费菜和长药八宝叶形态结构及其与耐旱性关系的研究

利用光学显微镜观察比较了费菜（Sedum aizoon L.）和长药八宝（S. spectabilis Boreau）的叶表皮形态及解剖结构,并对其进行不同程度的水分胁迫,研究干旱逆境条件对其叶片显微结构的影响。结果表明：两种景天的叶形态、解剖结构与耐旱性之间存在较密切的相关性。两种植物成熟叶均具较薄的角质层和发达的储水组织,叶肉组织中没有栅栏组织和海绵组织的明显分化。二者的维管组织较发达,且具较发达的孔下室,维管束周边发现一些吸水能力较强的异细胞,这些特征是植物耐旱的关键。     

石蒜属12 种植物叶片比较解剖学研究

 对石蒜属( Lycoris Herb. ) 12 种植物叶片的比较解剖学研究表明: (1) 石蒜属植物叶片横切面的端部、中部及基部的轮廓基本呈浅“W”或“V”字型, 有些种的表皮细胞上具有明显的尖刺状乳突; ( 2)石蒜属植物均为异面叶, 叶肉组织有一定的栅栏组织和海绵组织分化, 但二者的厚度、叶肉中所占比例及栅栏组织的细胞层数在种间有一定的差异; (3) 海绵组织发达、具有大而明显的薄壁细胞或细胞裂溶后形成空腔(分泌腔或气腔); (4) 叶片中维管束数目大多为奇数, 叶脉维管束鞘由薄壁细胞组成; (5) 石蒜属植物横切面上叶缘的形状分为圆弧形和楔形两种类型。石蒜属植物叶的解剖结构具有许多相似特征; 同时又具有一定的种间差异, 可为石蒜属植物的种间关系和开发利用提供有价值的信息。     

石蒜属12种植物叶片比较解剖学研究

对石蒜属（Lycoris Herb．）12种植物叶片的比较解剖学研究表明：（1）石蒜属植物叶片横切面的端部、中部及基部的轮廓基本呈浅“W”或“V”字型,有些种的表皮细胞上具有明显的尖刺状乳突;（2）石蒜属植物均为异面叶,叶肉组织有一定的栅栏组织和海绵组织分化,但二者的厚度、叶肉中所占比例及栅栏组织的细胞层数在种间有一定的差异;（3）海绵组织发达、具有大而明显的薄壁细胞或细胞裂溶后形成空腔（分泌腔或气腔）;（4）叶片中维管束数目大多为奇数,叶脉维管束鞘由薄壁细胞组成;（5）石蒜属植物横切面上叶缘的形状分为圆弧形和楔形两种类型。石蒜属植物叶的解剖结构具有许多相似特征;同时又具有一定的种间差异,可为石蒜属槽物的种间关系和开发利用提供有价值的信息。     

稀有植物香果树叶解剖结构的研究

通过石蜡切片法制片,光学显微镜观察,Motic显微摄像,研究了香果树（Emmenopterys henryi Oliv.）的叶形态解剖结构。结果表明,香果树叶为典型异面叶;表皮由一层紧密的形状不规则的表皮细胞组成,细胞外壁角质膜较薄;气孔类型为平列型,仅分布于下表皮;下表皮上零星分布着多细胞表皮毛;叶肉组织发达,栅栏组织由1~2层排列整齐的圆柱形细胞构成;海绵组织枝状分布,排列极为疏松,细胞间隙大;叶脉主脉发达;上述特征反映出植物结构与环境的统一性。     

5种红树科植物叶片的比较解剖及其生态适应研究

用石蜡切片法对红树（Rhizophora apiculata Bl.）、红海榄（R.stylosa Griff.）、秋茄（Kandelia candel(Linn.) Druce）、木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza(Linn.) Savigny）和海莲（B.sexangula(Lour.) Poir.）等5种红树科植物的叶片进行解剖学的观察和研究,结果表明：5种红树科植物叶片的表皮均有厚的角质膜和下皮层,表皮和下皮层的细胞常含有单宁;上表皮无气孔器;栅栏组织多层;木质部非常发达。说明了红树科植物的叶片具有很强的耐旱能力;同属植物的叶片在解剖结构上有着相似的特征。     

阿尼玛卿山八种柳属植物叶片的形态结构特征研究

对阿尼玛卿山柳属八种植物的叶片进行了形态和解剖研究。观察结果表明：除旱柳外,其余７种均为异面叶;栅栏组织２－３层,细胞排列紧密;有些种的叶上表皮有光滑的角质膜,下表皮为复表皮。表面多有灰白色的粉粒蜡质,气孔不下陷;此外,在叶表皮、叶肉及维管束鞘中皆存在有含单宁或胶质的异细胞。这些特征与高山地区严酷的自然环境条件是相适应的。     

