单胞菌的苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株筛选及其 活性物质

【目的】从400株苏云金芽胞杆菌菌株中筛选出拮抗水稻黄单胞菌活性最好的菌株YBT-2532,并对其抑菌活性物质进行分离。【方法】对苏云金芽胞杆菌YBT-2532产生的活性物质理化特性进行测定。【结果】该活性物质对温度、蛋白酶、pH均不敏感,70 °C处理1 h仍保留有75%的活性;活性物质在pH 2.0?12.0较稳定;该活性物质溶于甲醇、微溶于乙醇、不溶于丙酮、二氯甲烷和氯仿。利用凝胶过滤、离子交换层析、固相萃取、高效液相色谱技术,对抑菌组分进行分离,并通过HPLC-IT-MS方法确定其分子量。纯化的活性组分是一种分子量为797.8 Da的强极性水溶性小分子。【结论】该活性物质性质与已知的来源于苏云金芽胞杆菌的抗菌活性物质不同,可能为新型抗菌物质。     

永兴岛土壤芽胞杆菌多样性与抗线虫活性分析

从永兴岛的土壤中分离到187株芽胞杆菌,利用16S r DNA序列分析与RFLP技术对芽胞杆菌进行多样性分析,并初步探索了其抗南方根结线虫的活性。16S r DNA PCR-RFLP酶切图谱和代表菌株系统发育分析表明,永兴岛土壤中分离的187株芽胞杆菌分属于16个遗传类群,这些芽胞杆菌主要分布在Bacillus、Lysinibacillus、Paenibacillus、Brevibacillus和Sporosarcina 5个属。抗线虫的筛选结果显示,有5株芽胞杆菌表现出很好的抗线虫活性,其中活性最高的DB14381,可能是Lysinibacillus属的新资源。本研究揭示了永兴岛土壤蕴含丰富的芽胞杆菌物种多样性及潜在的新分类单元,并且存在拮抗南方根结线虫的芽胞杆菌资源。     

鸡肠源芽胞杆菌的分离、鉴定和抗菌活性

从人工饲养的健康三黄肉鸡的盲肠和大肠中分离出10株芽胞杆菌,对其进行菌落形态观察、革兰染色、芽胞染色和生理生化特性鉴定,确定为枯草芽胞杆菌、地衣芽胞杆菌、蜡状芽胞杆菌、巨大芽胞杆菌、球形芽胞杆菌、短小芽胞杆菌、凝结芽胞杆菌。同时测定了它们对动物病原性大肠埃希菌和链球菌的抑菌活性。其中有9株芽胞杆菌对大肠埃希菌有抑制作用,8株芽胞杆菌对链球菌有抑制作用。结果表明芽胞杆菌分离株Y2、Y3、Y4、Y5、Y6、Y7、Y8具有作为益生菌开发的潜力。     

四川海螺沟冰川土样芽胞杆菌资源分析

【背景】芽胞杆菌(Bacillus-like)是一类能形成具有强抗性芽胞且可在多种极端环境下存活的细菌,其产生的多种功能代谢产物在多种领域具有重要研究价值。由于冰川低温、寡营养的独特生态环境,其存在的芽胞杆菌可能具有特殊性,因此研究冰川芽胞杆菌有利于发掘新基因、丰富芽胞杆菌多样性。【目的】了解四川海螺沟冰川土壤芽胞杆菌资源,为挖掘芽胞杆菌新资源提供基础。【方法】采用纯培养法分离获得冰川土壤芽胞杆菌资源,利用16S r RNA基因进行系统发育分析,测定代表性菌株的生理生化特性并采用类平均法和欧氏距离模型进行聚类分析。【结果】共筛选到可培养细菌44株,经16S r RNA基因鉴定确定其中36株为芽胞杆菌,隶属于4个属的19个种,分别为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)11个种24株、类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus)2个种3株、短芽胞杆菌属(Brevibacillus)4个种5株和赖氨酸芽胞杆菌属(Lysinibacillus)2个种4株,其中以芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势属。分离菌中仅3株芽胞杆菌可在4°C生存,7株能在50°C生长,大部分菌株在30°C下生长良好;有74%菌株能耐碱,有37%菌株能在无盐条件下生长。根据生理生化结果,采用类平均法和欧氏距离模型进行聚类分析,可分为3组,分别包含7种、4种和6种芽胞杆菌。第1组均可以水解七叶灵和利用葡萄糖,第2组均不能水解七叶灵和利用葡萄糖,第3组仅能共同利用葡萄糖。【结论】四川海螺沟冰川土壤蕴藏着较为丰富的芽胞杆菌资源,为芽胞杆菌新资源挖掘提供了资源保障。     

