端粒及端粒酶的研究进展

端粒是真核细胞染色体末端的特有结构,是由端粒结合蛋白和一段重复序列的端粒DNA组成的一个高度精密的复合体,在维持染色体末端稳定性,避免染色体被核酸酶降解等方面起着重要的作用。端粒的长度、结构及组织形式受多种端粒结合因子的调控。由于端粒的重要性,在哺乳动物细胞里,端粒的长度或端粒结构变化与癌症发生及细胞衰老有密切的关系。由于末端复制问题的存在,随着细胞分裂次数的增加,端粒不断缩短,细胞不可避免的走向衰老或凋亡。由于在细胞分裂过程中端粒长度的不断缩短与细胞分裂代数增加具有相关性,即端粒长度反应了细胞的分裂次数,因此有人将端粒形象的比喻为生物时钟。在90%的癌细胞中,端粒酶被重新激活,以此来维持端粒的长度,使细胞走向永生化。简要综述了端粒、端粒酶及端粒酶结合蛋白的最新研究进展。     

端粒生物学与肿瘤治疗

端粒的生物学功能主要是保护染色体末端,避免核酸酶对染色体末端的降解,防止染色体之间发生融合和重排。大多数人类肿瘤细胞通常通过端粒酶活性的重新激活来延长端粒,从而稳定染色体端粒DNA的长度。端粒酶是由端粒酶逆转录酶和端粒酶RNA模板组成的具有特殊逆转录活性的核糖核蛋白复合物。抑制端粒酶阳性细胞中的端粒酶活性会导致细胞凋亡或衰老。目前有多种以端粒和端粒酶为靶点来进行肿瘤治疗的策略。     

端粒与端粒酶研究进展

细胞分裂中染色体因其末端（端粒）的DNA不能完全复制而短缩,使细胞逐渐失去增殖能力而衰老．端粒酶可延长染色体末端DNA,端粒酶的活化使细胞无限增殖．85％左右的恶性肿瘤端粒酶表达阳性,生殖细胞和无限繁殖的细胞系中端粒酶表达也呈阳性．文章综述了端粒的构成和功能、端粒酶在端粒合成中的作用,介绍了端粒酶活性的测定方法、细胞恶变与端粒酶激活的关系,并论及通过抑制端粒酶活性来治疗癌症的可能性．     

端粒及端粒酶研究的最新进展

端粒是位于真核细胞染色体末端由重复DNA序列和蛋白组成的复合物,它具有保护染色体、介导染色体复制、引导减数分裂时的同源染爸体配对和调节细胞衰老等方面的作用。正常体细胞每分裂一代,端粒就会缩短一段,而端粒酶的作用是将一段端粒序列加到端粒末端,从而维持端粒长度。正常体细胞中是没有端粒酶活性的,而在大多数肿瘤细胞中都发现了端粒酶的表达,提示端粒和端粒酶在癌症发生和肿瘤细胞行为中具有重要作用。     

端粒和端粒酶的发现及意义

端粒是真核生物染色体末端的一种特殊结构,对于维持染色体稳定性具有十分重要的意义,端粒长度的维持则需要端粒酶催化完成,端粒的长短和端粒酶的功能异常与细胞衰老和癌变有密切关联。回顾了端粒与端粒酶的发现历程及研究意义。     

动物克隆中的端粒和端粒酶

端粒是染色体上的一种重要结构,对维持染色体的稳定性起重要作用。核移植后,端粒长度和端粒酶活性的变化是重要的核重编程事件。不同种类的动物和供体细胞核移植后,在端粒长度的变化上存在一些差异,反映了重编程程度的不同。核移植后,在克隆囊胚中存在高水平的端粒酶活性,克隆动物的端粒长度延长,可能是由于克隆过程中端粒酶基因的重编程的缘故。     

端粒及端粒酶的研究进展

端粒是染色体末端独特的蛋白质-DNA结构,在保护染色体的完整性和维持细胞的复制能力方面起着重要的作用.端粒酶则是由RNA和蛋白质亚基组成的、能够延长端粒的一种特殊反转录酶.端粒长度和端粒酶活性的变化与细胞衰老和癌变密切相关.端粒结合蛋白可能通过调节端粒酶的活性来调节端粒长度,进而控制细胞的衰老、永生化和癌变.研制端粒酶的专一性抑制剂在肿瘤治疗方面有着广阔的前景.     

