明日叶不同部位营养成分的测定与比较

目的：以江苏明日叶为原料,分别对明日叶茎、叶中的营养成分进行测定和比较,为明日叶不同部位进一步应用于食品、医药及保健产品的开发提供科学依据。方法：采用食品营养成分国家标准检测方法,对江苏明日叶茎、叶中水分、灰分、蛋白质、脂肪、纤维、脂肪酸、16种氨基酸和9种矿物质等含量进行测定。结果：明日叶的主要成分为水分84.4~91.7 g/100 g、灰分0.90~1.70 g/100 g、蛋白质0.75~4.60 g/100 g、粗纤维1.10~2.10 g/100 g;明日叶叶中矿物质2.32~4 532.00 mg/kg、茎中矿物质0.58~2 601.00 mg/kg;明日叶中C16∶0、C18∶1、C18∶2、C18∶3四种脂肪酸的含量较高;明日叶叶中16种氨基酸含量4.42%、茎中0.52%。结论：明日叶不同部位营养成分分布差异较大,叶中绝大多数营养物质含量大于茎含量。结合不同营养物质成分含量测定分析,可得明日叶叶中均高于茎中,明日叶叶相较于茎有较大的营养价值和利用价值。     

黄粉虫蛹的营养成分分析

采用现代分析技术手段对黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor（L．）蛹的营养成分进行分析,结果表明：其蛋白质、粗脂肪、碳水化合物及灰分含量分别为鲜重的16．8％、7．6％、1．2％、1．4％,其氨基酸和胆固醇含量分别为18.7mg／g和0．4mg／g;含有7种人体必需氨基酸,其必需氨基酸占总氨基酸含量的44．40％,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸含量的比值为79.8％,第一限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸,即蛋氨酸和胱氨酸;同时,其不饱和脂肪酸与必需脂肪酸分别占总脂肪的73．9％和24．1％,特别是油酸和亚油酸含量较高,分别达49．8％和23．4％：另外,该昆虫还含有K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn等多种矿物质和微量元素。     

黄粉虫营养成分的分析研究

为解决饲养广西特产经济动物蛤蚧的饲料难题,我们从北京动物园引进黄粉虫TenebriomolitorL．繁殖饲养蛤蚧获得成功。经多年试验证明,用黄粉虫喂养蛤蚧生长快,个体肥,特别秋末春初更为突出,一般每条蛤蚧月增重1．7～18．8g,比用灯光诱虫或用蝗虫、蝇蛆喂养的效果好[1]。目前许多单位利用黄粉虫喂养蝎子、蛤蚧、龟、鸟、蜈蚣、牛娃等经济动物效果很好,为了进一步开发利用这一优良昆虫饲料,对它的营养成分进行测定分析,测定结果如下。1材料与方法采用继代繁殖后的成熟幼虫、蛹、成虫进行测定分析。饲养堂为4×6m2的平房。一般温度在1…     

红脉穗螟寄生蜂寄主选择研究

[目的]优化红脉穗螟寄生蜂繁育技术,为该虫的生物防治提供参考。[方法]通过室内饲养研究了红脉穗螟幼虫寄生蜂褐带卷蛾茧蜂和蛹寄生蜂周氏啮小蜂(海南种)对4种昆虫的寄生效果,并对最佳接种比例进行筛选。[结果]褐带卷蛾茧蜂对大蜡螟幼虫寄生效果优于米蛾幼虫,且对黄粉虫和大麦虫幼虫不表现寄生特性,褐带卷蛾茧蜂和大蜡螟幼虫的最佳接种比例为1∶1和2∶1,其中在2∶1接种比例处理中的寄生率和单寄主产蜂量分别为76.67%和34.60头;4种昆虫蛹均可用于繁育周氏啮小蜂,从寄主的繁育成本和寄生效果分析,以黄粉虫蛹效果较最佳,接种蜂虫比以2∶1为宜,此时的单寄主产蜂量为148.60头。[结论]寄主和接种比例不同会影响寄生蜂的寄生效果,本研究中褐带卷蛾茧蜂适宜寄主为大蜡螟,最优蜂虫比为1∶1和2∶1,周氏啮小蜂(海南种)适宜寄主为黄粉虫,最优接种蜂虫比为2∶1。     

二倍体,四倍体大麦嫩叶营养成分动态研究

本文以不同生长时期的新鲜大麦嫩叶为原料 ,分析了国产二倍体、国产同株四倍体和日本四倍体大麦嫩叶中蛋白质、维生素 C及叶绿素等主要营养成分在不同生长期的含量变化 ,结果表明 ,大麦嫩叶约生长至 d2 0时 ,蛋白质含量达到最高 ,尤其是四倍体大麦嫩叶的含量更高 ,分别是二倍体的 2 4 .5%和 4 5.3% ,进一步对氨基酸进行分析得出 ,四倍体大麦嫩叶中氨基酸总量比二倍体高出 59%以上 ,人体必需氨基酸四倍体麦叶比二倍体高出 61%以上 ;Vc和叶绿素在 d2 0时含量达到最高 ,且比一般食品高出 5倍以上。     

黄粉虫的饲养与利用

黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor Linneaus)的幼虫,一股呈黄棕色,英俗名为yellow mealworm,意即黄粉虫,主要以麸糠中面粉为食,故又称面包虫。成虫体形与黑粉虫(renebrio obscurus)相似。但黄粉虫全身暗赤褐色,具光泽;触角末节的长度等于其宽度,第三节的长度约短于第1—2节之和;鞘翅端圆滑,因而易与黑粉虫区别。黄粉虫饲养方法简便,成本低廉,我国有些动物园或学校都有饲养,作为食虫动物的优质饲料或实验动物。一、黄粉虫的营养成分黄粉虫的营养价值很高,Martin等(1976)曾对黄粉虫幼虫的营养成分作过分析,结果表明黄粉虫蛋白质含量很高,鲜重占体重2…     

