长芒草(Stipa bungeana)种子萌发与出苗对关键环境因子的响应

种子萌发为植物生活史的关键阶段,对植物的定居、群落演替与动态起着决定作用。通过室内控制实验的方法,研究长芒草(Stipa bungeana)种子萌发对光照和温度,水势和温度,以及幼苗出土对沙埋深度和供水的响应。使用光照、温度和湿度自动控制的生长箱,设置光照、黑暗和持续黑暗3个光处理和5个变温处理(5℃:15℃、10℃:20℃、15℃:25℃、20℃:30℃和25℃:35℃)(夜:昼);设置11个水势处理(0、-0.2、-0.4、-0.6、-0.8、-1、-1.2、-1.4、-1.6、-1.8 MPa和-2 MPa)和5个恒温处理(10、15、20、25℃和30℃),研究长芒草种子萌发对光照和温度、水势和温度的响应。设置6个沙埋深度(0.5、1、1.5、2、3、5 cm)和10个供水处理(2.5、5、7.5、10、15、20 mm和30 mm 7个单次供水处理,2.5、5、7.5 mm/3d 3个多次供水处理),研究长芒草幼苗出土对沙埋和供水的响应。结果表明:光照对长芒草种子萌发具有促进作用,黑暗与持续黑暗条件下的最终萌发百分率无显著差异。在10:20℃—15:25℃温度范围内,长芒草种子萌发快速且集中,15:25℃为种子萌发最适温度,超过最适温度时,最终萌发百分率随温度升高而下降。水势低于-1 MPa时长芒草种子不能萌发,最终萌发百分率和萌发速率均随水势的降低而降低。当温度达到30℃时,种子基本不能萌发。单次供水条件下,长芒草的最终出苗百分率和出苗速率接近为零;5 mm/3d及7.5 mm/3d供水条件下,最终出苗百分率可达到50%。5 mm/3d及7.5 mm/3d的多次供水与单次供水及2.5 mm/3d的多次供水相比更有利于长芒草出苗。适宜出苗的沙埋深度为0.5—2 cm,沙埋深度超过3 cm时最终出苗百分率和出苗速率均率接近于零。长芒草种子出苗情况随沙埋深度增加而降低,在供水量为7.5 mm/3d,沙埋深度为0.5—2 cm时,出苗最好。降低人为干扰对表层土壤的破坏,提高表层土壤含水量,是促进长芒草种子萌发和幼苗出土的有效措施。     

沙埋对西鄂尔多斯珍稀植物种子萌发和幼苗出土的影响

采用不同沙埋深度(0、1、2、3、5、7、10 cm埋深)处理,对内蒙古西鄂尔多斯4种珍稀植物霸王(Zygophyllum xanthoxylum)、沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolica)、蒙古扁桃(Prunus mongolica)和长叶红砂(Reaumuria trigyna)种子萌发及幼苗出土情况进行研究,以揭示其种子萌发特性.结果表明:表层沙土(0 cm埋深)的种子几乎不萌发;除霸王外,其他3种植物在不同沙埋深度处理下的种子萌发率差异显著(P＜0.05);沙埋对4种珍稀植物的幼苗出土均有显著影响,出苗率随着沙埋深度的增加而降低,且遵循指数方程.霸王在2 cm沙埋深度的出苗率最高,其他物种在1 cm沙埋深度的出苗率最高.沙埋深度对幼苗生物量的影响不显著.     

碟果虫实种子萌发对策及生态适应性

以荒漠地区1年生植物碟果虫实为材料,通过温度、光照、GA3和沙埋对其种子萌发和幼苗出土影响的研究,旨在探索其种子萌发对策及生态适应性。结果表明：（1）碟果虫实种子在0h光照的条件下,萌发的最佳恒温是20℃,萌发率为（18.00±141）%,最佳的变温是15℃/25℃,萌发率为（28.00±2.31）%。（2）除了5℃/25℃,碟果虫实在变温条件下的萌发率极显著高于恒温下的萌发率(P＜0.01)。（3）碟果虫实种子萌发时属于需暗型,而且存在休眠现象。（4）在野外沙埋的条件下,碟果虫实的出苗率随着沙埋深度的增加极显著下降(P＜0.05),适宜的出苗深度为0.00—2.00cm,最佳的出苗深度是0.50cm,出苗率为（16.80±2.85）%。（5）碟果虫实种子萌发具有迅速萌发和推迟萌发两种对策;根据种子萌发率和种子活力可以推断,碟果虫实具有持久性土壤种子库的特点。结合碟果虫实萌发时的自然生存环境和本研究的结果,显示出其种子萌发对策与栖息地的生境具有高度的生态适应性。     

