“太湖鲂鲌”及其亲本肌肉营养成分的分析与评价

为评价新型杂交鱼“太湖鲂鲌”(翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus♀×三角鲂Megalobrama terminalis♂)的肌肉营养价值, 采用生化测定法比较分析了“太湖鲂鲌”、翘嘴鲌和三角鲂的肌肉营养成分, 结果表明: (1)“太湖鲂鲌”肌肉水分含量显著低于翘嘴鲌和三角鲂(P<0.05), 而肌肉粗蛋白质含量较高(P<0.05)。(2)“太湖鲂鲌”的必需氨基酸(EAA)含量显著高于三角鲂(P<0.05); 3种鱼的第一限制性氨基酸均为含硫氨基酸(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)。(3)“太湖鲂鲌”肌肉脂肪酸中的不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)含量显著高于翘嘴鲌和三角鲂(P<0.05)。(4)3种鱼肌肉矿物质元素铁、铜、锰、锌含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述, “太湖鲂鲌”肌肉营养继承并综合了双亲的优良性状, 是一种富含蛋白质、EAA和UFA的优良养殖品种, 具有推广价值。     

厚颌鲂含肉率及生化成分的分析

研究了长江上游特有鱼类厚颌鲂的含肉率及其肌肉生化成分和能值。结果表明 :厚颌鲂的含肉率为72 72 % ;其肌肉生化成分 (鲜重百分比 ) :水分含量为 79 2 6%、蛋白质 16 82 %、脂肪 2 10 %、灰分 1 0 8%、无氮浸出物 0 73 %、比能值 4 93KJ/g及E/P2 9 3 3KJ/g。肌肉生化成分含量与体长变化无明显关系。经单因素方差分析 5— 6月份样品与 10月份样品在脂肪和无氮浸出物含量上有显著差异 (P <0 0 5)。肌肉中含有 17种氨基酸 ,总量为69 54% (干重百分比 ) ;9种人体必需氨基酸总量是 3 3 0 7% ,占氨基酸总量比例为 47 55% ;必需氨基酸指数 (EAAI)是 61 75。缬氨酸和异亮氨酸为限制性氨基酸 ;四种鲜味氨基酸含量为 5 85% (鲜重百分比 )。     

豫南小鲵肌肉生化成分分析

用生化分析方法测定豫南小鲵肌肉生化成分,结果表明:雌性肌肉含蛋白质15.39%,雄性含15.72%;总糖雌性1.84%,雄性1.73%;脂肪雌性0.72%,雄性0.56%.18种氨基酸总量13.43%(鲜重),其中8种必需氨基酸5.27%,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)80.94.11类脂肪酸中,不饱和脂肪酸含量远大于饱和脂肪酸,分别为77.53%和22.47%.     

丁(鱼岁)的含肉率及其营养价值的分析

报道了丁Gui的含肉率及鱼肉生化成分,并对其营养价值做了综合评价。丁Gui含肉率达73.59％,鱼肉蛋白质含量为19．73％,脂肪含量为1．29％。17种氨基酸总含量为18．13％,其中7种必需氨基酸总量为7．04％。丁Gui肌肉所含人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的百分比高于WHO／FAO提出的标准。必需氨基酸指数为74．38。     

黑尾近红鲌含肉率及肌肉营养成分分析

测定了长江上游特有鱼类黑尾近红的含肉率及其肌肉生化成分和能值。结果表明 :黑尾近红的含肉率为 70 74 % ;其肌肉生化成分 (鲜重百分比 )水分含量为 80 97%、蛋白质 15 92 %、脂肪 1 11%、灰分 1 0 1%、无氮浸出物 0 99%、比能值 4 37kJ/g及E/P 2 7 4 5kJ/g。肌肉生化成分含量与体长变化无明显关系。肌肉中含有 17种氨基酸 ,总量为 6 9 0 7% (干重百分比 ) ;9种人体必需氨基酸总量是 34 81% ,必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量比例为5 0 39% ;四种鲜味氨基酸含量为 2 6 94 % ;必需氨基酸指数 (EAAI)是 6 3 6 4。缬氨酸 ,苏氨酸和异亮氨酸为限制性氨基酸。     

