白沙蒿种子萌发特性的研究Ⅱ.环境因素的影响

白沙蒿（Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch.）是中国西北部沙漠的流动及固定沙丘上广泛分布的优势种藻木。白沙蒿种子为需光种子,种子在光下萌发而在黑暗中受到抑制,种子萌发的适宜温度为25℃,在10℃和30℃萌发速率和萌发率都很低,萌发在℃受到抑制。种子在沙中被旱越深,其萌发速率和萌发率就越低。在沙平面下2cm或更深层沙土下出苗率为零。但是,当将种子上层沙土移走,只保留0.5cm沙土覆盖种子,这些种子的萌发率达到原先就位于沙土下0.5cm的种子的萌发率,但是后者的萌发速率较高,土壤水分含量越高,从1.7％至14.7％,其萌发就越快。土壤水分含量从19.4％起,种子的萌发受到了延迟,苗的发育受到了抑制。     

濒危植物合柱金莲木种子萌发特性

研究了合柱金莲木种子萌发的生物学特性,以了解该物种种群自然更新困难的原因和机制。结果表明:合柱金莲木种子萌发的适宜温度为25℃,萌发率为56.67%,在20℃和30℃条件下,萌发速度和萌发率均较低,且在30℃条件下,幼苗不能正常生长,萌发在15℃受到抑制。土壤含水量在20%～30%,种子正常萌发,随着土壤含水量的升高,萌发开始时间缩短,萌发速度加快。种子萌发需要光照,为需光种子。种子在河沙、粘质壤土、沙土3种不同的基质中萌发率并无显著差异,但在粘质壤土和沙土中生长的幼苗长势较好。不同地理种源的种子,其种子质量存在差异,融水种群种子萌发率高,幼苗长势好。合柱金莲木种子萌发速度慢,萌发不整齐,幼苗生长缓慢,使得其在种间竞争中处于不利地位,且种子萌发对温度的适应范围狭窄,再加上林下光照不足限制种子萌发,这些因素是导致该物种自然更新困难的重要原因。     

浑善达克沙地黄柳种子发芽和幼苗生长特性的研究

在实验室通过模拟野外自然条件,研究了土壤水分、沙埋厚度和温度对黄柳种子发芽与幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:(1)黄柳种子对水分条件很敏感,发芽的适宜土壤含水量为3%~20%,低于3%或高于20%发芽都会受到抑制;(2)种子萌发需要沙土覆盖,适宜覆沙厚度为0.1~0.4 cm,此条件下第5天种子发芽率达80%以上;但当沙埋厚度超过0.6 cm时,种子出苗就会受到抑制;当沙埋厚度超过1.2 cm时,将不能出苗;(3)种子发芽的适宜温度为15~35℃,当温度高于45℃时种子将不能萌发并最终死亡;(4)幼苗的耐热性较强,40℃处理下幼苗出现热害症状,并且热害症状发展缓慢,60℃处理下90 min后幼苗干枯死亡;(5)种子的寿命为120 d左右。     

温度及盐胁迫对地梢瓜种子萌发及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以地梢瓜种子为试料,研究不同温度(5~45℃)及不同浓度NaCl胁迫(0~300mmol·L~(-1))对种子萌发及其抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:(1)随着温度升高,种子各萌发指标呈先升高后降低的趋势,过高或过低均显著抑制种子正常萌发,萌发最适温度为25℃,在5℃和35℃条件下种子恢复萌发率均达95%以上。(2)随着NaCl浓度升高,种子萌发率、萌发势、活力指数呈显著下降趋势,而其相对盐害率呈增加趋势,且在300mmol·L~(-1)NaCl时萌发受到完全抑制;种子根系活力仅在高浓度NaCl(150mmol·L~(-1))下受到显著抑制;种子在解除盐胁迫后可一定程度恢复萌发,但最终依然受到盐胁迫的显著抑制,且盐浓度越高抑制越严重,其耐盐适宜浓度为65.25mmol·L~(-1)。(3)种子萌发率与盐胁迫下POD、APX活性呈显著正相关关系,而与相应O_2~生成速率、MDA含量呈显著负相关关系;种子活力指数与盐胁迫下CAT活性呈显著负相关关系。研究发现,地梢瓜种子萌发受到NaCl胁迫的显著抑制,保护酶POD与APX在盐胁迫种子萌发过程中发挥着主要抗氧化作用;地梢瓜适于在中度盐渍土中萌发生长。     

