草莓果实成熟过程中品质的变化

对“丰香”草莓果实不同成熟期品质的研究表明：草莓果实成熟过程中内外品质处在不断变化之中,尤其是挂粉期,此期果实硬度,因／酸比发生显著变化．;红熟期为草莓鲜食的最佳采收期,其固／酸比,维生素Ｃ含量分别达到６．７７和４４．７１ｍｇ／１００ｇｆｗ,为整个成熟期的最高值;当果实硬度在０．４－０．７ｋｇ／ｃｍ＾２花青素含量在１５０－２５０总吸光度／１００ｃｍ＾２之间地,草莓果实软硬适宜,色彩鲜艳,风味最好。     

桃新品系‘保佳俊’植物学特性

‘保佳俊’是河北农业大学选出的白肉桃新品系,其果实外观和口感都表现出较好的特征,综合经济性状优良。为全面了解其生长结果习性,本研究以与‘保佳俊’成熟期相近的‘大久保’为对照品种,对比研究了‘保佳俊’的物候期、花芽、花器官和果实品质等植物学特性。结果表明:‘保佳俊’新梢生长量小,各类结果枝均易形成花芽;果实发育期114 d;果实个大,粘核,可溶性固形物含量高,固酸比高,硬度大,风味甜,是一个品质优良的新品系。     

黄肉红心猕猴桃‘东红’果实在不同贮藏方式下的生理和品质变化研究

以中华猕猴桃( Actinidia chinensis Planch.)黄肉红心新品种‘东红’为材料,对其果实在常温和低温贮藏方式下的生理及品质变化进行了研究。结果表明,果实硬度在2种贮藏方式下均呈先快速下降后缓慢下降的趋势。可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量、固酸比和糖酸比等4个品质指标均表现为先快速上升后维持在较高水平(低温贮藏下)或继续小幅上升(常温贮藏下)的趋势。总酸含量整体上均呈现逐渐下降之势,至果实软熟时稳定在0. 9%的水平。维生素C含量却在常温贮藏下基本呈逐渐上升之势,而在低温贮藏下大致表现为先上升后轻微下降。果实失重率和腐烂率均随贮藏时间的延长而逐渐增加,在常温贮藏时上升较快,而在低温贮藏时上升非常缓慢。总体而言,‘东红’果实主要的生理和品质指标在常温贮藏2 ~ 3周后或低温贮藏9周后发生明显转变,果实进入可食用阶段;并且继续低温贮藏15周内还能较好地保持果实品质,耐贮性较好。     

黑莓品种'Boysen'鲜果贮藏特性的研究

对黑莓(Rubus spp. )品种'Boysen'不同成熟度(七成熟、八成熟和九成熟)的鲜果在常温(25 ℃)和低温(4 ℃)条件下的贮藏特性进行了研究,对贮藏时间以及贮藏前后果实的感官指标(色泽、香味和霉烂指数)、形态指标(质量和平均果径)及品质指标(可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、总花色苷含量以及固酸比)进行了比较.结果表明,不同成熟度和贮藏温度对黑莓鲜果的贮藏时间有明显影响,常温条件下九成熟、八成熟和七成熟果实的贮藏时间分别为3、4和5 d,低温条件下则分别为7、9和14 d;果实霉烂指数则随成熟度的提高及贮藏时间的延长不断提高,成熟度或贮藏温度越低(大于0 ℃),霉烂指数越小,果实的贮藏时间就越长;七成熟和八成熟的果实贮藏后色泽加深、香味变浓,而九成熟果实贮藏前后色泽和香味变化不大.采摘时不同成熟度的果实形态指标和品质指标具有一定的差异,其中,果实成熟度越大,果实质量、平均果径、可溶性固形物含量、固酸比及总花色苷含量越高,可滴定酸含量越低.低温及常温下贮藏后果实质量及平均果径、可溶性固形物含量和可滴定酸含量均不同程度减少,而固酸比和总花色苷含量均不同程度提高,但在低温贮藏条件下各项指标的变化幅度明显小于常温.总体上,在低温条件下,八成熟果实的霉烂指数低,贮藏时间较长,贮藏后的果实质量和平均果径变化幅度小,可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量和总花色苷含量以及固酸比逐渐接近九成熟果实,果实品质提高.因而,在实际生产中宜采收八成熟果实并在4 ℃条件下贮藏和运输,能较好地保持黑莓鲜果的品质.     