丁(鱼岁)的含肉率及其营养价值的分析

报道了丁的含肉率及鱼肉生化成分 ,并对其营养价值做了综合评价。丁含肉率达 73 59% ,鱼肉蛋白质含量为 19 73% ,脂肪含量为 1 2 9%。 17种氨基酸总含量为 18 13% ,其中 7种必需氨基酸总量为 7 0 4 %。丁肌肉所含人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量的百分比高于WHO FAO提出的标准。必需氨基酸指数为 74 38。     

五种鳗鲡的含肉率及肌肉营养成分分析

研究利用营养测试方法对日本鳗鲡、欧洲鳗鲡、美洲鳗鲡、花鳗鲡和太平洋双色鳗鲡共5种养殖鳗鲡的含肉率及肌肉营养成分进行了分析比较。结果表明: 5种鳗鲡含肉率61.77%69.22%, 日本鳗鲡和太平洋双色鳗鲡显著高于欧洲鳗鲡和花鳗鲡 (P0.05); 水分含量为62.34%71.80%, 粗蛋白含量为11.31% 18.47%, 脂肪含量为8.62% 24.48%, 灰分含量为0.92%1.06%; 均含有18种氨基酸, 其中包括8种人体必须氨基酸, 总氨基酸含量存在差异, 鲜味氨基酸含量占37.43%38.77%, 必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)为65.2574.77, 其构成比例符合FAO/ WHO的标准, 色氨酸、异亮氨基酸和缬氨酸等氨基酸为限制性氨基酸; 富含磷、钾、铁和锌等多种矿物元素, 日本鳗鲡和花鳗鲡含量最高; 均含有16种脂肪酸, 其中饱和脂肪酸(SFA) 7种, 不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)9种; 脂肪酸中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量较高, 分别占总量的41.92%48.27%和6.63%16.87%。研究结果表明: 5种鳗鲡的肌肉为高蛋白、鲜味氨基酸与必需氨基酸含量高的优质蛋白源; 富含磷、钾、铁、锌等矿物元素, 可作为补充人体矿物质营养的膳食来源; 脂肪酸以不饱和脂肪酸为主, 多不饱和脂肪酸和DHA比值高。因此, 5种鳗鲡具有较高的营养价值且有益人体健康, 均是优良的水产养殖种类。       

滇池金线鲃(Sinocyclocheilus grahami)与抚仙金线鲃(S.tingi)肌肉营养成分初步分析

该文对滇池金线鲃(Sinocyclocheilus grahami)和抚仙金线鲃(S.tingi)肌肉营养成分的分析表明:两者肌肉(鲜样)中的蛋白质含量分别为21.7%和20.6%,粗脂肪含量分别为3.43%和2.66%,氨基酸总量分别为19.23%和17.67%。其中,必需氨基酸含量分别为其各自氨基酸总量的44.08%及43.69%,必需氨基酸指数则分别为70.00%和65.99%。两者的氨基酸构成比例基本符合FAO/WHO标准,且第一限制性氨基酸均为蛋氨酸+胱氨酸。对于矿物质含量而言,滇池金线鲃K、Na含量均高于抚仙金线鲃,Zn含量低于抚仙金线鲃,而其他矿物质含量则无显著差异。该结果表明,滇池金线鲃和抚仙金线鲃肌肉均为优质食品,且前者的营养品质更优。     

丹参种子脂肪及蛋白质组分分析

以陕西商洛丹参GAP基地丹参种子为材料,用气相色谱法分析丹参种子中的脂肪酸组分.用VS-KT-P型自动凯氏定氮仪分析种子蛋白质总含量及蛋白质组分,用121M型氨基酸分析仪测定种子所含氨基酸的种类,以明确丹参种子中脂肪和蛋白质的利用价值.结果表明:丹参种子脂肪中的不饱和脂肪酸含量高达88.1%,其中亚麻酸、哑油酸和油酸等不饱和脂肪酸分别占总油脂的28.84%、37.43%和22.03%,而且,亚麻酸和亚油酸等多不饱和脂肪酸含量(66%)明显高于单不饱和脂肪酸含量(22%),说明其脂肪酸的组成不饱和程度高.丹参种子中蛋白质总含量为14.46%,其中麦谷蛋白含量最高,占蛋白质总量的72.57%,其余依次为清蛋白17.03%、醇溶蛋白6.09%、球蛋白4.31%;丹参种子蛋白质中的必需氨基酸(EAA)占氨基酸总量(TAA)的59.2%,其中赖氨酸的氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)为88.91,其它必需氨基酸SRC接近100.结果说明丹参种子具有一定的营养价值和保健作用.     