东北地区耐盐芽胞杆菌筛选统计及初步鉴定

采用温度筛选与表面定向培养相结合的方法对东北地区土壤中可培养耐盐芽胞杆菌进行分离和筛选,得到137株芽胞杆菌,其中耐盐芽胞杆菌74株,占总芽胞杆菌数量的54%,最适盐浓度均为1%,耐盐能力在4%-14%之间。通过扩增耐盐菌株的16S rRNA基因序列,对其进行分子鉴定和分类,获得东北地区土壤中可培养的耐盐芽胞杆菌的多样性信息。通过同源性比对和耐盐性差异,确定36株差异耐盐芽胞杆菌,分属于芽胞杆菌属中的7个种。其中多数菌株为苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)(14株,占总数38.9%,最高耐盐性在4%-9%NaCl之间)。其次依次为蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)(7株,19.4%,4%-8%NaCl),枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)(7株,19.4%,8%-11%NaCl),炭疽芽胞杆菌(Bacillus anthracis)(4株,11.1%,5%-7%NaCl),弯曲芽胞杆菌(Bacillus flexus)(2株,5.6%,9%-14%NaCl),球形芽胞杆菌(Bacillus sphaericus)(1株,2.8%,5%NaCl)和阿氏芽胞杆菌(Bacillus aryabhattai)(1株,2.8%,6%NaCl)。弯曲芽胞杆菌和枯草芽胞杆菌的耐盐能力较好。从中选取3株代表菌株,明确了其培养特性、形态特征及生理生化特性,并对其分别进行了系统发育分析。     

中华婪步甲共生放线菌的抗菌活性筛选及菌株BJ37的初步鉴定

利用平板分离法从中华婪步甲(Harpalus sinicus)中分离得到56株共生放线菌。其中菌株BJ37具有较好的抗菌活性,其发酵液对枯草芽胞杆菌和白色念珠菌的抑菌圈直径均大于30.0 mm。进一步研究BJ37发酵液不同极性溶剂萃取物的抗菌活性,结果表明在中等极性部位存在活性物质。通过形态学特征和分子生物学分析确定该菌株相似菌株为委内瑞拉链霉菌(Streptomyces venezuelae)。菌株BJ37作为微生物杀菌剂潜在产生菌值得进一步研究。     

解淀粉芽胞杆菌BaX030的分离鉴定及抗菌功能

摘要:【目的】芽胞杆菌是微生物活性物的重要来源,从全国各地采集的72份土壤样品中分离出339株芽胞杆菌,研究各菌株抑菌活性,分离纯化抑菌活性物,为丰富芽胞杆菌菌种资源和微生物次级代谢物的挖掘奠定实际应用基础。【方法】采用水浴加热和稀释平板涂布等方法从河南花生地采集的土壤中筛选得到一株具有很强抑菌活性的芽胞杆菌,结合形态观察、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列同源性比对分析,对该菌株进行鉴定。丙酮沉淀、葡聚糖凝胶柱层析、C18反相柱层析得到Bacillus amyloliquefaciens X030抑菌活性物,LC-MS/MS鉴定其分子量。利用滤纸片扩散法和平板对峙培养法测定抑菌谱及拮抗性质。【结果】筛选分离得到一株解淀粉芽胞杆菌,归类并命名为解淀粉芽胞杆菌Bacillus amyloliquefaciens X030。BaX030对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)、酵母菌( Saccharomycetes)有较强抑制效果,对水稻稻瘟病菌(Pyriculariaoryzae)、辣椒尖胞炭疽病菌(Chili pointed cell anthrax)、枇杷炭疽病菌(Gloeosporium eriobotryae speg)、烟草黑胫病菌(Phytophthora parasitica)有良好拮抗活性。初步确定BaX030产生的抑菌活性物为多肽类化合物。【结论】分离得到的B． amyloliquefaciens X030产生了一个对病原细菌具有较强抑制作用的多肽,同时该菌株在拮抗植物病原真菌方面也有明显的效果。     

西洋参内生真菌抑菌活性的初步研究

以金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡状芽胞杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌、大肠杆菌、鼠伤沙门氏菌及肠炎沙门氏菌为测试菌种,对从西洋参(Panax quinquefolium L.)的茎和叶中分离得到的36株内生真菌进行抑菌活性试验,并测定活性菌株的代谢产物和不同极性物质对测试病菌的抑菌活性。试验筛选出2株具有明显抑菌活性的内生真菌,它们的代谢产物和不同极性物质对金黄色葡萄球菌和蜡状芽胞杆菌的抑菌效果最佳,其中胞外多糖和正丁醇提取物的抑菌效果较好。     

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Y6抗菌肽抑制白念珠菌活性的研究CSCD

目的对贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Y6代谢物抑制白念珠菌活性及其作用机理进行初步研究。方法采用平板结合牛津杯研究贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Y6发酵上清液对白念珠菌抑制活性,梯度稀释法测定了最小抑菌浓度(MIC),通过薄层色谱法对代谢物的活性成分进行筛检;同时比较抗菌肽处理前和处理后菌体胞内大分子释放量及荧光染料PI的摄入量的变化,考察抗菌肽对胞膜通透性影响。结果贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Y6代谢物能有效抑制白念珠菌生长繁殖,测试浓度为10 mg·mL^(-1)时,抑菌圈直径达到(38.2±0.5)mm,其MIC浓度为0.625 mg·mL^(-1);通过薄层色谱结合茚三酮显色对活性组分筛检发现Y6代谢物中有2个抗菌组分,其中主要活性组分遇茚三酮显紫色,推测为肽类组分;经抗菌肽处理后的白念珠菌胞内大分子释放量及PI摄入量明显高于对照组,表明菌株Y6抗菌肽对白念珠菌胞膜完整性具有一定的损伤作用。结论贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Y6产肽类抗菌物质,且对白念珠菌细胞膜存在一定的损伤作用,从而产生明显的抗菌活性。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.