树冠覆膜对金柑光合作用及果实品质的影响

树冠覆膜技术已在金柑生产中得到广泛应用。该研究以阳朔金柑为材料,树冠覆膜作为处理,不覆膜作为对照,分别测定处理和对照的树冠的温度、湿度和光照强度等环境因子的变化,观测处理和对照的叶面积、叶长、叶宽及叶绿素含量,测定处理和对照的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间二氧化碳浓度等光合作用指标,并分析处理和对照的果实硬度、可溶性固形物、总糖、可滴定酸及维生素C含量等果实品质指标。结果表明:与对照相比,金柑树冠覆膜处理后,树冠的光照强度降低、温度上升、湿度下降、叶面积增大、叶绿素含量提高,净光合速率下降且最大降幅是对照的21.39%,果实的可滴定酸降低,但硬度、可溶性固形物、总糖、固酸比及糖酸比等果实品质指标提高。金柑树冠覆膜处理减少了树冠的光照,降低了净光合速率,但增加了叶面积和叶绿素含量,从而保障了光合同化物的累积,提高了果实的可溶性固形物和总糖。同时,树冠覆膜处理还提高了树冠白天的气温,降低了可滴定酸,增大了固酸比和糖酸比,因此从总体上提高了果实品质。     

皱皮木瓜果实发育后期品质变化及其成熟阶段的划分初探

以湖北长阳产皱皮木瓜为材料,测定果实发育后期果实鲜质量、果长、果径、果色、果实硬度以及果肉干物质量、可溶性糖含量、总酸含量和总黄酮含量等品质指标的动态变化,划分不同成熟阶段,为判断果实适宜采收期、实现优质生产提供理论参考。结果表明:(1)皱皮木瓜果实发育后期果实鲜质量、果长、果径、果肉干物质量和可溶性糖含量均呈现上升趋势;果色由绿色、黄绿色渐变为淡黄色到黄色;果实硬度、果肉总酸和总黄酮含量呈先上升后下降趋势。(2)各品质指标快速变化的时间区域存在差异,果实鲜质量在花后105~150d增加较快,果色在150d后逐渐变黄,果实硬度在花后135~165d快速下降,果肉总酸、总黄酮含量则在花后105~120d快速增加至峰值。(3)根据主成分分析结果和各品质指标的变化特点,可初步将皱皮木瓜果实发育后期划分为未成熟(花后105d之前)、早期成熟(花后120~150d)和成熟(花后165~180d)3个阶段。研究表明,随着果实成熟度的提高,皱皮木瓜果实鲜质量、果色、果肉干物质量、可溶性糖含量等指标不断升高,果实硬度逐渐下降,其食用加工品质不断提升,而在早期成熟阶段(花后120~150d)果实的药用品质则相对较高。     

采收期对猕猴桃果实品质及其耐贮性的影响

选用海沃德猕猴桃为试验材料,对8个不同采收期(盛花后151、155、159、163、167、171、175和179 d,采收Ⅰ~Ⅷ期)猕猴桃果实在(0±1)℃冷藏过程中的生理生化变化进行比较.结果显示:(1)采收Ⅰ、Ⅱ期果实采收时具有较高的硬度、淀粉含量和可滴定酸含量,可溶性固形物含量则低于6%,贮藏期间出现的呼吸高峰和乙烯释放高峰均比其它采收期高;采收Ⅶ、Ⅷ期果实采收时硬度明显低于前面的采收期,淀粉含量和可滴定酸含量降低,可溶性固形物含量达到8%以上,贮藏期间乙烯释放速率高峰比其它采收期提前10 d,果实衰老过程明显提前;(2)入贮150 d后,采收Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅶ和Ⅷ期果实的失重率差异不显著,采收Ⅰ期与采收Ⅷ期果实的腐烂率差异不显著,但均与其它采收期存在显著差异.研究发现,盛花后第159~171天采收猕猴桃,果实采收时的可溶性固形物含量在6.5%以上,贮藏120 d后与其它采收期相比仍保持相对较高的硬度、淀粉含量、Vc含量和可滴定酸含量,而且贮藏150 d后失重率和腐烂率都比较低,表明该期间为海沃德"猕猴桃的适宜采收期.     

纽荷尔脐橙园土壤营养与果实品质相关性研究

本试验测定湖北省秭归县柑橘良种示范场、兴山县高阳镇宝坪村和巴东县东瀼口镇雷家坪村的纽荷尔脐橙园0~40cm土层的营养状况,分析了相应果园纽荷尔脐橙果实的主要品质,经多元线性逐步回归分析结果表明,在一定范围内,纽荷尔脐橙果实的可滴定酸含量与土壤有机质含量呈线性负相关,固酸比与土壤速效钾含量呈线性正相关,VitC含量与土壤有效磷含量呈线性正相关。     