白斑狗鱼含肉率及其营养价值的分析

测定了6尾白斑狗鱼(Esox lucius)的含肉率和营养成分,并与部分淡水优质经济鱼类进行了比较.结果表明:白斑狗鱼含肉率为64.8%,粗蛋白含量和脂肪含量分别为19.1%和1.4%,17种氨基酸总量为17.38%,其中7种必需氨基酸总量为8.14%,鲜味氨基酸总量为6.36%.必需氨基酸总量占氨基酸总量的45.73%,低于鸡蛋蛋白模式,但明显高于WHO/FAO模式.必需氨基酸指数为76.35,根据化学评分计算结果,得出第一限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸,第二限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸,第三限制性氨基酸为异亮氨酸.结果提示,白斑狗鱼是一种营养价值较高的鱼类.     

吉富罗非鱼leptin基因的克隆及其表达

Leptin为肥胖基因编码产物,是脂肪细胞分泌的蛋白质类激素,在能量平衡、摄食行为调节方面起着重要作用。采用RT-PCR法分离出了吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)leptin基因的部分序列,其cDNA长度为364 bp,编码96个氨基酸。同源性分析显示:鱼类leptin保守性较低。吉富罗非鱼leptin氨基酸序列与斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)的相似性较高,为80.6%,但与虹鳟(Oncorhynchusmykiss)、青鳉(Oryzias latipes)、斑马鱼(Danio rerio)等其他鱼的相似性非常低,均在40%以下。使用realtime PCR法检测leptin在各种组织中的表达量,结果发现,leptin在肝中相对表达量最为丰富,是肌肉中相对表达量的3 000倍,其次为性腺和脑,分别是肌肉中相对表达量的1 250倍和450倍,而肾、肠和肌肉中表达量较少。     

盐度对哈氏仿对虾肌肉一般营养成分和氨基酸组成及含量的影响

通过调查不同盐度(12～36)环境下养殖的哈氏仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis hardwickii)肌肉一般营养成分和氨基酸组成及含量,研究了盐度对该虾肌肉营养品质的影响。结果显示,肌肉的水分随环境盐度升高出现显著的直线下降,而粗蛋白含量随环境盐度升高而直线升高;各盐度组的粗脂肪含量虽然没有明显差异,但其含量随盐度升高有一定的线性下降趋势;36盐度组的粗灰分含量比12、16、20和28盐度组的明显高,32盐度组的灰分含量比20和24盐度组的也明显高;所检测的肌肉干样16种氨基酸中,只有3种氨基酸的含量随盐度升高而升高,而其他13种氨基酸的含量随盐度升高明显降低,其中有10种氨基酸的含量在盐度12～24条件下的比盐度28～36条件下的明显高,而这些氨基酸含量在盐度12～24之间没有明显差异。各盐度组间氨基酸总量和鲜味氨基酸含量均没有明显差异;必需氨基酸和半必需氨基酸含量在盐度12～24条件下的均比盐度28～36条件下的明显高,而在12～24盐度组之间以及28～36盐度组之间均没有明显差异。必需氨基酸/氨基酸总量的比值和必需氨基酸/非必需氨基酸比值随盐度升高均明显线性降低;盐度12～24组的必需氨基酸指数(66.13～67.42)高于盐度28～36组的(62.56～64.46)。综上所述,盐度12～24环境下养殖的哈氏仿对虾肌肉营养价值相对较高,表现为低盐趋向,考虑到肌肉的水分含量和生长性能,哈氏仿对虾在养殖期间选择16～24盐度范围比较合适,同时也说明哈氏仿对虾适合大多数沿海地区环境的盐度条件。     