浑善达克沙地黄柳种子发芽和幼苗生长特性的研究

在实验室通过模拟野外自然条件,研究了土壤水分、沙埋厚度和温度对黄柳种子发芽与幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:(1)黄柳种子对水分条件很敏感,发芽的适宜土壤含水量为3%~20%,低于3%或高于20%发芽都会受到抑制;(2)种子萌发需要沙土覆盖,适宜覆沙厚度为0.1~0.4 cm,此条件下第5天种子发芽率达80%以上;但当沙埋厚度超过0.6 cm时,种子出苗就会受到抑制;当沙埋厚度超过1.2 cm时,将不能出苗;(3)种子发芽的适宜温度为15~35℃,当温度高于45℃时种子将不能萌发并最终死亡;(4)幼苗的耐热性较强,40℃处理下幼苗出现热害症状,并且热害症状发展缓慢,60℃处理下90 min后幼苗干枯死亡;(5)种子的寿命为120 d左右。     

沙埋和种子大小对柠条锦鸡儿种子萌发、出苗和幼苗生长的影响

研究了沙埋深度和种子大小对内蒙古毛乌素沙地植被群落中占优势的柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)种子萌发、出苗、幼苗存活和生长的影响.结果表明,沙埋深度显著影响柠条锦鸡儿的种子萌发率、休眠率、出苗率、幼苗存活率及生物量.在0.5-2cm的浅层沙埋下,种子萌发率、出苗率、幼苗存活率及生物量最高,休眠率最低;沙埋深度≥4 cm时,柠条锦鸡儿的种子萌发率、出苗率、幼苗存活率及生物量随着沙埋深度增加显著降低,而休眠率却显著升高;沙埋深度≥12 cm时,柠条锦鸡儿种子不能够出苗,幼苗也不能够存活.种子大小对柠条锦鸡儿种子萌发率没有显著影响,但对出苗率、幼苗存活率及生物量影响显著.在各个沙埋深度下,不同大小的柠条锦鸡儿种子间的萌发率没有显著差异.当沙埋深度≤6 cm时,不同大小的柠条锦鸡儿种子在同一沙埋深度下的出苗率间没有显著差异;但当沙埋深度≥8 cm时,在同一沙埋深度下,大种子的出苗率显著高于中种子和小种子的出苗率,而中种子和小种子出苗率间没有显著差异.0.5-10 cm的沙埋深度中,除6 cm和8 cm深度下中种子和小种子萌发幼苗的生物量间没有显著差异外,其余深度下,大种子萌发的幼苗的存活率及生物量显著高于同一沙埋深度下中种子萌发的幼苗的存活率及生物量,后者又显著高于小种子萌发的幼苗的存活率及生物量.可能正是种子萌发对沙埋环境的忍耐或响应能力以及种子的多态性提高了柠条锦鸡儿在毛乌素沙地的适合度,为其在流动或半流动沙丘环境中成功定居并形成优势群落奠定了基础.     

沙埋对无芒雀麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

研究了沙埋对浑善达克沙地植物群落中多年生禾草无芒雀麦种子萌发、出苗和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:无芒雀麦种子能在深度≤12cm的沙埋中萌发,≤8cm的沙埋中出苗.在此范围内,随着沙埋深度的增加,无芒雀麦种子的萌发率和出苗率逐渐降低.沙埋深度在植株高度的33%时,无芒雀麦1周龄和2周龄幼苗均全部存活,且总生物量≥对照(未沙埋幼苗);当沙埋深度增至植株高度的66%时,1周龄和2周龄幼苗的存活率分别降至70%和25%,生长也受到抑制;而遭受全部沙埋时,1周龄和2周龄幼苗均不能存活.遭受沙埋后,无芒雀麦幼苗分配较多的生物量用于地上部分的生长,其生物量分配模式改变可能是无芒雀麦幼苗对沙埋环境的重要适应对策.     

