拟除虫菊酯对天敌昆虫的影响

<正> 农用拟除虫菊酯是七十年代新发展的仿生农药,对多种害虫具有优良的防治效果,国内已广泛应用于农业害虫的防治,但对天敌昆虫的影响,各地反应不一。为了对拟除虫菊酯对天敌昆虫的毒性有一个初步的认识,以便更好地使用这类农药,现将拟除虫菊酯对一些重要的天敌类群的杀虫作用综述于后,以供参考。 一、寄生峰 过去,一些传统的杀虫剂常常大量杀死寄生蜂,引起害虫再增猖獗。拟除虫菊酯则是一类对寄生性天敌较为安全的新农药。 Waddill(1978)以四种拟除虫菊酯用泸纸药膜法对五种寄生蜂进行了研究后指出,高剂量的杀灭菊酯(90.7克/0.405公顷,有效剂量,下同)对寡节小蜂Diglyphus intermedius、小茧蜂Opius bruneipes及绒茧蜂Apanteles sp.几乎无毒,但对跳小蜂Copidosoma     

拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对蜜蜂的毒性和影响

蜜蜂是最重要的农业授粉昆虫之一,蜜蜂在授粉过程中极有可能接触到广泛使用的广谱杀虫剂-拟除虫菊酯,大多数拟除虫菊酯对蜜蜂等农业授粉昆虫有较高的毒性.本文对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的作用机理进行了综述;总结了蜂群及蜂产品中拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的残留现状、拟除虫菊酯对蜜蜂的急性毒性以及亚致死效应,讨论了拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂复配农药对蜜...     

不同种群棉铃虫三龄幼虫酯酶活性频率分布与抗药性的关系

选用室内饲养的棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera偃师和湖北2个敏感品系、对辛硫磷高抗的PCP20品系、对氰戊菊酯高抗的YG45品系及1999或2000年采自山东阳谷、河北邯郸和河南安阳的田间高抗种群,江苏徐州、湖北武汉的田间中等抗性水平种群和新疆沙湾的田间敏感种群,采用酶标板酶动力学法测定了各品系（种群）的3龄幼虫个体酯酶活性频率分布和平均酯酶活性。结果表明,偃师敏感品系、湖北敏感品系和新疆沙湾田间敏感种群的酯酶活性个体频率分布相似,三个品系（种群）的平均酯酶活性相近,分别为991、1 138、1 055 mOD·min^-1·larva^-1。室内选育的PCP20抗性品系、YG45抗性品系及山东阳谷、河北邯郸 、河南安阳田间高抗种群的高酯酶活性（活性在1 800 mOD·min^-1·larva^-1以上）个体频率明显高于三个敏感品系（种群）,平均酯酶活性在1 510～2 482 mOD·min^-1·larva^-1之间。江苏徐州、湖北武汉的田间中抗水平种群高酯酶活性个体频率及平均酯酶活性都介于敏感和高抗品系（种群）之间,平均酯酶活性为1 258～1.404 mOD·min^-1·larva^-1。棉铃虫各品系（种群）平均酯酶活性与对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂抗性个体频率的相关性要比对有机磷类的高,相关系数分别为0.82和0.42。分析各品系（种群）高酯酶活性个体频率与棉铃虫对拟除虫菊酯类、有机磷类杀虫剂抗性个体频率的相关性,得到相似的结果。考虑到酯酶并不是棉铃虫对拟除虫菊酯抗性的主要机理,建议酯酶活性可作为棉铃虫抗药性生化检测的一个参考指标。本文还讨论了酯酶与棉铃虫对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂及有机磷类杀虫剂抗性的关系。     

棉铃虫对拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂敏感性的修复及其乙酰胆碱酯酶的变化

利用生物测定和生物化学方法研究了抗药性棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner)对拟除虫菊酯敏感性修复及其体内乙酰胆碱酯酶的变化,结果表明：当去除药剂选择压后,棉铃虫对拟除虫菊酯的抗性为不稳定。随着停止用药的时间加长,敏感性增加。从田间收集的棉铃虫在室内饲养后第1代对拟除虫菊酯的抗性下降速度较迅速。特异性酶抑制剂对敏感和抗性棉铃虫种群的乙酰胆碱酯酶亲和力试验结果证实,乙酰胆碱酯酶在抗性棉铃虫对杀虫剂反应发生变化的过程中发生改变,这种酶的改变可能对棉铃虫抗药性的不稳定性有重要影响。     

甲氰菊酯对草鱼鱼种血液中Na^＋离子水平的影响

甲氰菊酯是国内近几年用于农田,果林高效低毒的拟除虫菊酯类农药,因它对非耙生物,特别是哺乳动物的低毒性,及低环境滞留性,成为有机氯杀虫剂的替代产品。拟除虫菊酯对水生生物特别是鱼,虾的毒性极大,其LC50＜10pg／L。甲氰菊酯对草鱼96hLC50为2．SPg／L［’］。普遍认为拟除虫菊酯为神经中毒性农药,其毒性表现为（l）对鱼鳃的结构的改变;（2）改变神经膜的离子可渗透性,而扰乱神经传导;（3）改变渗透膜的平衡［’］。血液作为鱼体的一个内环境,其成分与外界密切相联,因此研究甲氰菊酯对鱼血中电解质平衡的影响在生态毒理学…     