柠条种子萌发对不同光照强度和沙埋深度的响应

为揭示柠条(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)种子萌发对光照强度和沙埋深度的响应,在不同光强(55.4%自然全光照(natural sunlight,NS)、18.9%NS、5.5%NS和2.2%NS)和沙埋深度(0、0.5、1.0、2.0和4.5 cm)下,研究了柠条种子的萌发特征。结果表明:光强对柠条种子的萌发率、萌发速率、萌发指数和活力指数均影响显著;沙埋深度显著影响萌发指数和活力指数;光强与沙埋深度的交互作用显著影响萌发率、萌发指数和活力指数。柠条种子的萌发率、萌发速率和萌发指数在除0 cm外的其他沙埋深度均随着光强的减弱逐渐减小;活力指数在0 cm沙埋深度随着光强的减弱表现为增大趋势,而在其他沙埋深度随着光强的减弱持续减小或波动性减小。在55.4%NS、18.9%NS和5.5%NS光强下,萌发率在1.0 cm沙埋深度最大(分别为45.0%、30.6%和27.5%),0 cm沙埋深度最小(分别为22.2%、22.1%和20.0%),萌发速率、萌发指数和活力指数均随着沙埋深度的增加先增大后减小,且均在0.5～2.0 cm沙埋深度最大;在2.2%NS光强下,所有萌发参数均随沙埋深度的增大逐渐减小,其中萌发率、萌发速率和萌发指数在1.0、2.0和4.5 cm沙埋深度均显著小于0 cm沙埋深度(P0.05),而活力指数在0 cm沙埋深度与其他沙埋深度间的差异均达显著水平(P0.05)。研究表明,光照和沙埋是影响柠条种子萌发的重要环境因子,沙埋可增大种子萌发对光照的依赖;适度沙埋在强光下促进柠条种子萌发,但在弱光下则抑制种子萌发。     

丛毛垂叶榕种子萌发的光敏感性及其生态意义

以丛毛垂叶榕（Ficns benjamina L．var．nuda）种子为实验材料,研究了温度、光照、植物激素（GA3、6-BA、乙烯）和含氮化合物（硝普钠、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐）对种子萌发的影响,讨论了光在丛毛垂叶榕种子萌发中的生态意义。在交替光照下（14h光照,10h黑暗,12μmol m^-2s^-1）,种子在15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃、40℃和30℃,20℃下的最终萌发率分别为87．5％、100％、100％、100％、98％、89％和100％;种子的平均萌发时间分别为34．7d、16．3d、5．6d、4．8d、6．4d、9d和6．3d。黑暗条件下,种子在15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃、40℃和30℃／20℃下萌发35d,种子的萌发率为零;添加交替光照后,种子迅速萌发。0．5～20μmol m^-2s^-1的光照强度显著地增加种子的最终萌发率,不同的光照强度对种子的最终萌发率没有明显的影响,但影响种子的萌发速率。在24h光暗周期下,种子的最终萌发率随着光期长度的增加而显著提高。在连续光照下处理24h、36h和48h后能够促进种子在随后的连续黑暗中萌发。不同浓度的GA3、6-BA、乙烯、硝普钠、NaNO3和NaNO2处理不能代替光照在黑暗条件下促进种子萌发,添加交替光照后,种子迅速获得萌发能力。丛毛垂叶榕种子的上述萌发行为与其长期适应热带雨林的生境密切相关。     