五种荒漠植物幼苗出土及生长对沙埋深度的响应

研究了红砂、泡泡刺、花棒、白刺和沙拐枣5种荒漠优势植物的幼苗出土和生长对沙埋的响应,判断了幼苗的生长特征能否预测植物的定植能力。进行了0、1、2、3、5cm和8cm等6个沙埋深度处理,每个处理5个重复。结果表明：每种植物的出苗率都随着沙埋深度的增加而降低,而且遵循着指数方程关系。红砂种子的最佳沙埋深度应为0-1cm,3cm已是出苗和存活的最大沙埋深度;泡泡刺、花棒和白刺种子的最佳深埋深度为0—3cm;沙拐枣在0—8cm各个深度都有出苗现象,且出苗率没有显著差异,但8cm深度的出苗率只有4％,最佳沙埋深度约为5cm。幼苗的生长高度受沙埋深度的影响显著,在同一时间,幼苗的最大生长高度并不在0cm表层,但红砂幼苗除外。泡泡刺、花棒和白刺在0—3cm的沙埋深度的幼苗生长高度大于5-8cm沙埋深度的生长高度,但沙拐枣幼苗在5cm深度的生长高度最大。5种荒漠植物幼苗的生物量受沙埋深度的影响不显著。在同一沙埋深度下,红砂的绝对高度生长率明显低于其余4种植物,沙拐枣的绝对高度生长率高于其余4种植物幼苗;5种植物的相对高度生长率对沙埋深度的响应并不敏感。绝对高度生长率与相对高度生长率并不能预示幼苗存活成功率。     

沙埋对花棒种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

为探讨花棒(Hedysarum scopariium)种子萌发和幼苗生长对沙埋的响应,并为固沙造林、水土保持提供理论基础,研究了6种沙埋深度(0、1、2、3、4和5cm)对花棒种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,埋深对花棒幼苗出土率、首次出苗时间、单株叶片数、幼苗生长高度以及生物量的分配均有极显著影响(P<0.001).种子出苗率在2 cm沙埋下达到最高(95.6%),在5cm沙埋下最低(43.4%);幼苗最大高度(11.6cm)、绝对株高(13.9cm)和最大地上生物量(26.7mg)均出现在2cm的埋深,幼苗最小高度(3.3cm)、最小根长(4.3cm)和最小地上生物量(5.3mg)出现在5cm的埋深;生物量分配随沙埋深度增大而更多地分配给地下部分.2cm的沙埋是花棒种子萌发和幼苗生长的最佳深度.     

沙埋和种子大小对固沙禾草沙鞭的种子萌发与幼苗出土的影响

该文研究了野外条件下不同深度的沙埋对沙鞭(Psammochloa villosa)种子萌发和幼苗出土的影响,以及温室条件下种子大小对不同深度沙埋后的种子萌发和幼苗出土的影响。结果表明,沙埋深度显著影响沙鞭的种子萌发率、幼苗出土率和种子休眠率。沙子表面的种子不能萌发。2 cm的浅层沙埋时的种子萌发率和幼苗出土率最高,1 cm 沙埋的种子萌发率和幼苗出土率次之。沙埋深度超过2 cm之后,沙鞭的种子萌发率和幼苗出土率与沙埋深度呈负相关。2 cm的种子休眠率最低。从2 ~12 cm,种子休眠率随着沙埋深度的增加而增加。在幼苗能够出土的深度(1~6 cm),幼苗首次出土所需的时间随着沙埋深度的增加而延长。种子大小对沙鞭的种子萌发率没有显著影响。但是在深层沙埋(6 cm)时,与小种子相比,大种子产生的幼苗的出土率较高。从2~6 cm,大种子形成的幼苗的茎长度都较长。     