Cloning and characterization of an aromatic amino acid and leucine permease of Penicillium chrysogenum

The gene encoding the amino acid permease ArlP (Aromatic and leucine Permease) was isolated from the filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum after PCR using degenerated oligonucleotides based on conserved regions of fungal amino acid permeases. The cDNA clone was used for expression of the permease in Saccharomyces cerevisiae M4054, which is defective in the general amino acid permease Gap1. Upon overexpression, an increase in the uptake of l-tyrosine, l-phenylalanine, l-tryptophan and l-leucine was observed. Further competition experiments indicate that ArlP recognizes neutral and aromatic amino acids with an unbranched β-carbon atom.     

Molecular characterization and expression analysis of Acmago and AcY14 in Antrodia cinnamomea

Mago nashi (Mago) and Y14 proteins, highly conserved among eukaryotes, participate in mRNA localization and splicing, and as such play important roles in oogenesis, embryogenesis and germ-line sex determination during animal development. Here we identified mago (Acmago) and Y14 (AcY14) homologues derived from Antrodia cinnamomea. Acmago encodes 149 amino acids and AcY14 encodes 168 amino acids. Multiple amino acid sequence alignment as well as secondary and tertiary structure prediction showed that AcMago and AcY14 have similar protein structure to the reported crystal structures of other Mago and Y14 proteins. During fungal development both Acmago and AcY14 genes were abundantly expressed in natural basidiomes. This is the first report of the molecular characterization and expression analysis of the mago and Y14 genes from fungi.     

异育银鲫GABAB受体1亚基cDNA部分序列的克隆及表达分析

为了确定γ-氨基丁酸B受体（gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor,GABA_BR）基因在异育银鲫（Carassius auratus gibelio）不同组织中的表达,本实验分别对异育银鲫不同组织中GABA_BR1基因进行RT-PCR扩增,并进行了克隆和测序,在与GenBank基因库中已知GABA_BR1序列进行同源性比对的基础上采用邻接法构建系统发育树,并进一步分析其在异育银鲫不同组织内的表达水平。经克隆获得异育银鲫GABA_BR1基因CDS区序列383 bp,编码127个氨基酸。荧光定量PCR结果显示,GABA_BR1基因在异育银鲫脑、肝、肾、心、肠、鳔、鳃、肌、尾鳍、脾、卵巢、精巢组织中均有表达,且在不同组织中的表达水平由高到低依次是：脑>尾鳍>精巢>心、肠、鳔>卵巢、脾、鳃、肌>肝、肾。本研究证实了GABA_BR1基因在异育银鲫各组织中表达的广泛性,且有明显的组织特异性。     

Interconversion of ketoprofen recognition in firefly luciferase-catalyzed enantioselective thioesterification reaction using from Pylocoeria miyako (PmL) and Hotaria parvura (HpL) just by mutating two amino acid residues

We identified the critical amino acid residues for substrate recognition using two firefly luciferases from Pylocoeria miyako (PmL) and Hotaria parvura (HpL), as these two luciferase enzymes exhibit different activities toward ketoprofen. Specifically, PmL can catalyze the apparent enantioselective thioesterification reaction, while HpL cannot. By comparing the amino acid sequences around the active site, we identified two residues (I350 and M397 in PmL and F351 and S398 in HpL) that were different between the two enzymes, and the replacement of these amino acids resulted in changing the ketoprofen recognition pattern. The inactive HpL was converted to the active enzyme toward ketoprofen and vice versa for PmL. These residues also affected the enantioselectivity toward ketoprofen; however, the bioluminescent color was not affected. In addition, using molecular dynamics calculations, the replacement of these two amino acids induced changes in the state of hydrogen bonding between ketoprofen and the S349 side chain through the active site water. As S349 is not considered to influence color tuning, these changes specifically caused the differences in ketoprofen recognition in the enzyme.     