光照和冷藏时间对青藏高原东缘三种灌木种子萌发的影响

研究了青藏高原东缘3种灌木种子(山梅花Philadelphus incanus、高山绣线菊Spiraea alpina和南川绣线菊S.rosthornii)经过0、40、80和160 d 5℃冷藏后,在5℃/25℃、12h/12 h光/暗培养下的萌发特性以及室温干储120 d后在白光、黑暗、红光、蓝光和12 h/12 h白光/黑暗(变光)5个水平,10℃/25℃变温培养下的萌发特性。结果表明:冷藏时间对3种灌木种子的萌发率和萌发速率均有极显著的影响,冷藏能提高山梅花和南川绣线菊种子的萌发能力,而不利于高山绣线菊种子的萌发;光照对山梅花种子萌发率有极显著的影响,红光和白光/黑暗培养下的萌发率最高,萌发速率最快,黑暗和蓝光培养条件下的种子萌发率最低,萌发速率最慢;光照对南川绣线菊种子萌发率和萌发速率有显著影响,白光、红光、蓝光、白光/黑暗培养下种子的萌发率均在80%以上,明显高于黑暗条件下,但红光下种子的萌发速率最快,蓝光下的萌发速率最慢;不同光照下高山绣线菊种子萌发率没有差异,均在93%以上,但红光和黑暗条件下种子的萌发速率最快,蓝光下的萌发速率最慢。本实验结果表明,冷藏作为一种打破种子休眠的常用手段,其作用因种而异;红光作为萌发的促动因子,其对各物种作用较为一致。     

Ca^2＋和CaM在莴苣种子萌发中的作用

莴苣种子萌发对温度敏感,22℃时光、暗下萌发率均达70％以上,25℃光、暗下都不能萌发。Ca~(2 )专一性螯合剂EGTA、Ca~(2 )通道抑制剂LaCl_3和CoCl_2、CaM拮抗剂CPZ和TFP均能抑制22℃下种子萌发。22℃光下浸泡种子10小时后加LaCl_3和CoCl_2,其对萌发抑制效应明显降低。增加培养介质中Ca~(2 )浓度可以逆转La~(3 )和Co~(2 )对萌发的抑制。     

油蒿与中国和以色列沙漠中的两种蒿属植物种子萌发策略的比较

油蒿（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ ｏｒｄｏｓｉｃａ Ｋｒａｓｃｈ．）是中国戈壁荒漠的固定沙丘上分布的优势种灌木,属蒙古植被地理分布区成分。油蒿的瘦果在光下萌发,萌发在暗中受到抑制光是调节其在沙土不同深度萌发的限制因素。瘦果在春天或秋天萌发,适宜温度为２０℃。瘦果的粘淮物质能吸收大量水分,具有重要的生态功能。不同浓度的盐溶液能影响瘦果的萌发。土壤湿度也是调节瘦果在沙中萌发的因素。尽管油蒿、白沙蒿（Ａ．ｓｐｈ     

条叶百合种子萌发的研究

研究了不同光、温对条叶百合(Lilium callosum)种子萌发的影响。研究结果表明:(1)避光条件下温度对栽培4年生条叶百合种子萌发影响最大,其种子萌发最适宜温度为25℃, 4~5天开始萌动, 1~2周萌发完全。随着温度的升高或降低其种子萌发率下降。但在5℃时萌发率又有大幅升高, 35℃种子萌发完全受到抑制。(2)同一果序不同位置果实的种子萌发以最下部果实为好,中间果实次之,上部最差。(3)同一果实内中部种子萌发最好,下部种子次之,上部种子最差,上、中、下三部分种子萌发率与其千粒重呈正相关。(4)在相同实验条件下,野生条叶百合与栽培4年生条叶百合种子萌发率一致,但萌发完全时间比栽培条叶百合多14天。(5)贮藏一年后条叶百合种子萌发率没有下降。     