柠条种子萌发对不同光照强度和沙埋深度的响应

为揭示柠条(Caragana korshinskii Kom.)种子萌发对光照强度和沙埋深度的响应,在不同光强(55.4%自然全光照(natural sunlight,NS)、18.9%NS、5.5%NS和2.2%NS)和沙埋深度(0、0.5、1.0、2.0和4.5 cm)下,研究了柠条种子的萌发特征。结果表明:光强对柠条种子的萌发率、萌发速率、萌发指数和活力指数均影响显著;沙埋深度显著影响萌发指数和活力指数;光强与沙埋深度的交互作用显著影响萌发率、萌发指数和活力指数。柠条种子的萌发率、萌发速率和萌发指数在除0 cm外的其他沙埋深度均随着光强的减弱逐渐减小;活力指数在0 cm沙埋深度随着光强的减弱表现为增大趋势,而在其他沙埋深度随着光强的减弱持续减小或波动性减小。在55.4%NS、18.9%NS和5.5%NS光强下,萌发率在1.0 cm沙埋深度最大(分别为45.0%、30.6%和27.5%),0 cm沙埋深度最小(分别为22.2%、22.1%和20.0%),萌发速率、萌发指数和活力指数均随着沙埋深度的增加先增大后减小,且均在0.5～2.0 cm沙埋深度最大;在2.2%NS光强下,所有萌发参数均随沙埋深度的增大逐渐减小,其中萌发率、萌发速率和萌发指数在1.0、2.0和4.5 cm沙埋深度均显著小于0 cm沙埋深度(P0.05),而活力指数在0 cm沙埋深度与其他沙埋深度间的差异均达显著水平(P0.05)。研究表明,光照和沙埋是影响柠条种子萌发的重要环境因子,沙埋可增大种子萌发对光照的依赖;适度沙埋在强光下促进柠条种子萌发,但在弱光下则抑制种子萌发。     

苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长对温度、光照和埋深的响应

紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)是世界人工草地重要的优良牧草。研究其种子萌发和幼苗生长对温度、光照及埋深等环境因子的响应,对苜蓿草地的种植及管理具有重要的实践指导意义。采用室内控制实验,分析了紫花苜蓿种子萌发和幼苗生长对恒温(10、15、20、25、30℃)、变温(6/15、10/20、15/25、15/30、20/30℃)、光照(12 h光照/12 h黑暗、24 h黑暗)以及埋深(1、2、3、4、5 cm)等环境因子的响应特征。结果表明,苜蓿种子的萌发温度范围宽,在供试的10种恒温和变温下萌发率为50%~88%,且温度处理对苜蓿种子的萌发率没有显著的影响;黑暗对苜蓿种子萌发有抑制作用,12 h光照/12 h黑暗条件下,苜蓿种子萌发率为69%~88%,而24 h全暗条件下为50%~77%,其中10、15、30、10/20和15/30℃温度下,光照处理均显著高于全暗处理。埋深1~5 cm的苜蓿种子出苗率没有显著差异,且幼苗株高、干重、鲜重均没有受到显著影响;埋深对苜蓿根生长存在显著影响,埋深1~2 cm根长度及重量均显著高于其他埋深处理。以上结果表明,苜蓿种子萌发的温度范围宽,恒温和变温下都有较高的萌发率,适合播种季节要求宽泛;黑暗显著抑制紫花苜蓿种子的萌发,田间种植苜蓿的最佳埋深为1~2 cm。     

Germination and emergence of annual species and burial depth: Implications for restoration ecology

Due to the high content of viable seeds, topsoil is usually spread on ground left bare during railway and motorway construction to facilitate the regeneration of vegetation cover. However, during handling of the topsoil, seeds are often buried deeply and they cannot germinate or the seedlings cannot emerge from depth. This study experimentally explores the predictive value of seed mass for seed germination, mortality and seedling emergence at different burial depths for 13 common annual species in semiarid Mediterranean environments. We separate the effect of burial depth on germination and emergence by means of two experiments. In the germination experiment, five replicates of 20 seeds for each species were buried at depths ranging from 0 to 4 cm under greenhouse conditions. Germinated and empty or rotten seeds were counted after 8 weeks. In the emergence experiment, five replicates of four newly-germinated seeds per species were buried at the same depths under controlled conditions and emergence was recorded after 3 weeks. The effect of burial depth on percentage of germination and seedling emergence was dependent on seed size. Although all species showed a decrease in germination with burial depth, this decrease was greater for small-than large-seeded species. Percentage of emergence was positively related to seed mass but negatively related to burial depth. Seed mortality was higher for small-than large-seeded species, but there was no general effect of burial depth on this variable. Thus, the current practice of spreading 30 cm deep layers of topsoil in post-construction restoration projects is unadvisable. In this restoration scenario, thinner layers of topsoil should be used to achieve the maximum potential of the topsoil for germination and seedling establishment.     

