不同葡萄糖水平对C2C12细胞线粒体能量代谢相关基因表达影响的研究

本实验目的是通过细胞实验检测葡萄糖水平对线粒体能量代谢相关基因(PGC-1α,ERRα,NRF-1,TFAM和线粒体基因)表达的影响,为研究相关调控基因在2型糖尿病中所起到的作用打下基础。细胞实验通过用两种不同葡萄糖水平的培养基对C2C12细胞进行培养,QRT-PCR检测线粒体能量代谢关键调控基因表达水平。结果显示,细胞培养过程中PGC-1α、ERRα、NRF-1、TFAM和线粒体基因(12S r RNA和COX2)表达变化趋势基本一致,60 h高糖组的基因相对表达量高于低糖组。在C2C12肌细胞中,适度的葡萄糖能诱导PGC-1α及其下游基因ERRα、NRF-1、TFAM的表达水平上升,增加mt DNA数量,促进肌细胞能量代谢,提高对糖的利用能力。     

PGC-1α的转录调节和翻译后修饰

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator activated receptorγ,PPARγ)辅助激活因子-1α(PPARγcoactivator-1α,PGC-1α)是线粒体生物合成的关键调节分子.外界刺激(寒冷、饥饿、运动)一方面可以改变PGC-1α的基因和蛋白质表达水平,另一方面可以通过翻译后修饰方式调节其蛋白质活性,最终调节细胞能量代谢和线粒体生物合成过程.PGC-1α表达的异常是代谢性疾病及老年性疾病等发病的重要原因.本文就PGC-1α在转录水平和翻译后修饰水平的调节方式的最新研究进展作一综述.     

转录共激活子PGC-1α参与哺乳动物生物时钟和能量代谢的整合

哺乳动物能量代谢的主要方面，包括糖、脂稳态的调节和线粒体氧化代谢过程随生物时钟发生周期性变化。目前对生物周期与各种代谢途径间联系的生物基础知之甚少。近期研究结果表明，调节能量代谢的转录共激活子PGC-1α随生物节律表达于小鼠肝脏和骨骼肌。PGC-1α通过与孤核受体ROR家族的共刺激作用，刺激生物时钟基因，特别是Bmall和Rev—erba的表达。     

PGC-1α与炎症反应的研究进展

PGC-1α是共激活转录因子成员,调控线粒体生成相关基因的转录和表达,促进线粒体生成,调节机体的能量代谢。最近的研究发现,PGC-1α也参与机体炎症反应的调控过程。本文从PGC-1α的结构与活性调节、与糖尿病、神经系统疾病的关系等方面综述PGC-1α与机体炎症调控的最新进展。     

PGC-1α基因在HIV-1包膜糖蛋白gp120诱导神经元线粒体功能障碍中的作用及机制研究

人类免疫缺陷病毒(Human immunodeficiency viru,HIV)包膜糖蛋白gp120具有神经毒性,可引起神经元损伤,与HIV相关性痴呆的发生有关,但gp120引起神经元损伤的机制尚不清楚.有研究报道gp120能够引起神经元出现线粒体功能障碍,而PGC-1α是促进神经元内线粒体生成的关键基因.因此,本研究将分析PGC-1α基因在HIV-1包膜糖蛋白gp120诱导神经元线粒体功能障碍中的作用及机制.原代培养皮层神经元细胞后分为对照组、gp120组、空白质粒组、gp120+空白质粒组,gp120+PGC-1α质粒组、PGC-1α质粒组,检测细胞活力OD490nm线粒体膜电位(△ψm)水平、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量、活性氧簇(ROS)含量、凋亡率及PGC-1α、cleaved caspase-9、cleaved caspase-3的表达水平.结果 显示,gp120组皮层神经元的PGC-1α表达水平、OD490nm水平、△ψm水平、ATP含量均低于对照组,ROS含量、凋亡率、cleaved caspase-9、cleaved caspase-3的表达水平均高于对照组;过表达PGC-1α后,gp120+PGC-1α质粒组皮层神经元的PGC-1α表达水平、OD490nm水平、△ψm水平、ATP含量均高于gp120+空白质粒组,ROS含量、凋亡率、cleaved caspase-9、cleaved caspase-3的表达水平均低于gp120+空白质粒组.以上结果表明,gp120诱导皮层神经元出现线粒体氧化呼吸功能减退、线粒体途径凋亡等线粒体功能障碍的表现,抑制PGC-1α基因表达是gp120诱导线粒体功能障碍的相关机制之一.本研究的创新点在于探究了gp120诱导神经元线粒体功能障碍的分子机制,研究发现抑制PGC-1α基因表达是gp120诱导神经元线粒体功能障碍的相关机制之一,这为今后阐明gp120诱导神经元损伤及HIV相关性痴呆的发病机制提供了实验依据.     