拟除虫菊酯对家蝇Ca—ATPase和Ca—Mg—ATPase的抑制作用

通过对家蝇神经系统的Ca-ATPase、Ca-Mg-ATPase性质的研究,表明Ca-ATPase、Ca-Mg-AT-Pase反应的适宜pH值分别为7.0-8.5和6.5。适温皆为35-40℃;底物（ATP）最适浓度均为0.5mmol/L。比较测定了家蝇三个品系中两种ATPase的活性及拟除虫菊酯对该酶的抑制作用,实验证明,敏感与Del-R、2Cl-R品系间Ca-ATPase、Ca-Mg-ATPase活力无明显的差异。溴氰菊酯、氯菊酯可部分地抑制敏感品系家蝇Ca-ATPase活性,而对拟除虫菊酯抗性品系Ca-ATPase无抑制作用,从而证明,Del-R、2Cl-B品系Ca-ATPase对拟除虫菊酯的敏感性已明显降低,这可能能是击倒抗性机制之一。实验还表明,拟除虫菊酯对Ca-Mg-ATPase基本上无抑制作用,这说明在家蝇中,Ca-Mg-ATPase并不是拟除虫菊酯的一个靶标位点。     

基于多指标的中国淡水拟除虫菊酯水质基准

在US EPA水质基准制定指南框架基础上,利用从ECOTOX和CNKI数据库获取的3种拟除虫菊酯农药对中国淡水水生生物的急性毒性数据和生物标记物毒性数据,得出了基于多指标的中国淡水水体中溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯的基准最大浓度(criteria maximum concentration,CMC)和基准连续浓度(criteria continuous concentration,CCC),分别为:7.5和0.9,110和19,21和3.5 ng·L-1。引入SOD、CAT、Ach E、MDA、G-SH、DNA/RNA含量等生物标记物指标,可以从多角度、多层次、多水平反映污染物的生态毒性效应,提出的基准值可以更加精准地预测污染物的生态风险。本研究可为水质基准推导方法的完善及拟除虫菊酯农药的水生生态风险控制提供参考。     

害虫的抗药性:Ⅶ.昆虫对拟除虫菊酯抗性机理

<正> 合成的拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂是近年来新发展的高效低残毒杀虫剂,它们对哺乳动物和昆虫的选择毒性要比有机磷、氨基甲酸醋类杀虫剂高出二个数量级,可以说是化学防治中崛起的新星。在70年代初,拟除虫菊酯作为商品问世之初,人们曾根据昆虫似乎对天然除虫菊酯抗性发展较慢的情况预测到昆虫也许不易对     

四种杀虫农药对梭毒隐翅虫捕食功能的影响

梭毒隐翅虫Paederus fuscipes Curtis是一种重要的天敌昆虫。本试验在室内条件下采用浸渍法分别测定了4种杀虫农药在田间常用最低浓度时对梭毒隐翅虫成虫死亡率和捕食功能的影响。试验结果表明,梭毒隐翅虫对10％高效杀虫死最敏感,对22％蚜虱灵、40％氧乐果乳油次之,而18％杀虫双水剂对它的致死作用及捕食功能影响均较小。4种杀虫农药对残存个体捕食功能的影响均超过致死作用。     

烟粉虱对拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的抗性机理

通过增效剂生物测定、生化分析以及钠离子通道基因ⅡS4-6 cDNA片段的RT-PCR扩增,探讨了烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）对拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂的抗性机理。结果表明：对于采自田间的6个烟粉虱抗性品系,磷酸三苯酯（TPP）和胡椒基丁醚（PBO）对氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氯氟氰菊酯和甲氰菊酯均有显著的增效作用,而DEM对4种拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂均无明显的增效作用。烟粉虱抗性品系的α-NA羧酸酯酶和β-NA羧酸酯酶活性分别是敏感品系的2.16～2.65倍和1.22～1.41倍,抗性品系的谷胱甘肽S转移酶活性与敏感品系没有差异,表明羧酸酯酶和多功能氧化酶在烟粉虱对拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂的抗性中具有重要的作用,而谷胱甘肽S转移酶与抗性无关。通过RT-PCR克隆了6个烟粉虱田间抗性品系的钠离子通道结构域ⅡS4-6 cDNA片段的序列（420 bp）,发现与敏感品系相比,有2个位点发生突变,分别为L925I突变和I917V突变,L925I突变在所有6个烟粉虱田间抗性种群中均有发生,该位点突变已被证实与拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂密切相关,表明神经不敏感性可能是烟粉虱对拟除虫菊酯产生抗性的另一个重要因子。     