端粒酶抑制剂在肿瘤治疗中的进展

端粒是真核细胞染色体末端含有ＴＴＡＧＧＧ重复结构的复合体 ,有防止染色体降解丢失 ,端端融合和重组建作用 ,端粒酶是一种逆转录酶 ,以自身ＲＮＡ为模板 ,逆转录维持染色体的稳定。目前肿瘤组织端粒酶检出率约 85 - 90 %,而正常组织或良性肿瘤端粒酶检出率〈5 %,说明端粒酶与恶性肿瘤密切相关。端粒酶抑制剂作为新的抗肿瘤策略正成为肿瘤研究的热点 ,现就端粒酶抑制剂在肿瘤治疗中的研究状况做一简单概述。1、阻断端粒酶ＲＮＡ的模板作用对端粒酶活性的抑制1. 1反义核苷酸、反义肽苷及硫代反义核苷酸对端粒酶活性的抑制端粒酶ＲＮＡ序列中…     

端粒保护蛋白TRF2的研究进展

端粒是染色体末端的核蛋白结构。染色体末端重复的端粒DNA可以规避不适当的DNA损伤反应(DNA damage response, DDR)的激活,维持染色体的稳定性,端粒的缺失会引起染色体融合并导致细胞的衰老及死亡。端粒特异性蛋白复合物Shelterin在保护端粒完整性方面具有重要作用。在这个复合体中,端粒结合因子2 (telomeric-repeat binding factor 2, TRF2)在维持端粒稳定、防止端粒染色体末端融合以及端粒染色体复制过程中发挥关键作用。该文综述了TRF2介导的保护染色体末端的多方面的机制。     

高等植物端粒和端粒酶的研究进展

端粒是构成真核生物线状染色体末端重要的DNA-蛋白质复合结构,DNA由简单的串联重复序列组成。它的合成由一个特殊的具有反转录活性的核糖核蛋白-端粒酶完成。端粒对染色体、整个生物基因组,甚至对细胞的稳定都具有重要意义。本文就植物端粒、端粒酶、端粒结合蛋白,以及端粒变化、端粒酶在植物生长发育中的调节作一概述。     

Ontogeny of telomerase in chicken: impact of downregulation on pre- and postnatal telomere length in vivo

Telomeres are the termini of linear chromosomes composed of tandem repeats of a conserved DNA sequence. Telomerase provides a mechanism for proliferating cells to offset telomeric sequence erosion by synthesizing new repeats onto the end of each parental DNA strand. Reduced or absent telomerase activity can lead to telomere shortening and genome instability. Telomeres and telomerase have not previously been characterized during ontogeny of any avian species. In the present study, telomerase activity in the chicken model was examined from early differentiation embryos through to adulthood. Telomerase activity was detected in all early embryos (preblastula through neurula) and in tissues throughout organogenesis. Subsequently, telomerase was downregulated in the majority of somatic tissues, either pre- or postnatally. A subset of tissues, such as intestine, immune and reproductive organs, exhibited constitutive activity. The impact of telomerase downregulation on telomere length was investigated and a telomere reduction of 3.2 kb in somatic tissues compared with germ line was observed in 5-year-old adults. The present results suggest that the telomere clock function is a conserved feature of avians as well as mammals. Knowledge regarding the relationships among telomerase regulation, proliferation/senescence profiles and differentiation status will be useful for numerous applications of chicken cells.     