米老排叶片营养成分与利用前景分析

为探讨米老排(Mytilaria laosensis)叶片的潜在利用价值和开发前景,对其叶片的营养成分进行了测定。结果表明,9 a生植株的幼嫩叶片中粗蛋白、粗脂肪和水分含量显著低于成熟叶片;2 a生和10 a生米老排叶片的膳食纤维含量均超过50%,总糖含量为15.04%～16.25%;幼树叶片的维生素C含量[1 651mg/(100 g)]和总黄酮含量[10 862 mg/(100 g)]较高。2 a生和10 a生植株成熟叶片均含有16种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸7种,药效氨基酸8种,分别占氨基酸总量的38.67%～40.23%和62.89%～67.43%;第一限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸,必需氨基酸的SRC值为64.46～64.48,表明叶片可提供优质的植物蛋白。不同年龄植株叶片的Zn/Cu10和Zn/Fe1,对动物吸收无不利影响。可见,米老排叶片含有多种营养物质,富含粗蛋白、粗脂肪和氨基酸,粗纤维和膳食纤维、维生素C、总黄酮、Ca、Se含量高,在木本饲料添加剂、保健功能产品和森林蔬菜等方面具有良好的开发利用潜力。     

Adverse effects of members of the Enterobacteriaceae family on boar sperm quality

Semen samples collected in 2012 from 1785 boars belonging to five different breeds were recruited from the quality control laboratory of Magapor SL, Spain. These samples came from 43 boar studs and resulted from diluting the ejaculates in commercial semen extenders. Evaluation of the semen sample characteristics (color, smell, pH, osmolality, concentration, motility of sperm cells, agglutination, acrosome integrity, short hypoosmotic swelling test, and abnormal forms) revealed that they met the international standards. The samples were also tested for the presence of aerobic bacterial contamination. In the present study, 14.73% (n = 263) of the semen samples were contaminated above 3 × 10² colony-forming units/mL with at least one type of bacteria. The Enterobacteriaceae family was by far the major contaminant, being present in 40.68% of the contaminated samples (n = 107). Bacterial strains of the Enterobacteriaceae family isolated from boar semen samples were in order of incidence (percentage of the contaminated samples): Serratia marcescens (12.55%), Klebsiella oxytoca (11.79%), Providencia stuartii (9.12%), Morganella morganii (3.80%), Proteus mirabilis (1.90%), and Escherichia coli (1.52%). We have seen that the presence in semen samples of S. marcescens, K. oxytoca, M. morganii, or P. mirabilis, but not P. stuartii or E. coli, was negatively associated with sperm motility (P < 0.05). The mean sperm concentration (P < 0.05), the mean percentage of spermatozoa with curled tails after the short hypoosmotic swelling test (P < 0.01), and the incidence of morphologically normal acrosomes (P < 0.05) were also lower in semen samples infected with M. morganii compared with uninfected ones. Moreover, P. mirabilis was negatively associated with the presence of abnormal forms. Thus, on the basis of the pathological effects that some of these strains may have on boar sperm quality, bacterial contamination should always be examined in semen samples prepared for artificial insemination.     

Anisakis physeteris: Amino acids in body tissues

The whole cuticle, perienteric fluid, and reproductive organs of Anisakis physeteris Baylis, 1923 from the sperm whale were analyzed for amino acid composition. Amino acid nitrogen per total nitrogen accounted for 96.2% in the cuticle. Corresponding values of TCA supernatant and precipitated fractions of perienteric fluid and reproductive organ were obtained. Proline, glycine, and arginine occurred abundantly in cuticle hydrolyzate. Lysine, glutamic acid, glycine, valine, leucine and histidine occounted for approximately 62% of total nitrogen in reproductive organ fractions. Differences were observed in the amounts of certain amino acids present in corresponding tissue of males and females as well as different tissue fractions from nematodes of the same sex, e.g., more serine in male cuticle than female, more proline in the protein of female reproductive organs than male; methionine present in cuticular protein and reproductive organ protein and nonprotein fractions but absent in perienteric fluid, and cystine in cuticular protein but not the other fractions. Untreated Anisakis hemolymph showed at least a 2-fold increase in ammonia in analyses made 2 and 10 days after bleeding. The relatively large ammonia content could have been in part the result of functional ornithine cycle and amino acid oxidase activity in vivo.