西鄂尔多斯珍稀濒危植物长叶红砂种子萌发特征

珍稀濒危灌木长叶红砂是我国西北干旱地区荒漠植被中的古老残遗物种,对维持荒漠植被稳定具有重要作用.本文研究了长叶红砂种子特性,及其在不同光照、温度、土壤水分和沙埋等环境因子中的萌发策略.结果表明:长叶红砂种子具有高活力、高萌发率、耐贮存的特点,在光照和黑暗条件下均能很好地萌发.种子萌发的适宜温度为恒温20 ℃～25 ℃或变温15 ℃/25 ℃,萌发率高达93%.土壤含水量为2%时,种子开始萌发;土壤含水量为12%时,其萌发率最高,达89%.长叶红砂种子适宜的沙埋深度为1 cm,＞5 cm沙埋不出苗.沙埋深度对出苗率和幼苗生长高度的影响显著,而对幼苗质量的影响不显著.水分条件和沙埋深度是制约长叶红砂种子萌发和出苗的主要因素,而种子的高萌发率增加了幼苗生存的风险,不利于其应对荒漠极端环境变化.这种特性是长叶红砂濒危的重要原因之一.     

沙埋和种子大小对固沙禾草沙鞭的种子萌发与幼苗出土的影响

该文研究了野外条件下不同深度的沙埋对沙鞭(Psammochloa villosa)种子萌发和幼苗出土的影响,以及温室条件下种子大小对不同深度沙埋后的种子萌发和幼苗出土的影响。结果表明,沙埋深度显著影响沙鞭的种子萌发率、幼苗出土率和种子休眠率。沙子表面的种子不能萌发。2 cm的浅层沙埋时的种子萌发率和幼苗出土率最高,1 cm 沙埋的种子萌发率和幼苗出土率次之。沙埋深度超过2 cm之后,沙鞭的种子萌发率和幼苗出土率与沙埋深度呈负相关。2 cm的种子休眠率最低。从2 ~12 cm,种子休眠率随着沙埋深度的增加而增加。在幼苗能够出土的深度(1~6 cm),幼苗首次出土所需的时间随着沙埋深度的增加而延长。种子大小对沙鞭的种子萌发率没有显著影响。但是在深层沙埋(6 cm)时,与小种子相比,大种子产生的幼苗的出土率较高。从2~6 cm,大种子形成的幼苗的茎长度都较长。     

濒危植物秦岭冷杉种子萌发特性的研究

 秦岭冷杉(Abies chensiensis)为中国特有种,主要分布于中国秦巴山地,现为渐危种,被列为国家二级保护植物。经测定,秦岭冷杉种子千粒重为(33.92±1.01)g,与其它冷杉属的种子比较,其种子千粒重较大。四唑（TTC,1.0 %）染色测种子生活力的结果表明:有生活力的种子占26.00%,空粒占20.50%,涩粒占33.75%,说明秦岭冷杉种子饱满度很差,反映了比较高的种子败育率;染色结果与对比发芽实验的结果很接近,说明用四唑染色来测定秦岭冷杉种子的生活力是较准确的方法。把种子进行0、14、21、28d低温(4℃)层积处理,发现低温层积可以显著提高种子发芽率和发芽势,但是层积21d与28d发芽势没有差异。设置恒温20℃、25℃和变温20～30℃ 3种温度条件下发芽比较,发现最终的发芽率并没有差异,但是发芽势差异显著,恒温25℃达到最大发芽率的90%的时间要比另外两种温度下提前9d,可见25℃是秦岭冷杉种子发芽的适宜温度。光照(8 h·d-1,100μmol·m-2·s-1)和黑暗下种子的最后发芽率差异不显著,但是光照发芽势高,可见光照可以促进秦岭冷杉种子发芽迅速、整齐。实验证明,用砂床做发芽基质与用纸床做发芽基质相比,前者的发芽率和发芽势均比后者高。     

