布氏潜蝇茧蜂对橘小实蝇幼虫寄生作用的研究

在试验室条件下研究了布氏潜蝇茧蜂Fopius vandenboschi(Fullaway)的寄生习性。结果表明:该寄生蜂嗜好寄生低龄的橘小实蝇幼虫;橘小实蝇幼虫的密度对布氏潜蝇茧蜂的寄生有明显的影响;被寄生的幼虫数随寄主自身密度的增加而增加,当寄主幼虫密度达每果片30只以上时,寄生数量的增加幅度就趋于下降,用Holling圆盘方程模拟为Na=0.9051N/(1 0.0163N)。此外,布氏潜蝇茧蜂的自身密度对寄生作用也有影响,随着寄生蜂数量的增加,寄生蜂的发现域逐渐变小,用Hassell-Varley方程表示为α=0.4655P-0.5807。     

长尾潜蝇茧蜂对橘小实蝇幼虫的寄生效能

以橘小实蝇幼虫为寄主,在(25±1)℃,RH(70±10)%,光照周期14L∶10D的条件下,研究了在不同密度的寄生蜂与寄主条件下的长尾潜蝇茧蜂寄生效能。结果表明:不同密度的橘小实蝇幼虫对长尾潜蝇茧蜂的寄生作用有明显的影响,其寄生效应符合功能反应模型HollingⅡ型,方程为Na=0.7291No/(1 0.02362No)。长尾潜蝇茧蜂自身密度对寄生作用也存在干扰效应,用Hassell-Varley模型可表示为a=0.1993P-0.2966。     

应用寄生蜂和不育雄虫防控田间橘小实蝇

食品安全已成为当今社会广受关注的问题。尽管国内的一些学者就阿里山潜蝇茧蜂[Fopius arisanus(Sonan)]和橘小实蝇SIT技术分别开展了不同程度的研究,然而关于应用该蜂和不育雄虫对橘小实蝇[Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)]进行田间联合防治的研究还未见相关报道。为此,为探讨天敌昆虫和雄性不育技术对橘小实蝇的田间综合治理(IPM)技术,开展了阿里山潜蝇茧蜂和橘小实蝇不育雄虫的田间释放试验:首先应用性引诱剂降低田间野生雄虫数量;而后,释放橘小实蝇不育雄虫,进一步降低田间橘小实蝇种群数量;最后,释放阿里山潜蝇茧蜂对田间残余的橘小实蝇卵进行追踪寄生,以达到持续控制的目的。通过监测整个防控期田间橘小实蝇的种群数量以及果实受害率和防治效果作为评价指标评价该防治方法的综合防治效果。结果表明:应用阿里山潜蝇茧蜂、橘小实蝇不育雄虫并配合引诱剂的综合措施对橘小实蝇的种群数量有明显控制作用,田间总体防治效果可达90%左右。此外,提出完善橘小实蝇田间防控措施的建议,并提出该研究的不足以及有待进一步开展研究的方向。     

阿里山潜蝇茧蜂Fopius arisanus的发育起点温度和有效积温

对橘小实蝇卵寄生蜂阿里山潜蝇茧蜂Fopius arisanus(Sonan)的发育起点温度和有效积温进行了研究。结果表明,阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的卵、幼虫、蛹、雌成虫、雄成虫和世代的发育起点温度分别为9.7、8.8、8.5、8.7、8.7和9.3℃;有效积温分别为25.2.200.2、133.6、344.4、242.8和440.2日度。在19-31℃之间,阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短。     

阿里山潜蝇茧蜂对橘小实蝇危害诱导水果挥发物的行为反应及主要成分分析

为明确寄主植物挥发物在阿里山潜蝇茧蜂Fopius arisanus Sonan生境定位,寄主或食物搜寻等过程中的作用,采用Y型嗅觉仪测定了阿里山潜蝇茧蜂性成熟雌蜂对健康、虫害诱导及人为损伤的橙子、香蕉、西红柿的行为反应,并用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析鉴定受染前后的番石榴、橙子、香蕉和番茄挥发物成分。结果表明:健康的、橘小实蝇危害和机械损害的香蕉、橙子对阿里山潜蝇茧蜂性成熟雌蜂均产生显著的引诱作用,受染橙子引诱到寄生蜂的数量显著高于健康橙子,其他组对于水果气味的选择并无显著性差异,并且阿里山潜蝇茧蜂雌成蜂对虫害诱导水果的选择反应与为害时间密切相关。4种不同水果挥发物成分种类多样,相对含量及其比例差异较大。橘小实蝇为害后诱导水果新产生了乙酸叶醇酯、反-法呢烯、β-罗勒烯、苯甲醛、顺-罗汉柏烯、柏木脑、辛酸乙酯、辛酸甲酯、十四烷、十五烷和二十烷。芳樟醇和β-月桂烯在受染橙子的释放具有滞后性,分别在橙子受染后第2天和第3天才被检测到,并且相对含量逐渐上升。上述结果为研究水果挥发物调控阿里山潜蝇茧蜂的行为反应,提高其生物防治效果奠定基础。     

