大鼠海马神经元TLR4介导的MyD88依赖途径在神经炎症中的作用

目的:研究大鼠海马神经元是否有Toll样受体4(TLR4)介导的的髓样分化因子88(MyD88)依赖途径及该途径的激活在神经炎症中的作用。方法:采用体外培养7 d的新生大鼠海马神经元,细胞免疫荧光双标法鉴定海马神经元纯度。用TLR4配体脂多糖(LPS)或TLR4抗体预处理海马神经元,以激活或阻断TLR4的作用。实时定量PCR(RT-qPCR)方法检测海马神经元中MyD88、肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(TRAF6)mRNA的表达;Westernblot方法测定海马神经元MyD88和TRAF6蛋白水平;细胞免疫荧光双标法观察海马神经元中核因子κB/P65(NF-κB/P65)的表达定位及TLR4激活或阻断后NF-κB/P65核易位情况;ELISA检测培养上清液中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)和一氧化氮(NO)的水平。结果:LPS能上调海马神经元MyD88和肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子(TRAF6)mRNA水平;促使NF-κB/P65转位至核;增加MyD88和TRAF6蛋白的表达;增加海马神经元培养上清中TNF-α、IL-1β和NO含量;TLR4抗体预处理能减弱LPS对海马神经元NF-κB/P65核易位作用及降低培养上清中TNF-α、IL-1β和NO的水平。结论:大鼠海马神经元有TLR4介导的的MyD88依赖途径,该途径的激活能导致TNF-α、IL-lβ和NO含量的增加。海马神经元TLR4介导的MyD88依赖途径参与了神经炎症反应,神经元不是神经炎症反应中的被动者。     

内毒素耐受性与TLR4信号通路

内毒素(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)耐受性普遍存在,并与其他病原微生物致病因子(LAM、STF等)存在交叉耐受性。不同种类LPS产生耐受性的可能性与机制不同。TLR4作为LPS靶细胞膜上的跨膜受体,主要介导LPS信号的跨膜转导,TLR4结构与功能的改变,以及TLR4信号通路中各个环节(MD2、MyD88、IRAK、IκB、NF—κB、炎症因子)的功能缺陷,都将导致LPS耐受性的产生。     

炎症反应中Toll样受体对NHE蛋白家族的调节

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors, TLRs)在不同的天然免疫应答中可以识别和激活不同的病原体相关分子模式(pathogenassociated molecular patterns, PAMPs),进而导致炎症。而钠氢交换体(Na~+/H~+exchanger, NHE)不仅具有调节胞内pH值和细胞容积、维持腔体微环境、影响营养吸收的作用,而且与细胞的增殖、迁移、凋亡相关。在炎症情况下,NHE的活性和膜蛋白表达都受到抑制。结肠上皮细胞TLR2激活后可通过MyD88非依赖性途径抑制NHE1活性,其抑制作用的机制与Src的聚集和PI3Ks的磷酸化有关。长期脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides, LPS)暴露可激活肠巨噬细胞TLR4,通过MyD88依赖性途径(即TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB通路)导致炎症发生,并加速NHE1胞内降解,从而抑制NHE1活性;但短时间LPS暴露却提高NHE1活性。TLR5的激活可使NHE3活性增高。结肠炎患者和模型动物肠道巨噬细胞NHE3活性或/和表达量下降。在肾小管上皮细胞中,基底侧LPS刺激通过激活TLR4/MyD88/MAPK/ERK信号通路抑制管腔侧NHE3的活性,而管腔侧LPS刺激则激活TLR4/MyD88依赖性PI3K-AKT-mTOR信号通路,引起基底侧NHE1活性抑制,进而继发影响管腔侧NHE3功能。     

TLR——天然免疫中的特异性受体

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)是天然免疫系统中特异的I-型跨膜受体及病原模式识别受体,在急性炎症反应、细胞信号转导和细胞凋亡中起重要作用。其结构、分布(基因、细胞、组织、种群层次)及相应配基都具有特异性;TLR的信号通路包括髓样分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor88,MyD88)依赖途径和MyD88非依赖途径。TLR在免疫防御上不仅有其积极的一面,也有其消极的一面;它的发现,无论在理论上还是在应用上都有着开创性的意义。     

Toll样受体2与巨噬细胞极化在胰岛素抵抗中的作用

胰岛素由胰岛β细胞分泌,经胰岛素信号通路发挥作用。当机体肥胖或其他原因导致胰岛素信号通路受阻时,引起体内胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance, IR),胰岛素抵抗与低度炎症关系密切。促炎因子,例如肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β, IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6, IL-6)等可抑制胰岛素受体底物(insulin receptor substrate, IRS)酪氨酸磷酸化,发生丝氨酸磷酸化,导致胰岛素受体细胞或靶器官对葡萄糖的摄取和利用下降。Toll样受体2(Toll-like receptor 2, TLR2)是一种重要的模式识别受体,可与TLR1或TLR6结合形成二聚体,与炎症和胰岛素信号通路关系密切,TLR2通过髓系分化因子88(myeloid differentiation factor 88, MyD88)依赖途径激活核因子-κB(nuclear factor, NF-κB)和激活蛋白1(activator protein 1, AP-1),上调促炎基因的转录。巨噬细胞是天然免疫系统中重要一员,可参于体内促炎因子和抗炎因子的调节。TLR2于巨噬细胞表面表达。在脂肪酸(fatty acids)的诱导下,TLR2通过上调促炎基因使巨噬细胞向M1表型极化,M1表型巨噬细胞分泌促炎因子,下调胰岛素靶器官对胰岛素的敏感性。本文拟对TLR2基因和巨噬细胞极化对胰岛素抵抗的影响,以及三者的相关性做一简要综述,从分子水平探讨胰岛素抵抗的发生机制,为胰岛素抵抗的相关研究提供理论参考。     

Toll样受体及其信号转导

Toll样受体(TLR)介导着绝大部分哺乳动物、昆虫及植物的宿主防御. TLR4与配体结合涉及膜抗原CD14和分泌蛋白MD-2的调节并一起形成受体复合物, 然后与接头分子MyD88结合, 使IRAK磷酸化, 再使TRAF6寡聚化, 随后激活控制着各种效应基因表达的转录因子NF-κB.     

TLR3免疫识别dsRNA病毒的分子机制

1984年,果蝇的Toll样蛋白被发现。13年后,人们发现了第一个与果蝇Toll蛋白同源的人Toll样受体(toll like receptor,TLR)蛋白(hTLR4)。迄今,已有10种TLR蛋白(即hTLR1～10)被发现,它们代表了一类保守的受体家族,分别识别不同的抗原。其中TLR3能专一性地识别双链RNA(double stranded RNA,dsRNA),通过依赖MyD88的信号通路及不依赖MyD88的信号通路,     

基于TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路探讨安肠汤联合艾灸治疗肝郁脾虚证腹泻型肠易激综合征的疗效及其机制

摘要 目的：基于Toll样受体4（TLR4）/髓样分化因子88（MyD88）/核因子-κB（NF-κB）信号通路探讨安肠汤联合艾灸治疗肝郁脾虚证腹泻型肠易激综合征（IBS）的疗效及其机制。方法：采用随机数字表法,将广州中医药大学第一附属医院在2019年4月~2022年12月期间收治的108例腹泻型IBS患者分为对照组（常规药物联合艾灸治疗,n=54）和研究组（对照组基础上接受安肠汤治疗,n=54）。对比两组疗效、中医证候总积分、IBS症状严重程度问卷（IBS-SSS）评分、肠屏障功能指标、TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路相关信使核糖核酸（mRNA）表达水平。结果：研究组的临床总有效率高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组治疗后中医证候总积分、IBS-SSS评分下降,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组治疗后肠脂肪酸结合蛋白（IFABP）、D-乳酸及二胺氧化酶（DAO）下降,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组治疗后TLR4、MyD88、NF-κB mRNA表达下降,且研究组低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：安肠汤联合艾灸治疗肝郁脾虚证腹泻型IBS患者,可有效改善临床症状和肠屏障功能,疗效较好,可能与调节TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路有关。     

TLR/NF-κB信号通路与肺部疾病

Toll样受体(Toll like receptor,TLR)是一种重要的模式识别受体,核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)处于TLR下游信号通路中的关键位置,当TLR受到病原微生物刺激后,激活NF-κB,诱导炎症因子释放,启动固有免疫。但TLR/NF-κB信号通路过度激活,有可能导致炎症反应失控。本文将介绍TLR/NF-κB信号通路及其在肺部炎症疾病例如急性肺损伤、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、肺癌、哮喘等发生发展中的作用。     

丹参酮IIA缓解大鼠心肌梗死后左心室重构的作用及其机制研究

摘要 目的：探讨丹参酮IIA（T-IIA）对于缓解大鼠心肌梗死（MI）后左心室重构（LVR）的作用及其机制。方法：选取SD雄性大鼠80只,通过结扎左前降支（LAD）建立MI大鼠模型。将大鼠随机分为8组,假手术组未结扎LAD,其余各组均结扎LAD;除假手术组和MI组腹腔注射生理盐水外,其余各组分别给予T-IIA、脂多糖（LPS）和TAK-242治疗。HE和马松（Masson）三色染色评估MI大小、组织病理改变和纤维化程度。末端dUTP镍末端标记（TUNEL）染色观察心肌细胞凋亡情况。采用反转录定量聚合酶链反应(RT-qPCR)和蛋白免疫印迹试验检测Toll样受体4（TLR4）、髓样分化蛋白88（MyD88）和核因子κB（NF-κB）的表达水平。结果：T-IIA能改善MI大鼠心功能,可降低MI大鼠心脏体积,改善心脏形态,减轻MI大鼠的组织病理学改变,并有效减轻MI和心肌纤维化。T-IIA抑制MI大鼠的TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路,且能有效减少MI大鼠梗死边缘区心肌细胞凋亡。结论：T-IIA通过抑制TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB信号通路的激活,改善心脏形态、功能和病理组织学变化,有效减轻MI的严重程度,预防LVR。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.