志贺氏毒素

<正>志贺氏菌引起的严重腹泻和痢疾综合征(志贺氏菌病)系由具蛋白质的外毒素介导。在志贺氏培养物或细菌溶解产物中有细胞毒素、神经毒素和肠毒素的证据。显然,所有这些毒素的活性系由同一蛋白质毒素引起。许多研究者对培养细胞系中部分纯化的志贺氏毒素的作用进行了研究,表明在某些     

沙门氏伤寒-志贺氏宋内二价菌苗对志贺氏菌病的预防

<正> 志贺氏细菌性痢疾可以通过一种有效的菌苗而加以控制,从而解救少年儿童。虽然由灭活志贺氏菌组成的非肠道菌苗没有保护作用,而某些志贺氏菌的减毒菌株通过人群和现场的试验攻击中经口服已证明其型特异性保护作用。然而这些减毒的志贺氏菌苗因为它们偶尔有遗传学不稳定、轻度副反应以及在某些情况下免疫原性不足而没有广泛应     

丽杰氏涡虫和中国小达氏涡虫的神经系统

利用乙酰胆碱脂酶分布定位的组织化学方法,描述了丽杰氏涡虫和中国小达氏涡虫的神经系统。结果显示:1.中国小达氏涡虫神经结构由一对脑神经节、10条纵神经索、一对咽侧神经节、一条围咽神经环和多条斜向的横神经等分支组成,腹纵神经索最粗,对生殖系统的控制已经呈现分工,无梯状结构;2.丽杰氏涡虫神经由一对脑神经节和8条纵神经索构成,有明显的梯状结构。经比较,表明这二种涡虫神经结构有明显差异。     

志贺氏菌属弗氏2a染色体基因文库的构建

以λ噬菌体EMBL3作载体,用体外包装技术构建了志贺氏菌属弗氏2a染色体基因文库。该体外包装系统的包装效率达1.6×10~2pfu/μg DNA,重组噬菌体的产量达2×10~6pfu/μg DNA。对重组噬菌体进行了遗传分析,即分别对7个标记(leu,pro,his,arg,thr,purIaroA)作了测定。测得当噬菌体母液的效价为8.7×10~8pfu/ml时,带有以上标记的重组噬菌体的效价为5×10~4-8.2×10~5pfu/ml。这个令人满意的结果为尔后克隆志贺氏菌属弗氏2a染色体上的与群抗原3,4和型抗原Ⅱ有关的基因打下了基础。     

遗传性Rieger氏综合征

Rieger氏综合征为一非迸行性遗传性疾 病。发现于产后之婴幼儿。除了眼前端的发育 异常外。尚伴有牙齿的发育障碍和面骨的缺损。 在Rieger之前称为Peter畸形。其临床表现 为：双侧性虹膜中胚叶发育不全,虹膜前粘连, 先天性角膜混浊,此混浊与后方的虹膜粘连相 一致,后角膜环(embryotoxon),上领骨缺损。牙 发育不全或缺失等,亦称Axenfeld氏综合征。     

粘膜炎莫拉氏菌

在过去20年中,粘膜炎莫拉氏菌作为一种重要的人类呼吸道病原体被识别出来,大大地激发了人们研究这种微生物的兴趣。近来的工作不容质疑地确定了粘膜炎莫拉氏菌是罹患肺部疾病的成人的中耳炎及下呼吸道感染的常见原因。有关这种细菌在呼吸道定植的流行病学知识以及对其抗原结构的了解正在迅速扩展,     

志贺氏痢疾杆菌败血症

志贺氏痢疾杆菌感染通常出现的变化范围,从局限于胃肠突然发病伴有2～3天相对比较轻的腹泻到1～2周持续泄下血、粘液、脓性便、腹痛和严重的气质性症状。志     

中国小达氏涡虫和大变杰氏涡虫的生物学特性

对单肠目(Rhabdocoela)达氏科(Dalyelliidae)的中国小达氏涡虫(Microdalyellia sinensis)和大变杰氏涡虫(Gieysztoria macrovariata9-spinosa)进行了长期饲养与观察,了解和比较这两种涡虫的习性、繁殖、发育及组织学特点。结果表明,中国小达氏涡虫比大变杰氏涡虫反应敏捷,生殖器官的形态位置有明显区别;中国小达氏涡虫产卵周期约5 d,每期产卵10.5枚;大变杰氏涡虫产卵周期约10 d,每期产卵22.3枚;两种涡虫卵孵化期约60 h,发育成熟期9 d左右;最后探讨了卵胚非正常发育与雌雄生殖器官成熟期,以及涡虫的淡水生态学意义等问题。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Vascular volumes and hematology in male and female runners and cyclists

To examine the hypothesis that foot-strike hemolysis alters vascular volumes and selected hematological properties is trained athletes, we have measured total blood volume (TBV), red cell volume (RCV) and plasma volume (PV) in cyclists (n = 21) and runners (n = 17) and compared them to those of untrained controls (n = 20). TBV (ml x kg(-1)) was calculated as the sum of RCV (ml x kg(-1)) and PV (ml x kg(-1)) obtained using 51Cr and 125I-labelled albumin, respectively. Hematological assessment was carried out using a Coulter counter. Peak aerobic power (VO2peak) was measured during progressive exercise to fatigue using both cycle and treadmill ergometry. RCV was 15% higher (P < 0.05) in male cyclists [35.4 (1.0), mean (SE); n = 12] and runners [35.3 (0.98); n = 9] compared to the controls [30.7 (0.92); n = 12]. Similar differences existed between the female cyclists [28.2 (2.1); n = 9] and runners [28.4 (1.0); n = 8] compared to the untrained controls [24.9 (1.4); n = 8]. For the male athletes, PV was between 19% (cyclists) and 28% (runners) higher (P < 0.05) in the trained athletes compared to the untrained controls. The differences in PV between the female groups were not significant. Although the males had a higher (P < 0.05) TBV, RCV and PV than the females, no differences between cyclists and runners were found for either gender. Mean cell volume was not different between the athletic groups. VO2peak (ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) was higher (P < 0.05) in both male [68.4 (1.5)] and female [54.8 (2.1)] runners when compared to the untrained males [47.1 (1.0)] and females [40.5 (2.1)]. Although differences existed between the genders in VO2peak for both cyclists and runners, no differences were found between the athletic groups within a gender. Since the vascular volumes were not different between cyclists and runners for either the males or females, foot-strike hemolysis would not appear to have an effect on that parameter. The significant correlations (P < 0.05) found between VO2peak and RCV (r = 0.64 and 0.64) and TBV (r = 0.82 and 0.63) for the males and females, respectively, suggests a role for the vascular system in realizing a high aerobic power.     

Microbial and bioconversion production of D-xylitol and its detection and application

D-Xylitol is found in low content as a natural constituent of many fruits and vegetables. It is a five-carbon sugar polyol and has been used as a food additive and sweetening agent to replace sucrose, especially for non-insulin dependent diabetics. It has multiple beneficial health effects, such as the prevention of dental caries, and acute otitis media. In industry, it has been produced by chemical reduction of D-xylose mainly from photosynthetic biomass hydrolysates. As an alternative method of chemical reduction, biosynthesis of D-xylitol has been focused on the metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida strains. In order to detect D-xylitol in the production processes, several detection methods have been established, such as gas chromatography (GC)-based methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods, LC-MS methods, and capillary electrophoresis methods (CE). The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are compared in this review.