黄肉红心猕猴桃‘东红’果实在不同贮藏方式下的生理和品质变化研究

以中华猕猴桃（Actinidia chinensis Planch.）黄肉红心新品种‘东红’为材料,对其果实在常温和低温贮藏方式下的生理及品质变化进行了研究。结果表明,果实硬度在2种贮藏方式下均呈先快速下降后缓慢下降的趋势。可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量、固酸比和糖酸比等4个品质指标均表现为先快速上升后维持在较高水平（低温贮藏下）或继续小幅上升（常温贮藏下）的趋势。总酸含量整体上均呈现逐渐下降之势,至果实软熟时稳定在0.9%的水平。维生素C含量却在常温贮藏下基本呈逐渐上升之势,而在低温贮藏下大致表现为先上升后轻微下降。果实失重率和腐烂率均随贮藏时间的延长而逐渐增加,在常温贮藏时上升较快,而在低温贮藏时上升非常缓慢。总体而言,‘东红’果实主要的生理和品质指标在常温贮藏2~3周后或低温贮藏9周后发生明显转变,果实进入可食用阶段;并且继续低温贮藏15周内还能较好地保持果实品质,耐贮性较好。     

不同光质LED光源对草莓光合特性、产量及品质的影响

以‘妙香7号’草莓品种为材料,利用LED精量调制光源,设红光、蓝光、黄光、白光、红/蓝/黄(7/2/1)、红/蓝(7/2) 5个处理,以白光为对照,测定了草莓叶片的光合与荧光参数、色素含量、果实产量、品质和根系活力指标,研究 500 μmol·m^-2·s^-1光强下不同光质处理对草莓光合特性、果实产量及品质的影响.结果表明： 红光处理有利于提高草莓叶片的净光合速率与蒸腾速率,而蓝光有减弱作用;气孔导度与胞间CO₂浓度均以蓝光处理效果最为显著.叶绿素荧光参数(F_o、F_m、Φ_PSⅡ)均在红光处理下最大,而F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o、F_m/F_o均在红/蓝/黄处理下最大;红/蓝/黄处理下草莓色素含量、果实产量和根系活力均显著高于其他处理.红光处理的可溶性固形物和维生素C含量均最高,且与红/蓝/黄处理差异不显著;蓝光处理有利于提高可滴定酸和蛋白质含量,而红/蓝/黄处理的固酸比最大.红/蓝/黄处理最有利于增加光合色素含量,提高果实产量,促进部分品质改善.     

草莓果实发育成熟过程中糖苷酶和纤维素酶活性及细胞壁组成变化

以丰香和红丰草莓为试材,对果实发育成熟过程中细胞壁水解酶活性和细胞壁成份变化进行了研究．结果表明：半乳糖苷酶和α-甘露糖苷酶活性随草莓果实成熟而提高,葡萄糖苷酶活性不随草莓果实成熟而提高．随着果实发育成熟,纤维素酶活性、果胶酶活性不断提高．果实中未检测到内切多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性,外切多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活性变化不随果实成熟软化而提高．随果实发育成熟,细胞壁中可溶性果胶和半纤维素增加,而离子结合果胶和共价结合果胶及纤维素减少．     

Metabolic profiling of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) during fruit development and maturation

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch), a fruit of economic and nutritional importance, is also a model species for fleshy fruits and genomics in Rosaceae. Strawberry fruit quality at different harvest stages is a function of the fruit's metabolite content, which results from physiological changes during fruit growth and ripening. In order to investigate strawberry fruit development, untargeted (GC-MS) and targeted (HPLC) metabolic profiling analyses were conducted. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were employed to explore the non-polar and polar metabolite profiles from fruit samples at seven developmental stages. Different cluster patterns and a broad range of metabolites that exerted influence on cluster formation of metabolite profiles were observed. Significant changes in metabolite levels were found in both fruits turning red and fruits over-ripening in comparison with red-ripening fruits. The levels of free amino acids decreased gradually before the red-ripening stage, but increased significantly in the over-ripening stage. Metabolite correlation and network analysis revealed the interdependencies of individual metabolites and metabolic pathways. Activities of several metabolic pathways, including ester biosynthesis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, the shikimate pathway, and amino acid metabolism, shifted during fruit growth and ripening. These results not only confirmed published metabolic data but also revealed new insights into strawberry fruit composition and metabolite changes, thus demonstrating the value of metabolomics as a functional genomics tool in characterizing the mechanism of fruit quality formation, a key developmental stage in most economically important fruit crops.     