安徽贝母属植物叶片的比较解剖学研究

在光学显微镜下,对安徽省贝母属(Fritillaria L.)8种1变种,其中包括安徽贝母(F. anhuiensis)和宁国贝母(F. ningguoensis)各两个居群的植物叶片进行了解剖结构观察,结果发现：叶肉细胞均含有淀粉粒,近上表皮的叶肉细胞多为方形或圆柱状,较大,排列较紧密,近下表皮的叶肉细胞形状不规则,多有分枝,细胞间隙大;叶均无表皮毛等附属物,除铜陵黄花贝母(F. monantha var. tonglingensis)的下表皮细胞类似平行四边形外,其它种叶表皮细胞表面观为长方形或长条形,细胞长轴与叶脉平行,垂周壁为平直、浅波状或深波状;气孔器为Allium型,仅分布于下表皮,椭圆形,长轴与叶脉平行,单个随机分布,部分种保卫细胞两极有“T”形加厚。叶表皮细胞的形状,垂周壁式样,气孔器的类型等特征较为稳定,可以为贝母属内种的划分及系统演化关系的探讨提供实验证据。     

银杏叶发育过程的解剖结构观察

利用半薄切片、扫描电镜和透射电镜技术,对不同发育时期的银杏叶片解剖结构变化进行连续观察.结果显示:(1)展叶期叶片无栅栏组织和海绵组织分化,细胞排列紧密;展叶后叶肉分化为栅栏组织1~2层,细胞呈长椭球形,海绵组织发达,细胞呈横向排列的椭球形,并形成通气系统;衰老期部分海绵组织细胞变小,并纵向排列,通气系统发达.(2)除叶基和叶缘外,成熟叶片的维管束直径基本相同,维管束鞘发达.(3)早期叶片上表皮有较多气孔分布,展叶后气孔密度迅速降低;下表皮气孔数量较多,但气孔密度随叶片的成熟逐渐下降.(4)叶绿体类囊体在展叶期结构简单,常含1~2个较大淀粉粒;生长期类囊体结构逐渐完善,淀粉粒较少,无嗜锇滴;衰老期类囊体瓦解,嗜锇滴大量累积.     

虉草营养器官解剖结构与抗旱耐涝性及利用之间的关系

为了从显微结构上进一步探讨虉草(Phalaris arundinacea L.)的抗旱耐涝性及与利用的关系,于2011年采用常规石蜡切片技术,对其根、茎叶3种营养器官进行解剖观察。结果表明,虉草根的结构自外而内依次为表皮、皮层、维管束鞘、初生韧皮部和初生木质部;茎由表皮、基本组织和维管束构成;叶片内部结构可分为表皮、叶肉和叶脉3部分。根皮层大的细胞间隙和气腔,初生木质部的后生大导管和茎基本组织解体形成的髓腔都是虉草良好的通气组织,是其耐水淹的主要显微特征。茎、叶片角质化的表皮和叶表皮所含的丰富泡状细胞组是虉草具有抗旱性的主要解剖结构特征。叶肉细胞排列紧密且只有少量气孔分布于叶片下表皮,这样的结构可减少蒸腾;叶肉细胞富含叶绿体,增强光合作用,获得更多的同化产物,确保了植株在干旱条件下也有足够的光合产物来维持正常的生理活动。茎、叶维管束部分大量的木纤维起到支撑作用。虉草根的皮层和维管柱部分、茎的基本组织和维管束部分、叶的叶脉部分都含有大面积的厚壁细胞,厚壁细胞中含有丰富的粗纤维和木质素。丰富的粗纤维、木质素等成分则是虉草能成为新能源燃料植物的必备条件。     