不同生态条件对绿色巴夫藻生长与脂肪酸组成的影响

研究不同温度、盐度、光照条件对绿色巴夫藻生长和脂肪酸组成的影响。实验结果表明:绿色巴夫藻的适温范围在5—30℃之间,最适为25℃;该藻为低盐度种类,在试验范围内都能生长,其最适盐度为6‰;生长较适宜的光照强度为3000—5000lx。巴夫藻的主要脂肪酸为C14∶0、C16∶0、C16∶1(n-7)、C18∶1(n-9)、C18∶3(n-3)、C18∶4(n-3)、C22∶6(n-3),其中在20℃时C22∶6(n-3)的含量达到最高,且PUFA(n-3)的含量也较高;在低盐度条件下有利于PUFA(n-3)的合成,盐度为6‰时C20∶5(n-3)的含量最高为总脂的6.02%,在盐度为15‰时C22∶6(n-3)的含量达到最高(总脂的17.79%);光照强度对C22∶6(n-3)的影响不大,在3000lx时C20∶5(n-3)的含量较高。结果表明低光照强度下利于PUFA(n-3)的合成,且C22∶6(n-3)的含量较高。     

冷驯化对松墨天牛幼虫脂代谢的影响

【目的】在低温环境下,昆虫会启用体内的生理调控机制稳定自身代谢,脂肪代谢在昆虫抵御低温的过程中发挥重要作用。本研究旨在探究松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus幼虫脂肪代谢在低温条件下的变化及其对耐寒性的影响。【方法】将室内25℃下饲养的松墨天牛4龄幼虫分别置于25℃(对照)和4℃(冷驯化)恒温培养箱,7 d后解剖幼虫,收集其脂肪体,观察冷驯化后脂滴变化,测定脂肪体内脂肪含量;利用气相色谱 质谱分析,检测脂肪体内游离脂肪酸组分及含量;并用RT-qPCR方法检测脂肪体内脂肪酸β-氧化关键酶(CPT1, 4KCT, VLCAD, ECH和3HCD-1)基因的相对表达量。【结果】冷驯化(4℃)7 d后松墨天牛4龄幼虫脂肪体中脂滴较对照变小,密度降低,脂肪含量下降;但其脂肪酸组成种类未变,对照组和冷驯化组主要脂肪酸均为C16∶0, C16∶1, C18∶0, C18∶1和C18∶2,其中C18∶2的相对含量在两组中均最高,由未驯化时的31.83%±8.82%降至冷驯化后的25.16%±2.88%。冷驯化后,松墨天牛4龄幼虫脂肪体中C16∶0,C16∶1和C18∶2脂肪酸含量减少,C18∶0与C18∶1的相对含量上升。在5种主要脂肪酸中,冷驯化后各脂肪酸的相对丰度较对照均有所减少,其中C16∶0, C16∶1及C18∶2的相对丰度则显著下降。但冷驯化后松墨天牛4龄幼虫脂肪体中游离脂肪酸的双键指数较对照上升3.88%。且冷驯化组脂肪体中VLCAD基因表达量较对照组显著上调。【结论】低温环境中松墨天牛幼虫通过消耗脂肪维持基本代谢,幼虫脂肪体的脂肪酸分解代谢水平提高;不饱和脂肪酸在松墨天牛的耐寒性中起关键作用。脂代谢调控为松墨天牛应对低温的重要生存策略。     

灰直纹螟-青钱柳虫茶的营养成分分析与评价

分析了灰直纹螟-青钱柳虫茶(以下简称:灰青虫茶)一般营养成分、茶特征物质、氨基酸、脂肪酸、矿物质组成,同时也对其重金属含量进行安全性评价,并以仓樟虫茶、紫白虫茶和常规茶为参照,对灰青虫茶的营养价值进行了评价。结果表明,灰青虫茶含有较高的茶多酚物质;氨基酸总含量较高,其8种必需氨基酸约占氨基酸总量的39.3%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值为64.76%,必需氨基酸评价显示灰青虫茶的氨基酸模式接近鸡蛋且优于大豆;矿物质含量丰富,其中以Ca含量最高,同时含有丰富的K元素,K/Na之比为208.04;按国标限量要求重金属含量无超标。灰青虫茶氨基酸和矿物质含量丰富、种类齐全,氨基酸模式较合理,是优质蛋白和安全的矿物质保健饮品,具有较高的营养价值。     

用做饲料的昆虫资源

昆虫食物简单,繁殖快,数量大,属于可持续利用资源。科学研究和营养分析表明,大部分昆虫的蛋白质含量占干重的４０％以上,有的甚至接近或超过优质鱼粉的含量,并且各种营养成分及生物生长发育所必需的微量元素和维生素也比较全面,开发潜力大,是用其它方法生产动物性蛋白所无法比拟的,因此有计划地开发昆虫蛋白资源是解决动物性蛋白饲料的有效途径。像蝇蛆、黄粉虫、蝗虫、蚕蛹、蝼蛄、蝉等昆虫作为优质蛋白饲料饲养畜禽已被世人公认,许多科学工作者都把人工饲养昆虫作为解决动物性蛋白饲料来源的主攻方向。现就目前已开发的饲用昆虫…     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV