南极长城站地区土壤微生物生态作用的初步探讨

从南极长城站附近联合采样13个,并进行了土壤微生物的数量统计与种类鉴定。氨化细菌的菌量为10⁴～10⁶cells／g,共7个属：微球菌属（Micrococcus）,葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）,假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）,产碱菌属（Alcaligenes）,黄杆菌属（Flavobacterium）,节杆菌属（Arthrobacter）;固氮细菌菌量为10⁵～10⁷cells／g,仅一个固氮菌属（Azotobacter）;硝化细菌一般为10⁴cells／g,分属两个属：硝化杆菌属（Nitrobacter）,硝化球菌属（Nitrococcus）;真菌为10³cells／g,分属5个属：青霉菌属（Penicillium）,金孢霉菌属（Chrysosporium）,枝孢霉菌属（Cladosporium）,曲霉菌属（As-pergillus）,散囊菌属（Eurotium）,反硝化菌为 10²～10⁴cells／g,分属 3个属：假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）,微球菌属（Micrococcus）,芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）;放线菌分属3个属：链霉菌属（Streptomyces）,小单孢菌属（Micromonospora）,和诺卡氏菌属（Nocardia）。联采样品12℃培养的出现率主要类群是：假单胞菌属（42％）,芽孢杆菌属（35％）,微球菌属（31％）,节杆菌属（27％）,青霉菌属（58％）,枝孢霉菌属（54％）,硝化杆菌属（81％）,固氮菌属（88％）,反硝化细菌中主要是假单胞菌属（58％）,芽孢杆菌属（38％）。文中还讨论了微生物菌量与土壤总碳、总氮的相关性及其在该地区氮循环中的生态学作用。     

深耕、施肥小麦试验田微生物区系的研究

1．土壤微生物各主要类羣的分布情况都以表土中最多,数量随溧度降低,但各类微生物降低的幅度大小不一。深耕施肥往不同程度上能促使下层各类微生物的数量增加,但就整个小麦生育期来看,一般不致改变上多下少的趋势。 2．所武土壤中各类微生物的一般含量及其优势类羣如下：(1)每克表土中所含真菌、硝化釉菌或固氮菌的数量常在数千至数万间变动。真菌的优势类羣是：Aspergillus,PeuicilHum和Fusarium。(2)放线菌的含量较高,每克表土一般合有数百万个。白色放线菌和灰色放线菌是其优势类羣。(3)氯化釉茵,每克表土中一般含有数百万至一两千万,芽孢杆菌所占的比例较大,螢光杆菌很少。(4)芽孢杆菌上下层数量的差异及深耕施肥对它们的影响不太显著。每克表土中一般为数+万个。优势种是：Bac. Mesentericus-subtilis,Bac. Idosus 和Bac．Megathetqum,(5)分解纤维素的粘液菌,每克表土中一般为数千个,但各小麦发育时期变动的幅度比较大,间或有超过一万或少于一千者。     

超高产夏玉米田土壤微生物与土壤酶的动态变化

为揭示超高产夏玉米田（产量>15 000 kg·hm^-2）土壤微生物与土壤酶活性动态变化特性,在国家玉米工程技术研究中心（山东）试验场进行夏玉米生长季农田土壤微生物与土壤酶活性研究. 在连续3年产量15 000 kg·hm^-2以上的超高产夏玉米田中选择一块超高产田（HF, 产量为20 322 kg·hm^-2）与常规生产田（CF, 产量为8920.1 kg·hm^-2）进行对比分析,主要测定0～20 cm土层土壤细菌、真菌与放线菌数量及脲酶和转化酶活性. 结果表明：播种后超高产田与常规生产田土壤微生物（细菌、真菌与放线菌）数量均表现出先升高后下降的趋势,超高产田在玉米生长后期土壤微生物数量低于常规生产田,细菌与放线菌表现尤其明显,收获期超高产田B/F值（细菌与真菌数量比）比播种期高2.03倍,比常规生产田高3.02倍,常规生产田收获期与播种期的B/F值变化不显著;超高产田土壤脲酶活性在播种31 d（拔节期）后低于常规生产田,转化酶活性播种58 d（开花期）后快速下降,低于常规生产田.     