川西高原4种苹果属植物叶片解剖结构与其抗旱性分析

采用常规石蜡制片法和NaOCl法,对川西高原地区4种苹果属植物叶片的解剖结构特征进行了观察,并选取叶片厚度、上下表皮角质层厚度、上下表皮细胞厚度、栅栏组织厚度等14项抗旱性相关指标进行测定,运用方差分析、主成分分析和隶属函数法对4种苹果属植物的抗旱性进行了分析与综合评价。结果显示:(1)4种苹果属植物叶片上下表皮外均附有角质层,表皮细胞排列紧密,上表皮细胞明显大于下表皮细胞,其中变叶海棠的角质层厚度和表皮细胞厚度均较大;气孔均只分布在下表皮,其中花叶海棠的气孔密度最大,花叶海棠和湖北海棠的气孔长、宽最小;栅栏组织由2~3层排列紧密的栅栏细胞组成,海绵组织细胞排列疏松,细胞间隙大,其中山荆子的栅栏组织厚度、栅海比和叶片结构紧密度最大;主脉均为外韧维管束,其中湖北海棠维管束厚度最大,且皮层中有时出现含晶细胞。(2)所选14项指标中除下表皮角质层厚度外,其余13项指标在4个树种间差异显著,经主成分分析筛选出上表皮角质层厚度、下表皮细胞厚度、栅栏组织厚度等8项指标作为4种苹果属植物抗旱性综合评价的代表性指标。(3)隶属函数法分析结果表明,4种苹果属植物抗旱能力大小顺序为:变叶海棠山荆子花叶海棠湖北海棠。     

大麦亚族3属植物的叶片解剖特征及其系统关系

采用石蜡切片法对大麦亚族中新麦草属、芒麦草属和三柄麦属主要代表种的叶片横切面形态学特征进行观察。结果显示:(1)大麦亚族3属植物的叶片均为等面叶,由表皮、叶肉和维管束三部分构成,表现为典型的狐茅型,即下表皮细胞形状、大小和排列均匀,上表皮细胞形状、大小和排列不均,叶肉无栅栏组织和海绵组织之分,具有双层维管束鞘,周围叶肉细胞呈不规则排列,厚壁组织与表皮相接;但3属植物在上表皮的凹凸程度,下表皮细胞壁的厚薄,叶肉组织中部束间厚,大小型维管束的数目、中肋维管束横径等叶片横切面特征上存在明显差异。(2)根据3属植物叶片横切面性状的演化趋势,对各属的演化关系和系统位置分析表明,新麦草属最原始,芒麦草属较进化,三柄麦属最高级;新麦草属可能直接派生了较进化的芒麦草属,并在芒麦草属的基础上进而产生了最高级的三柄麦属;新麦草属、芒麦草属和三柄麦属的这一系统关系与利用外部形态特征所获得的演化趋势基本一致。     

Observation of Apparently Unchanging Mesophyll Cell Diameters Throughout Leaf Ontogeny in Woody Species

The expansion of plant leaves usually lasts 3–6 weeks and it is widely believed that most cell types (epidermal and mesophyll) continue to expand in unison over a similar time period. The evidence supporting this account was derived from studies of herb leaves. We observed in woody species, however, that the diameter of mesophyll cells (spongy and palisade) changed little during leaf expansion from about 5 to 100 % maximum size. To keep pace with epidermal cell enlargement and leaf area expansion, mesophyll cells divided but palisade cell length expanded as leaves grew thicker. The prolonged division of mesophyll and apparently unchanging mesophyll cell diameters constitute a novel pattern of leaf cell development, different from that previously described for herbs. Possible mechanisms that attribute the varied expansion direction and speed to the different cellulose distributions in woody and herbaceous species are suggested. This finding could contribute to an enhanced understanding of the overall mechanism of leaf development.     

Characteristics of leaf structure and photosynthetic apparatus within the crown of systematically shadedQuercus petraea andNothofagus procera seedlings

Four-year-old seedlings ofQuercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. andNothofagus procera (Poepp. et Endl.) Querst were grown outdoors in pots while subjected to full, medium and low irradiances. Shading and decrease in height of leaf attachment generally increased specific leaf area, the diameters of chloroplasts and of palisade and spongy mesophyll cells, but decreased leaf thickness, number of palisade cell layers, length of palisade and spongy mesophyll cells, number of chloroplasts per mesophyll cell and epidermal cell and cuticle thickness, stomata and hair densities per unit leaf area, hair length, maximum hair breath and cell wall thickness in the two species. However, inN. procera grown under full irradiance, leaves at the upper and middle positions had hairs on both upper and lower epidermes, whereas those in other treatments and all leaves in all treatments inQ. petraea, had theirs only on the upper epidermis.     