低氧刺激影响PGC-1α表达研究进展

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子-1α(peroxisome proliferator activated receptorγcoactivator-1α,PGC-1α)是参与调控机体线粒体发生、糖脂代谢、适应性产热、肌纤维类型转化等生理过程的关键转录共激活分子。而低氧刺激可通过代偿激活一系列细胞应答机制,促发机体不同组织PGC-1α表达及其介导的细胞信号调控通路重新调整,进而改变机体整个能量代谢体系。本文通过总结低氧浓度、低氧时长等多种刺激因素影响不同组织PGC-1α表达的相关研究,旨在进一步揭示不同组织PGC-1α对其低氧刺激产生代偿适应的分子机制,从而更好地解释低氧刺激下机体PGC-1α在调控全身能量代谢稳态中的重要作用。     

不同香烟烟雾暴露强度对大鼠骨骼肌线粒体功能的影响

目的:探讨不同烟熏暴露强度对大鼠外周骨骼肌线粒体功能的影响。方法:将SD大鼠随机分成4个组,分别接受正常空气或3个周期烟熏暴露(分别是4周、8周、12周)。采用western blot检测大鼠外周骨骼肌与线粒体生成有关的过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ共激活因子1(PGC-1α)以及涉及氧化磷酸化的细胞色素c氧化酶(COX)4的蛋白表达,RT-PCR检测与线粒体氧化代谢有关的Sdhb、线粒体转录因子A(TFAM)的基因表达以及比色法检测琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)活性,电镜检测线粒体形态结构的改变。结果:香烟烟雾暴露能够下调大鼠伸趾长肌(EDL)PGC-1α和COX4的蛋白表达,PGC-1α的表达下调呈明显的暴露强度依赖性。香烟烟雾暴露能够诱发大鼠比目鱼肌Sdhb、TFAM基因水平的下调,降低大鼠比目鱼肌SDH活性并呈明显的暴露强度依赖性。电镜显示香烟烟雾暴露诱发伸趾长肌线粒体发生空泡样变性。结论:香烟烟雾暴露诱发大鼠骨骼肌线粒体功能障碍,但该作用与骨骼肌的纤维类型组成无明显相关性。     

广西巴马小型猪2型糖尿病模型骨骼肌糖代谢及能量代谢相关基因的表达差异

目的探讨糖代谢及能量代谢过程中的关键调控基因(PGC-1α、Glut-4、ERRα、NRF-1、TFAM和线粒体基因)在2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)发生中的作用。方法以广西巴马小型猪T2DM模型建立的发病组和未发病组的背最长肌为实验材料,利用QRT-PCR实时荧光定量的方法对糖代谢及能量代谢相关基因mRNA和线粒体基因的表达情况进行检测。结果在广西巴马小型猪背最长肌中,T2DM组PGC-1α、Glut-4、ERRα和NRF-1的相对表达量均显著高于非T2DM组,TFAM和线粒体基因的相对表达量则稍低于非T2DM组。结论在T2DM巴马小型猪骨骼肌中,上调PGC-1α及其下游基因Glut-4、ERRα和NRF-1的表达水平,有利于改善葡萄糖代谢;而线粒体合成不足,致使ATP合成量不够,或引起胰岛素抵抗,进而导致2型糖尿病的发生。     

EPA对草鱼前体脂肪细胞增殖分化的影响

体外培养草鱼前体脂肪细胞,并用不同浓度(0-100 μmol/L)二十碳五烯酸(Eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)进行处理,噻唑兰比色法(Methyl thiazolte trazoliu,MTT)和油红O染色提取法检测EPA对细胞增殖及分化的影响,Real-time qPCR检测过氧化物酶增殖激活受体家族(Peroxidase proliferation activated receptor,PPARs)、脂蛋白酯酶(Lipoprotein lipase,LPL)、过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体γ辅助活化因子1α (Peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor gamma coactivator-1α,PGC-1α)等基因的表达情况.结果显示,不同浓度EPA在2d内均显著促进草鱼前体脂肪细胞增殖(P＜0.05);不同浓度EPA处理ld后均显著抑制草鱼前体脂肪细胞分化(P＜0.05),且100μmol/L EPA处理细胞2d可显著促进LPL和PGC-1α基因的表达(P＜0.05).研究表明,EPA可促进草鱼前体脂肪细胞增殖,抑制其分化,该抑制作用与其调控PGC-1α、LPL等脂代谢基因的表达有关.     

重组人凋亡诱导因子基因的构建、表达及其对HeLa细胞的促凋亡作用

凋亡诱导因子（apoptosis-inducing factor, AIF）定位于细胞的线粒体膜间隙.当凋亡信号刺激时,AIF分子从线粒体释放到胞浆,然后转位到细胞核内,引起染色体核周边凝集和DNA呈大片段断裂（～50 kb）.用RT-PCR法分段克隆得到人全长AIF基因,经改造截去其N端线粒体定位信号编码序列,代之以不同长度的绿脓杆菌外毒素(PE)转膜结构域序列.把这些重组基因克隆入pIRES2-EGFP真核表达载体,脂质体法转染HeLa细胞,通过荧光显微镜观察、共聚焦显微镜观察、电镜观察等方法检测了多种重组人AIF基因的表达及其对细胞生长的影响.证明了重组人AIF基因的表达可引起HeLa细胞死亡,为肿瘤的杀伤提供了新的策略.     

