日本三角涡虫自然状态下的生殖研究

作者１９９０年对六安市某水塘中的日本三角涡虫Ｋｕｇｅｓｉａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ（下文简称涡虫）在自然状态下的生殖进行了近一年的观察研究，并于１９９２年５－６月、１０－１１月进行了采样。每月采标本３－４次，每次１５分钟，并记录水湿。从统计数据得知涡虫每年进行２次有性生殖，分别是４－５月，水温１９－２１℃；９－１０月，水温２０－２４℃。涡虫的断裂生殖３－１１月均可发生，并在５月、１０月出现高峰，其水温分     

涡虫生殖生物学研究进展

涡虫由于具有极强的再生能力而成为发育生物学及再生生物学研究的模式生物。此外,其在有性生殖方面所表现出来的独特性也备受人们关注。目前,涡虫生殖生物学研究领域主要围绕两个热点问题开展工作：1.无性生殖向有性生殖转化的诱因及机制的探讨;2.生殖相关基因的克隆、表达及功能分析。有关生殖转化机制方面的研究主要集中在涡虫的性化相关事件以及性化物质的本质探索;截至目前已克隆并对其表达和功能进行探讨的涡虫生殖相关基因主要有DjPTK1、vasa-like 基因、DeY1、Dryg、nanos相关基因以及Drpiwi-1等。此外,本文也对有关涡虫生殖生物学方面存在的问题及未来该领域的发展趋势进行了总结和展望。     

中国林蛙的生殖量特征及其地理变化

标本采自山西省境内的８个地点。结果表明１研究区域内性成熟雌蛙平均体长范围是３４．５－５２．３ｍｍ,高山森林带种群明显偏高;研究种群雌蛙的体长显著低于东北居群。２平均生殖量的范围是４２２．４－８４０．９枚,个体的最低,最高值分别为３８和１９７８枚,平均相对生殖量的范围是１０．７－１８．０,个体的最低,最高值各为１．３和３４．４。与东北居群相比,生殖量的变异幅度较高。３除高山森林带外,其余调查点的生殖     

中国淡水三角涡虫染色体变化与生殖的关系

利用空气干燥法对淡水三角涡虫的染色体进行研究。结果表明：三角涡虫的染色体数目为n=8,2n=16,2n=24,为二倍体2n=2x=16、三倍体2n=3x=24和混合倍体2n=2x=16,2n=3x=24,有时也可见到非整倍体。以有性生殖为主的类群．有性生殖期间有性个体大量存在,生殖器官比较发达．染色体为二倍体;以无性生殖为主的类群,很少出现有性个体,染色体为三倍体;既有有性生殖又有无性生殖的类群,有性生殖期间,生殖器官发育稍差,染色体主要为混合倍体．有时出现二倍体或三倍体。本文对影响三角涡虫性成熟的因素也进行了讨论。     

三道眉草鹀繁殖的研究

三道眉草鹀（ＥｍｂｅｒｉｚｏＣｉｏｉｄｅｓ）在山东省的泰山和徂徕山，每年繁殖一次，繁殖期在６－７月。每窝产卵多为４枚，孵卵期１１天，育雏期１３天。据１９９２年１月对１８只鸟体的检析，冬季年龄的组成，其成体和幼体为１：１，而雌体的只数多于雄体。     

微齿喜马拉雅低额溞的生殖与发育

对微齿喜马拉雅低额溞（Ｓｉｍｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ ｈｉｍａｌａｙｅｎｓｉｓ　ｍｉｏｒｏｄｕｓ）的生殖和发育进行研究的结果表明：在２０±１℃换水条件下，喂以斜生栅藻（４０万个／ｍｌ），此　有４个幼龄、１６个成龄，平均寿命４８．７±８．９２天。平均总产仔量３６１．ｌ±２１．５个，最大生殖量在第１０龄（第６成龄）。已经证明从冬卵（受精卵）来的孤雌生殖溞在体长和产仔量上都高于其来自孤雌卵的下代孤雌　。两性生殖与降低温度有关，发生在秋季生殖高峰期水温已下降时，与食物的多少无直接关系。本种在自然界属于单周期型，它的交配行为特殊与其仰游习性相适应。文章对冬孵和孤雌卵的发育做了描述。     

荒漠沙蜥繁殖生态研究

荒漠沙蜥（Ｐｈｒｙｎｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓｐｒｚｅｗａｌｓｋｉｉ）１年繁殖１次,有明显的季节性周期。４月初出蛰时雄性精巢已相当发育,５月其重量和体积最大,６月变小,进入精子发生的晚期,７月降到最小,８月开始回升,１０月中旬入蛰时已接近春季出蛰时水平。１年内仅７月精巢中无精子。雌性出蛰后卵细胞开始发育,４月下旬进入成熟期,６月达高峰,７月下降,８月进入休止期。每雌年产卵１～３枚或１～４枚,平均１．８３（ｎ＝４８,１９８７）和２．１７（ｎ＝４８,１９９３）。特定体长组的生殖率是影响种群年平均生殖率的主要因素。生殖周期与光周期相符,光周期是影响荒漠沙蜥生殖周期的主要气候因子。     

恒定磁场对日本三角涡虫无性横裂生殖及2种抗氧化酶活力的影响

目的:探讨恒定磁场对日本三角涡虫(Dugesia japonica)无性横裂生殖及抗氧化酶活力的影响.方法:应用种群累积培养法,观察了恒定磁场对日本三角涡虫的种群增长、无性横裂生殖及涡虫体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力的影响.结果:场强大小在200mT-500mT范围的恒定磁场能促进涡虫的无性横裂生殖,但恒定磁场显著抑制涡虫的SOD及CAT活力.结论:日本三角涡虫对恒定磁场的生理学响应较为敏感,可作为生物磁学研究适宜的实验材料.     

三道眉草Wu繁殖的研究

三道眉草Ｗｕ在山东省的泰山和租徕山,每年繁殖一次,繁殖期在６－７月,每窝产卵多为４枚,孵卵期１１天,育雏期１３天。据１９９２年１月对１８只鸟体的检析,冬季年龄的组成,其成体和幼体为１：１而雌体的只数多于雄体。     

珠颈斑鸠繁殖生态初步观察

珠颈斑鸠在扬州市每年繁殖１－２次，每年在４月配对，雄鸟常发出３声，４声及两声求偶鸣叫，还要进行“婚飞”，雄鸟问雌鸟点头或鞠躬、对飞等行为。雌雄鸟营巢于树干的中层，巢的结构简单。满窠产卵两株。孵卵期１７－１８天。育雏期１９－２０天。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents

Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m2; German: around 19 kg/m2) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27%; German: around 18-20%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70% of the Indian but 20% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.     

Carnitine and creatine content of tissues of normal and alloxan-diabetic sheep and rats

The concentration of carnitine in liver increased 28-fold and urinary carnitine excretion 5-fold in alloxan-diabetic sheep. In contrast there were no similar increases in alloxan-diabetic rats. The creatine content of liver decreased 3-fold and creatine excretion decreased 2-fold in diabetic sheep. In contrast the creatine content of liver increased nearly 4-fold in diabetic rats with no change in creatine excretion. The marked increased in production of carnitine by the liver of the diabetic sheep appears possible because of decreased production and excretion of creatine.     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.