Basic Types of Structural Changes in the Leaf Mesophyll during Adaptation of Eastern Pamir Plants to Mountain Conditions

Quantitative characteristics of mesophyll structure were compared in leaves of eleven alpine plant species grown under natural conditions in the Eastern Pamirs at various altitudes, from 3800 to 4750 m. Basic types of changes in mesophyll structure, associated with plant adaptation to mountain conditions, were characterized. These changes manifested themselves in different numbers of cell layers and cell sizes in the palisade tissue and, as a consequence, in changed leaf thickness and cell number per unit of leaf area. Three plant groups were identified by the changes in the leaf structural characteristics depending on the type of mesophyll structure, ecological group of plant species, and altitude of plant habitat. The first group comprised alpine xerophytes with an isopalisade structure, in which the volume of palisade cells decreased and their number per unit of leaf area increased with the altitude of plant habitat. The number of mesophyll layers and leaf thickness decreased or did not change with altitude. The second group comprised subalpine plant species with a dorsoventral structure of mesophyll; these species occur below the line of continuous night frost. In these plant species, the number of mesophyll layers, leaf thickness, and cell number per unit of leaf area increased with altitude. The third group comprised mesophyte plants with a dorsoventral and homogenous mesophyll structure, which are encountered in a wide range of habitats, including the nival belt (from 4700 to 5000 m). In this group, cell volume increased and cell number per unit of leaf area decreased with altitude. We present a general scheme of leaf structural changes, which explains the changes in the quantitative characteristics of mesophyll as a function of altitude and highland environmental conditions.     

湖南安息香属植物的叶片比较解剖学研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对湖南产安息香属10种植物叶表皮微形态和解剖结构进行了观察和测量。结果表明:(1)表皮均由单层细胞构成,细胞形状为多边形和无规则形,垂周壁式样为平直、弓形、波状;(2)气孔器大小及密度在种间的差异明显;(3)气孔外拱盖内缘主要为波状和浅波状,气孔器外围角质纹饰以越南安息香的鸟巢状和栓叶安息香的碗状为显著区别特征;(4)老鸹铃、垂珠花和白花龙的气孔器保卫细胞两极有"T"形加厚;(5)栓叶安息香和大果安息香叶上表皮由大型细胞组成;(6)叶肉分化为栅栏组织和海绵组织,二者的厚度及比值在种间有明显的差异,其中越南安息香栅栏组织分化为2层;(7)大果安息香和芬芳安息香的主脉维管组织构成一圈封闭的环状结构,而其他种则为开放的半圆形结构;(8)叶片及主脉的厚度在种间差异明显。安息香属植物的表皮微形态及解剖结构特征比较稳定,可作为种间鉴定和分类的重要依据。     

榉树叶片解剖构造和叶肉细胞超微结构的观察

对取自不同季节的榉树(Zelkova schneideriana hand.-Mazz.)叶的解剖构造和叶肉细胞超微结构进行了观察。榉树叶表面被密集锥状单细胞毛,幼叶则还有头状腺毛。气孔多分布在叶下表面,为不规则型。上表皮细胞外壁具有明显的角质层加厚,局部上表皮由2层细胞组成。叶肉细胞分化为栅栏组织和海绵组织;栅栏组织1—2层细胞;海绵组织发达,常与气孔相连。叶肉有含晶细胞存在。叶脉的维管束鞘明显,是厚壁细胞。成熟叶肉细胞细胞器丰富,有8-9个周壁叶绿体,为巨大的长椭圆形,基粒片层清晰,有淀粉粒,少量脂滴。叶片开始转变颜色时,叶绿体由长椭圆形变得趋于圆形;基粒片层逐渐变得杂乱至模糊不清;脂滴数目增多。秋季叶色不同的榉树叶片解剖构造存在一定差异。     

Structural Adaptation of the Leaf Mesophyll to Shading

Structural characteristics of the mesophyll were studied in five boreal grass species experiencing a wide range of light and water supply conditions. Quantitative indices of the palisade and spongy mesophyll tissues (cell and chloroplast sizes, the number of chloroplasts per cell, the total cell and chloroplast surface area per unit leaf surface area) were determined in leaves of each of the species. The cell surface area and the cell volume in spongy mesophyll were determined with a novel method based on stereological analysis of cell projections. An important role of spongy parenchyma in the photosynthetic apparatus was demonstrated. In leaves of the species studied, the spongy parenchyma constituted about 50% of the total volume and 40% of the total surface area of mesophyll cells. The proportion of the palisade to spongy mesophyll tissues varied with plant species and growth conditions. In a xerophyte Genista tinctoria, the total cell volume, cell abundance, and the total surface area of cells and chloroplasts were 30–40% larger in the palisade than in the spongy mesophyll. In contrast, in a shade-loving species Veronica chamaedris, the spongy mesophyll was 1.5–2 times more developed than the palisade mesophyll. In mesophyte species grown under high light conditions, the cell abundance and the total cell surface area were 10–20% greater in the palisade mesophyll than in the spongy parenchyma. In shaded habitats, these indices were similar in the palisade and spongy mesophyll or were 10–20% lower in the palisade mesophyll. In mesophytes, CO₂ conductance of the spongy mesophyll accounted for about 50% of the total mesophyll conductance, as calculated from the structural characteristics, with the mesophyll CO₂ conductance increasing with leaf shading.     