矮沙冬青种子特性和萌发影响因素的研究

 对矮沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus nanus)种子的特性和萌发影响因素进行了初步研究,结果表明：种子不易传播;虫蛀率高,室温贮藏60 d的种子虫害率为38%;易形成硬实,含水量为7.68%的种子在30 ℃温水中浸泡90 h,只有33.33%能吸水膨胀。种子萌发时不需光,在15～30 ℃和室温（18～32 ℃）条件下,经9 d的萌发,发芽率均可达80%以上,30℃时萌发最快;在1～2 cm深的沙壤中,种子出苗率可达75%以上,超过3 cm显著降低,超过6 cm则低于20%;种子在沙壤中萌发时,沙壤的适宜湿度为19.35%～28.75%,高于32.43%或低于3.85%,很少有种子萌发;含水量分别为19.36%、10.64% 和7.68%的种子发芽率无显著差异,在-10 ℃和5 ℃下贮藏7个月,发芽率也无显著降低,但在室温和35 ℃下贮藏7个月则显著下降,发芽率下降的速度与种子本身的含水量和贮藏温度正相关;在湿度分别为7.41%、13.79%和28.57%的沙壤中播种育苗,幼苗死亡率高达77.49%、81.25%和89.49%,即使用三唑酮拌种,死亡率亦高达50.27%、69.53%和76.03%,幼苗死亡率与沙壤湿度正相关。     

Factors influencing seed dormancy and germination in sand,and seedling survival under desiccation,of Psammochloa villosa (Poaceae), inhabiting the moving sand dunes of Ordos,China

Psammochloa villosa (Trin.) Bor. (Poaceae), is distributed primarily in moving sand dunes of the Ordos Plateau, China. Freshly harvested caryopses (seeds) are in non-deep physiological dormancy (non-deep PD). Germination is slow and low and only over a narrow temperature range. A treatment of four weeks cold stratification at 3 to 5 °C in darkness was required to break non-deep PD, allowing germination to reach high percentages at higher temperatures and without light requirement. Rate and percentages of germination were increased by scarifying the caryopsis coat and by artificial removal of different proportions of the endosperm. However, seedling dry weight and increases in root and shoot lengths, were significantly influenced by the proportion of the endosperm that remained on the caryopses. Higher percentages of seedling emergence were obtained from the shallowly buried caryopses, ranging from 0.5–2.0 cm, and the depth of the caryopses in the sand affected the time of germination. The deeper the caryopses were buried, the more that remained ungerminated and in enforced dormancy. The caryopses germinated when the upper sand layer was removed and buried caryopses were at a suitable sand depth for germination, or when the sand was aerated. In natural habitats, germinated seedlings may be wholly exposed to the air by sand erosion and thus be exposed to drought stress. However, young seedlings have the ability to tolerate desiccation and to recover after rehydration. Root length at the `point of no return' is 4 mm.     

温度和土壤含水量对青冈栎种子萌发的影响

运用直播法,研究应用人工气候箱控制温度和土壤含水量对野生青冈栎种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:在12h光照条件下,青冈栎种子在变温为10℃/15℃时,萌发率很低,仅为(12±12.29)%;变温为30℃/35℃时,萌发率达最大,为(81±13.7)%。土壤含水量为30%～40%时,萌发率为(79±15.9)%;土壤含水量为90%～100%时,萌发率为(56.67±19.36)%。青冈栎种子萌发呈现出迅速萌发和推迟萌发的特点;温度对青冈栎幼苗的苗高、叶长和叶宽影响显著,对幼苗的地径、叶片数量影响不显著。恒温下,不同梯度土壤含水量处理对幼苗的苗高、地径、叶长、宽影响不显著。     

Responses of Caryopsis Germination, Seedling Emergence, and Development to Sand Water Content of Agropyron cristatum （L.） Gaertn. and Bromus inermis Leyss.