Cloning and molecular characterization of a strawberry fruit ripening-related cDNA corresponding a mRNA for a low-molecular-weight heat-shock protein

We have isolated and characterized a cDNA from a strawberry fruit subtractive library that shows homology to class-I low-molecular-weight (LMW) heat-shock protein genes from other higher plants. The strawberry cDNA (clone njjs4) was a 779 bp full-length cDNA with a single open reading frame of 468 bp that is expected to encode a protein of ca. 17.4 kDa with a pI of 6.57. Southern analysis with genomic DNA showed several high-molecular-weight hybridization bands, indicating that the corresponding njjs4 gene is not present as a single copy in the genome. This strawberry gene was not expressed in roots, leaves, flowers and stolons but in fruits at specific stages of elongation and ripening. However, a differential pattern of mRNA expression was detected in the fruit tissues achenes and receptacle. The njjs4 gene expression increased in achenes accompanying the process of seed maturation whereas in the receptacle, a high mRNA expression was detected in the W2 stage, during which most of the metabolic changes leading to the fruit ripening are occurring. Our results clearly show a specific relationship of this njjs4 strawberry gene with the processes of seed maturation and fruit ripening, and strongly support that at least some of the class-I LMW heat-shock protein-like genes have a heat-stress-independent role in plant development, including fruit ripening.     

Changes in gene expression during strawberry fruit ripening and their regulation by auxin

Changes in messenger RNA during the development of the strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.), a non-climacteric fruit, were analysed by extracting total RNA and separating the in-vitro translated products by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Alterations in numerous messenger RNAs accompanied fruit development between the immature green stage and the overripe stage, with prominent changes detected at or before the onset of ripening. A number of messenger RNAs undetectable in immature green fruit increased as the fruit matured and ripened. Others showed a marked decrease in advance of the ripening phase. A further group of messenger RNAs was prominent in immature and ripe fruit but absent just prior to the turning stage. Removing the achenes from a segment of the fruit accelerated anthocyanin accumulation in the de-achened portion and produced a pattern of translated polypeptides similar to normal ripe fruit. Application of the synthetic auxin 1-naphthaleneacetic acid to the de-achened receptacle produced a translation pattern similar to that in mature green fruit. These findings indicate that ripening in strawberry is associated with the expression of specific genes.     

In vitro growth and ripening of strawberry fruit in the presence of ACC, STS or propylene

Strawberry ( Fragaria ananassa Duch.) fruit exhibit limited capacity for continued development following harvest. This problem can be circumvented by maintaining harvested strawberry fruit in solutions containing sucrose and a bactericide. In this study, we investigated the respiratory and ethylene production kinetics and ethylene responsiveness in strawberry fruit harvested immature and ripened in vitro in the presence of propylene. The effects of 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and silver thiosulfate (STS) alone and in combination were also examined. Respiration and ethylene patterns of fruit harvested green and developed in vitro declined with maturation and ripening, as did those of field-grown fruit harvested at different stages of ripeness. Exposure of detached green strawberry fruit to 5000 μl litre^-1 propylene failed to stimulate respiration or ethylene production, but advanced pigmentation changes and fresh-weight gain significantly. Excised fruit provided with 1 mol^-3 ACC exhibited increased ethylene production, enhanced fresh-weight gain, and accelerated anthocyanin accumulation, but showed no change in respiration. The developmental response of harvested strawberry fruit to propylene or ACC was dependent on fruit maturity at harvest, with white fruit exhibiting greater insensitivity compared with green fruit. Silver thiosulfate (0.5 mol^-3) applied alone or in combination with ACC failed to delay ripening in excised strawberry fruit. These experiments demonstrate that ripening in detached strawberry fruit can be modified by ethylene only in green fruit that are provided with a carbohydrate source. Ethylene, when applied exogenously as ACC or propylene to green fruit, can slightly increase fruit growth and the rate of colour development.     

Comparative effects of acetylene and ethylene gas on initiation of banana ripening

Bananas were exposed to acetylene or ethylene at 0·01, 0·1 and 1 ml/litre, under high humidity, for 24 h at 18 °C. They were then transferred to an atmosphere of air alone for a further 4 days and during this period the respiration rate of three fruit from each treatment was measured. Ripeness was then assessed by colour score and soluble solids content. All levels of ethylene initiated ripening. Treatment with ethylene induced a climacteric rise in respiration, an increase in the soluble solids content of the pulp and degreening of the peel. All levels of acetylene, except 0·01 ml/litre, induced a climacteric rise in respiration. Fruit treated with acetylene at 1 ml/litre had a similar colour score and soluble solids content to those ripened by exposure to ethylene. Fruits treated with acetylene at 0·1 ml/litre had a lower soluble solids content and their peel remained green. Treatment with acetylene at 0·01 ml/litre failed to initiate ripening. Sensory evaluation of fruit ripened by acetylene at 1 ml/litre indicated that the acetylene treated fruit ripened slightly more slowly. When compared at the same stage of ripeness fruits from the two treatments were equally palatable.