Telomeres in cancer and ageing

Telomeres protect the chromosome ends from unscheduled DNA repair and degradation. Telomeres are heterochromatic domains composed of repetitive DNA (TTAGGG repeats) bound to an array of specialized proteins. The length of telomere repeats and the integrity of telomere-binding proteins are both important for telomere protection. Furthermore, telomere length and integrity are regulated by a number of epigenetic modifications, thus pointing to higher order control of telomere function. In this regard, we have recently discovered that telomeres are transcribed generating long, non-coding RNAs, which remain associated with the telomeric chromatin and are likely to have important roles in telomere regulation. In the past, we showed that telomere length and the catalytic component of telomerase, Tert, are critical determinants for the mobilization of stem cells. These effects of telomerase and telomere length on stem cell behaviour anticipate the premature ageing and cancer phenotypes of telomerase mutant mice. Recently, we have demonstrated the anti-ageing activity of telomerase by forcing telomerase expression in mice with augmented cancer resistance. Shelterin is the major protein complex bound to mammalian telomeres; however, its potential relevance for cancer and ageing remained unaddressed to date. To this end, we have generated mice conditionally deleted for the shelterin proteins TRF1, TPP1 and Rap1. The study of these mice demonstrates that telomere dysfunction, even if telomeres are of a normal length, is sufficient to produce premature tissue degeneration, acquisition of chromosomal aberrations and initiation of neoplastic lesions. These new mouse models, together with the telomerase-deficient mouse model, are valuable tools for understanding human pathologies produced by telomere dysfunction.     

Telomerase activity in bovine embryos during early development

The telomere is the end structure of the DNA molecule. Telomerase is the ribonuclear enzyme that helps the cell's telomere to elongate; otherwise, the telomere will shorten with each cell division through conventional DNA replication. In most mammalian species, telomerase activity is present in germ cells but not in somatic cells. Recent research shows that telomerase activity is also present in early embryos, but to our knowledge, the dynamics of this enzyme during early embryo development have not been studied. In the present work, we conducted telomerase activity assays on bovine embryos fertilized in vitro and harvested at different stages from zygote to blastocyst. A polymerase chain reaction-based assay (Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol) was used to detect the telomerase activity in these embryos. We demonstrated that the telomerase activity is present in the early embryos, but that its level varies with the different developmental stages. The activity was relatively low in mature oocytes. It increased after in vitro fertilization and then decreased gradually until the embryo reached the eight-cell stage. After the eight-cell stage, the telomerase activity increased again and reached its highest level in the blastocyst stage. This study provides insight regarding how telomerase activity and, possibly, the length of the telomere are reprogrammed during early embryo development.     

鸡的端粒生物学研究

端粒是线性染色体末端的核蛋白"帽子"结构,其长度由端粒酶来维持。端粒对于维持基因组的稳定、防止细胞衰老和肿瘤发生具有重要的作用。鸡是遗传和发育研究的经典模式动物,随着鸡基因组学研究的不断深入,鸡的端粒和端粒酶研究取得了很大进展。文章综述了近年来鸡的端粒生物学研究进展,并提出了未来的研究方向。     

靶向端粒酶的肿瘤治疗方案相关进展

近年来,端粒作为真核细胞染色体末端的保护染色体免受核酸酶降解的特殊的DNA重复结构,成为现代生物学的研究热点。端粒与基因表达调控、细胞生长、肿瘤发生、衰老有着密切的关系。端粒维持过程中有2类重要的蛋白,即端粒相关蛋白和端粒酶。端粒酶,特别是其催化亚基hTERT,在端粒延长过程中起着不可替代的作用,与细胞永生化和癌变密切相关。近年来,靶向端粒酶的肿瘤治疗在逆转录酶抑制剂尤其是反义核酸和免疫治疗方面都取得了突破性的进展。肿瘤干细胞在肿瘤的发生发展过程中起重要作用,将很有希望成为未来靶向端粒酶的肿瘤治疗的一个重要靶标。