Responses of caryopsis germination, seedling emergence, and development of Agropyron cristatum （L.） Gaertn. （Gramineae） and Bromus inermis Leyss. （Gramineae）, two dominant perennial grasses in the Otindag Sandland of China, to different sand water content （SWC; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 12%, 16%, and 20%） were studied comparatively. The results showed that the germination responses of the two grasses to SWC were similar （i.e. caryopses could not germinate when the SWC was below 3%; at SWC ranging from 3% to 12%, the higher the SWC, the higher the germination percentage; and at a SWC of 12%-20%, germination reached similarly high percentages）. At a sand burial depth of 0.5 cm, the threshold of SWC for seedling emergence was 6% forA. cristatum and 8% forB. inermis; at 12%-20% SWC, the seedling emergence of both species reached similarly high percentages. The seedling growth responses of these two species to SWC gradients were different. For A. cristatum, the biomass of seedlings increased with SWC from 6% to 12%, and decreased with SWC from 12% to 20%. For B. inermis, the biomass of seedlings always increased with SWC from 8% to 20%. The results also showed that the seedlings of both species allocated more biomass to the roots with decreases in SWC. The SWC changes from April to October in natural microhabitats of both species suggested that the SWC may play an important role in caryopsis germination, seedling emergence, and the growth characteristics of the two grasses. The responses of caryopsis germination, seedling emergence, and the growth characteristics of these two species to SWC may determine their distribution pattems in the Otindag Sandland.     

Responses of Caryopsis Germination, Seedling Emergence, and Development to Sand Water Content of Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. and Bromus inermis Leyss.

Responses of caryopsis germination, seedling emergence, and development of Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. (Gramineae) and Bromus inermis Leyss. (Gramineae), two dominant perennial grasses in the Otindag Sandland of China, to different sand water content (SWC; 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 12%,16%, and 20%) were studied comparatively. The results showed that the germination responses of the two grasses to SWC were similar (i.e. caryopses could not germinate when the SWC was below 3%; at SWC ranging from 3% to 12%, the higher the SWC, the higher the germination percentage; and at a SWC of 12 %, germination reached similarly high percentages). At a sand burial depth of 0.5 cm, the threshold of SWC for seedling emergence was 6% forA. cristatum and 8% forB. inermis; at 12%-20% SWC, the seedling emergence of both species reached similarly high percentages. The seedling growth responses of these two species to SWC gradients were different. For A. cristatum, the biomass of seedlings increased with SWC from 6% to 12%, and decreased with SWC from 12% to 20%. For B. inermis, the biomass of seedlings always increased with SWC from 8% to 20%. The results also showed that the seedlings of both species allocated more biomass to the roots with decreases in SWC. The SWC changes from April to October in natural microhabitats of both species suggested that the SWC may play an important role in caryopsis germination,seedling emergence, and the growth characteristics of the two grasses. The responses of caryopsis germination, seedling emergence, and the growth characteristics of these two species to SWC may determine their distribution patterns in the Otindag Sandland.     

Germination ecology of the weed Parthenium hysterophorus in eastern Ethiopia

Germination ecology of Parthenium hysterophorus, recently introduced to Ethiopia, was studied in a series of experiments. Viability of the seeds was greater than 50% after 26 months of burial in the soil indicating the potential build‐up of a substantial persistent soil seed bank. A short period of dry storage was sufficient to overcome a light requirement for germination in a minor fraction of the seeds. Likewise, seeds exhumed from burial showed an increase in germination ability in darkness over time, with a weak tendency for seasonal cyclicity in dormancy level at one of two sites. Germination occurred at the mean minimum (10°C) and maximum (25°C) temperatures of the collection sites, as well as over a wide range of fluctuating (12/2°C‐35/25°C) temperatures in light. No germination of P. hysterophorus seeds occurred at osmotic potentials < ‐0.52 MPa (at 27°C), the species being less tolerant to moisture stress than sorghum grains. Most seedlings emerged from shallowly buried (< 0.5 cm) seeds and none from more than 5 cm depth. Naturally dispersed seeds required about 60 days, at a hot lowland site, to start emergence despite the presence of adequate rainfall, and higher number of seedlings emerged in undisturbed plots than in hand hoed plots. These experiments and field observations suggest that there are no obvious climatic conditions that may limit the germination of Parthenium hysterophorus in Ethiopia, but a high moisture requirement of the seeds for germination could be the major factor limiting germination during the dry season.