Dynamic mobilization of PGC-1α mediates mitochondrial biogenesis for the protection of RGC-5 cells by resveratrol during serum deprivation

Mitochondrial dysfunction contributing to the pathogenesis of glaucomatous neurodegeneration has stimulated considerable interest recently. In this study, we explored the role of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) in resveratrol-triggered mitochondrial biogenesis for preventing apoptosis in a retinal ganglion cell line RGC-5. Our results showed that serum deprivation induced cell apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. Applying resveratrol maintained the normal mitochondrial membrane potential, decreased the levels of both total and cleaved caspase-3, and inhibited the release of cytochrome c, which subsequently enhanced cell survival. Moreover, resveratrol stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis by increasing the absolute quantity of mitochondria as well as their DNA copies. Treatment with resveratrol promoted the protein expression of SIRT1, but not PGC-1α; instead, resveratrol facilitated PGC-1α translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and up-regulated NRF1 and TFAM, which were blocked by nicotinamide. Collectively, we demonstrate that the SIRT1-dependent PGC-1α subcellular translocation following resveratrol application potentially attenuates serum deprivation-elicited RGC-5 cell death, thereby raising the possibility of mitigating glaucomatous retinopathy by enhancement of mitochondrial biogenesis.     

Promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis via the regulation of PARIS and PGC-1α by parkin as a mechanism of neuroprotection by carnosic acid

BackgroundImpairment of mitochondrial biogenesis is associated with the pathological progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin-interacting substrate (PARIS) can be ubiquitinated by parkin and prevents the repression of proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1-alpha (PGC-1α).PurposeThis study investigated whether the neuroprotective mechanism of carnosic acid (CA) from rosemary is mediated via the regulation of PARIS and PGC-1α by parkin.MethodsThe Western blotting and RT-PCR were used to determine protein and mRNA, respectively. To investigate the protein-protein interaction of between PARIS and ubiquitin, the immunoprecipitation assay (IP assay) was utilized. Silencing of endogenous parkin or PGC-1α was performed by using transient transfection of small interfering RNA (siRNA).ResultsSH-SY5Y cells treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) increased PARIS protein, decreased PGC-1α protein, and reduced protein and mRNA of mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes. CA pretreatment reversed the effects of 6-OHDA. By IP assay, the interaction of PARIS with ubiquitin protein caused by CA was stronger than that caused by 6-OHDA. Moreover, knockdown of parkin attenuated the ability of CA to reverse the 6-OHDA-induced increase in PARIS and decrease in PGC-1α expression. PGC-1α siRNA was used to investigate how CA influenced the effect of 6-OHDA on the modulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and apoptosis. In the presence of PGC-1α siRNA, CA could no longer significantly reverse the reduction of mitochondrial biogenesis or the induction of cleavage of apoptotic-related proteins by 6-OHDA.ConclusionThe cytoprotective of CA is related to the enhancement of mitochondrial biogenesis by inhibiting PARIS and inducing PGC-1α by parkin. The activation of PGC-1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis by CA prevents the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, CA may have therapeutic application in PD.     

NAMPT regulates mitochondria biogenesis via NAD metabolism and calcium binding proteins during skeletal muscle contraction

[Purpose]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect that muscle contraction induced NAD metabolism via NAMPT has on mitochondrial biogenesis.

[Methods]

Primary skeletal muscle cells were isolated from the gastrocnemius in C57BL/6 mice. The muscle cells were stimulated by electrical current at 1Hz for 3 minutes in conditions of normal or NAD metabolism related inhibitor treatment. NAD/NADH level, Sirt1 and mitochondria biogenesis related signal factor’s changes were examined in normal or NAD metabolism related inhibitor treated cells.

[Results]

Electrical stimulation (ES) induced muscle contractions significantly increased NAD/NADH levels, NAMPT inhibitor FK-866 inhibited ES-induced NAD formation, which caused SIRT1 expression and PGC-1α deacetylation to decrease. Moreover, NAMPT inhibition decreased mitochondrial biogenesis related mRNA, COX-1 and Tfam levels. Along with AMPK inhibitor, compound C decreases SIRT1 expression, PGC-1α deacetylation and muscle contraction induced mitochondrial biogenesis related mRNA increment. These results indicated that the AMPK-NAMPT signal is a key player for muscle contraction induced SIRT1 expression and PGC-1α deacetylation, which influences mitochondrial biogenesis. Inhibition of the AMPK upregulator, Camkkβ, STO-609 decreased AMPK phosphorylation and SIRT1 expression but did not decrease PGC-1α deacetylation. However, CAMKII inhibition via AIP decreased PGC-1α deacetylation.

[Conclusion]

In conclusion, the results indicate that NAMPT plays an important role in NAD metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. However, mitochondrial biogenesis is also controlled by different calcium binding protein signals including Camkkβ and CAMKII. [Keyword] Muscle contraction, NAD metabolism, SIRT1, PGC-1 α, mitochondria biogenesis.