黄色潜蝇茧蜂寄生功能反应的研究

实验结果表明,南美斑潜蝇幼虫的密度,对黄色潜蝇茧蜂的寄生作用有一定程度的影响,随寄主幼虫密度的增加,被寄生的幼虫数量相对变少。黄色潜蝇茧蜂对南美斑潜蝇幼虫的瞬时攻击率为0．3886,寄生一头寄主幼虫需要0．624小时,在24小时内寄生量的最大理论值为38．46头。黄色潜蝇茧蜂成虫自身密度,对寄生作用也有一定程度的影响,随着黄色潜蝇茧蜂数量的逐渐增加,寄生蜂的发现域逐渐变小,说明寄生蜂之间存在相互干扰作用。     

橘小实蝇一种重要的寄生蜂-凡氏费氏茧蜂

橘小实蝇寄生蜂凡氏费氏茧蜂Fopius vandenboschi（Fullaway）隶属膜翅目小茧蜂科潜蝇茧蜂亚科,是田间控制橘小实蝇的优势蜂种,在国外田间控制橘小实蝇已获得巨大成功,而国内应用寄生蜂田间控制橘小实蝇尚属空白。本研究室在研究中发现田间已有凡氏费氏茧蜂F.vandenbosch定殖,并室内繁殖成功。本文详细地描述了该寄生蜂的特征,旨在为田间应用奠定基础。     

橘小实蝇寄生蜂切割潜蝇茧蜂的人工繁殖技术

切割潜蝇茧蜂[Psyttalia incisi(S ilvestri)]是福建疫区寄生于橘小实蝇[Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)]幼虫—蛹期的重要本地寄生蜂。利用室内大量繁殖的橘小实蝇幼虫作为寄主,在室内条件下对其进行人工繁殖技术研究,并设计了人工繁蜂的质量控制和工艺流程。旨在将来提供足够数量的寄生蜂来满足田间放蜂的需要,尽早实现对橘小实蝇的持续、有效地治理。     

基于CiteSpace的国内实蝇科寄生蜂研究可视化分析

为了全面客观地了解近国内实蝇科寄生蜂的研究现状和发展脉络,为从事该科昆虫研究和利用的学者与决策者提供数据参考,本文从文献计量学角度,利用可视化分析工具CiteSpace,从发文时间、数量、作者、机构、关键词的共现和聚类、研究演进等角度,分析了国内实蝇科寄生蜂在CNKI数据库中的文献情况。经CiteSpace分析发现,作者群体中陈家骅贡献量最大、中心度最高;研究机构中福建农林大学发文量最多。从关键词共现分析可知实蝇科寄生蜂研究的高频关键词为橘小实蝇、阿里山潜蝇茧蜂、寄生蜂;经关键词聚类发现实蝇科寄生蜂研究可聚类为阿里山潜蝇茧蜂、体型大小、切割潜蝇茧蜂、养殖方法、瓜实蝇5个方向。并通过关键词时间序列的可视化展示,直观地了解国内实蝇科寄生蜂研究的发展脉络。     

湿度对橘小实蝇及寄生蜂存活与发育的影响

研究外来入侵害虫橘小实蝇及其寄生蜂在不同湿度条件下的存活与发育能力,以预测其在福建的适生分布区。结果表明:在25℃条件下,不同相对湿度对切割潜蝇茧蜂成蜂种群寿命影响大小依次为75%>95%>55%>35%,其中75%相对湿度下种群平均寿命最长,采用二次曲线模型并求得最适相对湿度为75.2%;不同相对湿度对橘小实蝇种群寿命的影响大小依次为75%>55%>95%>35%,采用二次曲线模型并求得最适相对湿度为68.7%,二者可能具有相似的分布区域。同时,从存活曲线分布的情况来看,切割潜蝇茧蜂在不同湿度下的存活曲线分布较橘小实蝇更集中,表明橘小实蝇对湿度的变化表现出更强的敏感性。同时,湿度低于35%时,不能交配并繁殖后代;处于较高湿度时,对其后代体形大小没有显著影响。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。