云南秋海棠属植物叶片横切面比较解剖研究

报道30种主产于云南的秋海棠属植物叶片的横切面解剖构造特征。采用常规石蜡切片法切片观察,结果表明:云南秋海棠属植物叶片薄、横切面均为异面叶、呈典型的阴叶结构,叶肉组织虽有栅栏组织和海绵组织的分化,但栅栏组织不发达,占叶肉组织的比例较小。表皮多为单表皮,极稀复表皮,表皮毛均由多细胞组成。气孔集中于下表皮,孔下室或下陷气孔特大、通气组织极发达;角质层形状多样,呈均匀增厚、瘤状和片状突起;叶绿体椭球形、数多、个体大,主要分布于叶肉组织,集中于栅栏组织。解剖构造特征在各分类组内呈现不完全一致性,而在相同茎的形态类型中有些较一致的特征,在不同种间解剖特征各有差别;根状茎和直立茎类型种类的横切面组织结构表现为表皮细胞壁外的角质层薄、栅栏组织与叶肉组织厚度比例较小等弱光照、湿生等适应性较弱的特征。球茎类型的种类表现为角质层较厚、栅栏叶肉组织厚度比例较大等适应略为干燥和较强光照的特征。     

沙棘雌雄株叶片解剖结构比较研究

为了研究沙棘雌、雄株叶片的第二性征,本文采用石蜡切片法观察了沙棘雌、雄株叶片结构的差异。结果表明：（1）沙棘雌、雄株叶片均由表皮、叶肉和叶脉3部分组成,表皮均由1层细胞构成,表皮毛发达,上表皮有拟泡状细胞;叶肉栅栏组织与海绵组织分化明显。（2）雌株上表皮具更多的拟泡状细胞,其主脉韧皮部薄壁细胞及其下方的一些薄壁细胞含较多的后含物,下表皮的表皮毛更浓密;而雄株的叶片厚度、叶片上表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、栅栏组织厚度/海绵组织厚度均显著大于雌株,且其主脉维管束更发达。结果表明,沙棘雌雄株叶片解剖结构存在明显差异,这些差异是第二性征的表现,也是沙棘长期进化中形成的稳健的适应策略,可能有利于该物种的繁衍。     

Leaf biomechanics, morphology, and anatomy of the deciduous mesophyte Prunus serrulata (Rosaceae) and the evergreen sclerophyllous shrub Heteromeles arbutifolia (Rosaceae)

Leaf tensile properties were compared between the mesic deciduous tree Prunus serrulata (var. "Kwanzan") and the xeric and sclerophyllous chaparral evergreen shrub Heteromeles arbutifolia (M. Roem). All values for biomechanical parameters for H. arbutifolia were significantly greater than those of P. serrulata. The fracture planes also differed between the two species with P. serrulata fracturing along the secondary veins, while H. arbutifolia most often fractured across the leaf irrespective of the vein or mesophyll position, thus yielding qualitative differences in the stress-strain curves of the two species. Anatomically, P. serrulata exhibits features typical for a deciduous mesophytic leaf such as a thin cuticle, a single layer of palisade mesophyll, isodiametric spongy mesophyll, and extensive reticulation of the laminar veins. Heteromeles arbutifolia leaves, however, are typically two- to three-fold thicker with a 35% higher dry mass/fresh mass ratio. The vascular tissue is restricted to the interface of the palisade and spongy mesophyll near the center of the leaf. Both epidermal layers have a thick cuticle. The palisade mesophyll is tightly packed and two to three layers thick. The spongy mesophyll cells are ameboid in shape and tightly interlinked both to other spongy cells as well as to the overlying palisade layer. We conclude that the qualitative and quantitative biomechanical differences between the leaves of these two species are likely due to a complex interaction of internal architectural arrangement and the physical/chemical differences in the properties of their respective cell walls. These studies illustrate the importance that morphological and anatomical correlates play with mechanical behavior in plant material and ultimately reflect adaptations present in the leaves of chaparral shrubs that are conducive to surviving in arid environments.