The chemical nature of P accumulation in agricultural soils��implications for fertiliser management and design: an Australian perspective

Sand burial, persistent seed bank and soil water content (SWC) are three factors that potentially can affect regeneration in sand dune plant populations. To evaluate the effects of these three factors on population regeneration of Eremosparton songoricum, a rare and endangered legume, we investigated seed germination, seedling emergence and seedling survival in greenhouse and controlled field experiments in different sand dunes microsites. Freshly matured seeds are physically dormant, and the highest germination was only 9.3?±?5.8% at 25/10°C. Seed germination occurred at burial depths from 0 to 10 cm, but the maximum depth from which seedlings emerged was 6 cm; from 1 to 6 cm, the deeper the burial, the lower the percentage of seedling emergence. Only 36.2% of the total soil seed banks occurred at depths of 0?C6 cm. For artificially sown seeds at different dune microsites, mean seedling emergence percentage was 6.8%. Of 150 seedlings that emerged in the field investigation at the study site, only those germinating in flat sandy areas survived, and mean survival percentage was only 2.0%. Thus, the proportion of non-dormant seeds in soil seed banks that developed into seedlings and survived to the end of the growing season was only 0.2%. Minimum SWC for seed germination, seedling emergence and seedling survival was 2.0%. During monitoring of emergent seedlings in the field, low seedling recruitment was at least partly due to the rate of root extension (1.6?±?0.3 cm day^?1) into the sandy soil, which was slower than that of the downward movement of plant-available moisture (2.8?±?0.6 cm day^?1). Thus, population regeneration under natural conditions rarely occurred via sexual reproduction, owing to the limited water resources available for seedling establishment. Rational field seeding practices, including manually scarified or dry stored seeds before sowing, sowing the seeds at right time and suitable place, are suggested for ecological restoration of endangered E. songoricum populations.     

鄂尔多斯高原4种主要沙生植物种子萌发与出苗对水分和沙埋的响应

 羊柴 (Hedysarum leave)、柠条 (Caragana korshinskii)、籽蒿 (Artemisia sphaerocephala)与油蒿 (Artemisia ordosica)为鄂尔多斯高原广泛分布的植物种,也是该地区飞播选用的主要植物种。由于飞播为鄂尔多斯高原植被恢复的重要手段,而飞播后植物种子的出苗率与土壤水分及沙埋密切相关。因此,上述植物种子萌发与出苗对水分和沙埋反应的研究对当地退化生态系统的恢复具有重要意义。通过温室控制实验,对4种植物萌发特性及出苗与水分和沙埋深度的关系进行研究,阐明了种子萌发最适合的水分条件和沙埋深度。结果表明,4种植物种子萌发与出苗最适宜的供水量都接近于当地种子萌发时期的平均降水量, 最适宜的沙埋深度为0.5～1 cm, 过多的水分和过深的沙埋会降低种子萌发与出苗,反映了4种植物对沙区环境的生态适应。4种植物最适宜的供水量均为123 ml,羊柴、柠条、籽蒿和油蒿的最适沙埋深度分别为：0.5、1.0、0.5和0.5 cm。根据实验结果及当地气候特点,鄂尔多斯地区的飞播时间应由6月初提前至5月中下旬,以提高飞播植物的出苗率。     