落叶松幼苗过氧化氢酶动力学的初步研究

采用碘量法对4种落叶松幼苗的过氧化氢酶（CAT）动力学进行了研究。结果表明：在25℃、pH 7.0下,落叶松幼苗CAT活性为48.8～77.9 U·g^-1 FW;Km值为8.3×10-2～2.38×10^-1 mol·L^-1;Vmax为0.071～0.200 μmol·min^-1;CAT最适温度15～25℃,对温度的适应范围华北落叶松和兴安落叶松宽,长白落叶松和太白落叶松的窄;CAT最适pH值为7.0。太白落叶松对pH适应范围最窄,其可能是退化的物种。     

Tpb55菌株对烟草赤星病菌的影响及其在烟草叶表的定殖

采用生长速率法及分生孢子萌发法测定了烟草叶围细菌Tpb55菌株对烟草赤星病菌的影响。结果表明：Tpb55能分泌抗菌物质,抑制烟草赤星病菌的菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发,破坏菌丝和分生孢子形态,使菌丝和分生孢子出现细胞原生质收缩、肿大呈泡囊状、细胞壁破损导致原生质外泄等。温室和田间定殖作用测定结果表明：0～30 d内,Tpb55菌株在烟草叶表定殖菌量分别为23×10⁶～189×10⁶ cfu·g^-1鲜质量和1.87×10⁶～179.33×10⁶ cfu·g^-1鲜质量,其中,接种后3～8 d,Tpb55定殖数量较高且基本稳定,随后定殖数量逐渐下降。     

黄孢原毛平革菌产生的具有氧化性活力低分子肽类物质的分离纯化与性质鉴定

从黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochete chrysosporium)发酵液中分离纯化到一个新的具有酚氧化活力的低分子组分, 命名为Pc因子. 该组分分子量在600 Da左右, 含Glu, Gly, Val三种氨基酸残基, 其紫外和红外光谱也显示Pc因子含有氨基酸, 氨基酸的Cα信号在¹³C-NMR方法中也可检测到. 该物质对热稳定, 在酸性条件下易失活, 弱碱性条件下保持稳定. 它具有螯合Fe³⁺的能力, 并能够将Fe³⁺还原为Fe²⁺, 但不能产生羟基自由基HO^·. 在不需要Mn²⁺和H₂O₂激活的条件下能够氧化酚型木素模型物2,6-二甲氧基酚(2,6-dimethoxyphenol, 2,6-DMP), 2,2′-连氮二(3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)(2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzathiazoline-6-sulfinic acid), ABTS)和丁香醛连氮, 其氧化作用需要金属离子和O₂的参与, 为木素生物降解过程中的一类新的氧化机制, Pc因子在此氧化还原体系中执行电子传递体的功能.     

上海典型城市草坪土壤呼吸特征

采用CFX-2开放式呼吸测定系统测定了上海城区百慕大、黑麦草-百慕大混播、结缕草和狗牙根4种典型草坪的土壤呼吸速率。结果表明：4种草坪的土壤呼吸速率均呈明显季节变化,最大值出现在7—8月,最小值出现在12月—翌年1月;4种草坪土壤呼吸平均速率依次为百慕大草坪<黑麦草-百慕大混播草坪<结缕草草坪<狗牙根草坪,其中百慕大草坪的土壤呼吸速率变化范围为0.13～2.25 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,黑麦草-百慕大混播草坪为1.16～5.95 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,结缕草草坪为0.93～8.27 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,狗牙根草坪为1.21～9.27 μmol·m^-2·s^-1;4种草坪的土壤呼吸速率与气温、5 cm地温和10 cm地温均呈极显著指数相关;百慕大草坪和黑麦草-百慕大混播草坪的日变化均呈单峰曲线,与气温、5 cm地温和10 cm地温的日变化趋势一致;4种草坪土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性指数即Q₁₀值为1.60～2.66;除结缕草外,其他草坪的土壤呼吸速率与土壤含水率相关性不显著;草坪的呼吸特征与其生长习性直接相关,而冷暖季混播草坪Q₁₀值小,对提高城市生态景观和环境质量有积极作用。     