矮沙冬青种子特性和萌发影响因素的研究

 对矮沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus nanus)种子的特性和萌发影响因素进行了初步研究,结果表明：种子不易传播;虫蛀率高,室温贮藏60 d的种子虫害率为38%;易形成硬实,含水量为7.68%的种子在30 ℃温水中浸泡90 h,只有33.33%能吸水膨胀。种子萌发时不需光,在15～30 ℃和室温（18～32 ℃）条件下,经9 d的萌发,发芽率均可达80%以上,30℃时萌发最快;在1～2 cm深的沙壤中,种子出苗率可达75%以上,超过3 cm显著降低,超过6 cm则低于20%;种子在沙壤中萌发时,沙壤的适宜湿度为19.35%～28.75%,高于32.43%或低于3.85%,很少有种子萌发;含水量分别为19.36%、10.64% 和7.68%的种子发芽率无显著差异,在-10 ℃和5 ℃下贮藏7个月,发芽率也无显著降低,但在室温和35 ℃下贮藏7个月则显著下降,发芽率下降的速度与种子本身的含水量和贮藏温度正相关;在湿度分别为7.41%、13.79%和28.57%的沙壤中播种育苗,幼苗死亡率高达77.49%、81.25%和89.49%,即使用三唑酮拌种,死亡率亦高达50.27%、69.53%和76.03%,幼苗死亡率与沙壤湿度正相关。     

Comparison of Germination Strategies of Artemisia ordosica with Its Two Congeners from Deserts of China and Israel

Artemisia ordosica Krasch. is a dominant shrub occurring mainly on stable sand dunes in the Gobi Desert of China, in the Mongolian phytogeographic region. Achenes of A. ordosica germinate in light but poorly in dark and light is the limiting factor regulating the achene germination in sand depth. Achenes germinate in spring or autumn with an optimal temperature of 20 ℃. Achene mucilage can absorb large amounts of water and has important ecological function. Salt concentrations and sand moisture may regulate achene germination in sand. A. ordosica, A. sphaerocephala Krasch. and A. monosperma Delile. from different climates have similar responses to light, the underground location of achene, and sand moisture. Percentage of seedling emergence from different levels of sand depth is depends on the specific, temperature and intensity of light penetrating through the sand depths, as well as on sand moisture. The desert sand habitat seems to have had a dominant influence on the evolution of the germination strategies of these 3 Artemisia species.     

Sand burial effects on seed germination, seedling emergence and establishment of Panicum virgatum

Studies in the field and in a greenhouse were conducted to examine the effects of sand burial on seed germination, seedling emergence and establishment of Panicum virgatum L. on the foredunes of Lake Erie. Under natural conditions, the seedlings emerged from sand burial depths ranging from 0 to 11 cm, with a mean ± SD of 4.73 ± 1.82 cm. The frequency distribution of the depth of emergence of seedlings in the field was significantly skewed to the right and platykurtic. In the greenhouse, some seedlings emerged from a burial depth of as much as 16 cm. Although percent germination of seeds was not affected by sand burial, the percent emergence and the rate of emergence of seedlings were significantly reduced by excessive sand burial. Seedling mortality was found only among seedlings that emerged from sand burial depths of 10 cm or more. In the field, all the seedlings established in one growing season had originally emerged from sand burial depths of less than 12 cm. Within this burial range, seedlings from shallower burial depths had lower chances of establishment than expected, whereas those from deeper burial depths had higher probabilities of establishment than expected.     

沙芥和斧形沙芥种子萌发对土壤含水量的适应性

以中国特有种沙芥[Pugionium cornutum(L.)Gaertn.]和濒危种斧形沙芥(Pugionium dolabratum Max-im.)的种子为研究材料,利用自然生境的沙土在室内进行种子萌发人工模拟试验,研究沙芥和斧形沙芥种子萌发、幼苗出土和幼苗生长对土壤含水量的适应性。结果表明:沙芥和斧形沙芥果实适宜萌发的土壤含水量范围均为6%～12%,适宜出苗的土壤含水量范围均为6%～16%。当土壤含水量低于2%时,果实不能萌发;当土壤含水量低于3%时,幼苗不能出土定居;当土壤含水量为6%～12%时,最有利于幼苗的生长。当土壤含水量分别为3%～8%和4%～8%时,沙芥和斧形沙芥植株根冠比最大。因此,沙芥和斧形沙芥种子萌发机制对沙生环境有着极强的适应性;植株将更多的同化物用于根系生长,以吸收更深层次的水分,从而适应含水量低的土壤。