中国土壤种子库研究进展与挑战

查阅了维普《中文期刊数据库》(1989—2006年)和Web of Science(1985—2006年)中发表的土壤种子库研究文献,按《中国植被》划分的29个植被类型对土壤种子库密度、丰富度和研究方法等数据进行归类总结,共采集到14个植被类型的238个样地信息.结果显示:研究者使用的研究方法及获得的种子库密度和丰富度数据差异巨大.所有研究中采样时间以4和10月最多;样方面积介于78～10000 cm2之间,样方数量介于2～480之间;10 cm×10 cm 和 20 cm×20 cm是最常用的采样方式;总采样面积介于600～500000 cm²之间,并以1000～10000 cm²为最多.土壤种子库密度值变化范围在8 粒·m^-2(沙漠)～ 65355粒·m^-2(热带雨林的次生林)之间,物种数变化范围在1(温带草原次生光碱斑)～74(热带季雨林)之间,同一植被类型下的变异也相当大.热带的季雨林和雨林的密度值和物种数显著高于温带的针叶林;而人工林的密度和物种数量大于农地,农地又大于裸地.草原、荒漠和草甸的物种数量相对较少.未来的土壤种子库研究需要从广度和深度上进行扩展,并重点加强重要生态系统的土壤种子库长期定位研究以及种子库对策研究,特别是应将这些研究与植被群落的演替、更新和恢复有机地联系起来.同时应加强对不同植被类型的种子库采样、检测方法的探索性研究.     

红豆草与土壤氮含量对大气二氧化碳浓度升高的响应

在封闭的植物培养箱中,通过盆栽实验,研究了红豆草和土壤氮含量对CO₂浓度增加的响应.结果表明,与正常CO₂浓度(355～370 μmol·mol^-1)相比,CO₂浓度升高(700 μmol·mol^-1),植物生物量增加25.1%(P＜0.01),但植物体氮浓度降低25.3%(P＜0.001),植物全氮没有显著的变化.经3个月盆栽实验后,与原始土壤相比,两种CO₂浓度处理土壤全N、NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N都有所降低,而土壤微生物氮则显著增加,这可能与植物生长有关.不同CO₂浓度处理土壤NH₄⁺-N浓度基本一致,但在高CO₂浓度下,土壤NO₃^--N浓度显著降低,而微生物生物氮显著增加.对整个土壤-植物系统而言,盆栽实验后,整个系统全氮有少量增加,但变化不显著,特别是在高CO₂浓度条件下,土壤-植物系统全氮最大,这可能与培养材料红豆草为豆科植物,而且在高CO₂浓度下生物量增加,导致氮的固定量增加有关.     

小叶章湿地土壤微生物生物量碳和可溶性有机碳的分布特征

利用野外原位观测方法,研究了三江平原不同水分条件下2类小叶章湿地土壤微生物量碳和可溶性有机碳的分布特征,并探讨了其影响因素。结果表明,5—9月小叶章湿草甸湿地表层土壤（0～20 cm）微生物生物量碳和可溶性有机碳平均值分别为769.2和312.3 mg·kg^-1,小叶章沼泽化草甸湿地土壤的相应值为2447.3和404.4 mg·kg^-1,其分别占总有机碳的2.50%和1.03%以及3.53%和0.59%。2类有机碳活性组分均具有明显的季节变化特征,且剖面含量随深度的增加呈递减趋势。有机质的输入、腐殖质含量和水分条件是影响小叶章湿地土壤微生物量碳和可溶性有机碳分布的主要因素。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.