稻田节肢动物群落多样性

本文运用种类丰富度(S)、均匀性(V)和申农指数(Shannon's index.H')分析稻田节肢动物群落和各亚群落多样性的空间层次差异、季节动态、以及杀虫药剂的作用.稻田节肢动物群落的多样性值较低,H'值一般在3以下,表明群落稳定性差;多样性季节变化较大.在不用农药条件下,8月底以后的H'值较高;水稻群体上部群落的S、和V'值均大于下部的对应值;杀虫药剂的应用虽提高了群落总体的H'和V'值,但对亚群落的分析表明,杀虫药剂促进害虫亚群落的H'和V'值上升,却降低了各天敌亚群落的有关值,从而扩大了害虫和天敌之间稳定性的差距,使两者的同步关系受到损害;杀虫药剂的应用还使各天敌亚群落种类数和个体数明显减少,特别是寄生天敌昆虫种类数、个体数均大幅度下降,使其难以起到控制害虫的应有作用,这又为害虫的再猖獗提供有利条件.通过分析认为,就稻田节肢动物而言,多样性仍然是群落稳定性的一个重要测定指标.     

不同抗性品种稻田捕食性节肢动物的群落结构

对3个类型稻田早、晚稻捕食性节肢动物群落调查,结果表明:共有捕食性节肢动物67种,丰富度以蜘蛛高于捕食性昆虫类;早稻高于晚稻;中抗品种高于抗虫和感虫品种。早稻以皿蛛科Linyphiidae的食虫沟瘤蛛UlmmeliatainsecticepesBoes.etStr.占优势,晚稻则以狼蛛科Lycosidae的相对丰盛度最高。早稻捕食性天敌数量动态以中抗品种峰期最长;感性样田中天敌平均密度与中抗样田差异不显著,与抗虫品种差异显著;捕食性节肢动物多样性随着品种抗性的增强呈降低趋势,优势度随着品种抗性的增强而增强。晚稻3个品种样田中天敌的平均密度差异不显著;各品种样田的多样性明显高于早稻,且波动幅度小于早稻,品种之间多样性差异较小,晚稻群落可能具有较高的稳定性。     

Field validation of laboratory-derived IOBC toxicity ratings for natural enemies in commercial vineyards

Management of pests and diseases remains a key issue for agricultural profitability and environmental health. Moves towards sustainability require a reduction in chemical toxicity loadings and conservation of natural enemies to maintain pest control. There is a lot of information from laboratory tests regarding the effects of chemicals on beneficial predators and parasitoids but very few translations of these effects into field impacts particularly under commercial conditions. To address this issue we calculated a chemical toxicity score for 19 commercial vineyards based on IOBC toxicity ratings and application number, and compared this to extensive field collections to determine if natural enemy populations can be related to predicted toxicity loadings. Invertebrates were sampled four times during the growing season using canopy sticky traps and ground level pitfall traps. Ordination analyses using non-metric multidimensional scaling indicated community structure in vineyards correlated to site chemical use, while principal components analyses identified the taxa involved. One ordination axis from canopy data and two axes from ground level data were correlated to overall IOBC ratings for the vineyards. Principal components analyses indicated that spiders, lacewings, carabids and parasitoids were all affected by chemical use. IOBC rating based on laboratory studies therefore correlated with chemical effects on field populations of natural enemies in commercial vineyards where complexes of pesticides were applied. The use of chemicals with low toxicity to beneficials as predicted by IOBC ratings will contribute to preservation and maintenance of natural enemies in vineyard ecosystems.     

不同类型棉田捕食性天敌的种群能量动态及其对害虫的控制作用

为充分发挥棉田捕食性天敌的生态调控作用,本文根据田间调查与室内测定的结果,以能量为统一单位,计算出了棉田捕食性瓢虫、蝽类、蜘蛛及所有捕食性天敌类种群的能流参数值,分析和比较了不同播种期、套间作和免耕法对棉田捕食性天敌种群能量获取利用的作用特点,总结出了各类天敌在不同类型棉田对害虫的控制作用规律,评价了它们在棉田生态系统中的作用与地位。     

中国棉田蜘蛛录（二）

十八、管巢蛛科C一ubionidae120.黄斑纯蛛Castia,~刀口vl’inaculata Hu et al,1985· 分布:湖北、四川、湖南、广东、甘肃121.短刺红鳌蛛cjl~翻tht’u1nbrevt’sPz’;’l“:Song,1983 分布:河北、甘肃、内蒙古122.日本红鳌蛛Clliraca,:thiumja灿;icum Boes.et Str,1906 分布:河北、新疆、辽宁、内蒙古、宁夏、青海、广东、湖南、山东一123.彭妮红赘蛛 cllt.raca,:t人iu,n Pe,,,:夕1 0.p.Cambrid罗,1873 分布:河北、新疆、辽宁、内蒙古、宁夏、青海、广东、湖南、山东124.绿色红鳌蛛Clll’racanthl’um viresce,:s(Sandevall,1873) 分…     

CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTHROPOD COMMUNITY AND THEIR DIVERSITY RESTORATION IN LEAFY VEGETABLE FIELDS

Abstract  The effect of chemical insecticides on the structure and diversity of arthropod communities in various vegetable fields and the restoration of their biodiversity after stopping application of chemical insecticides were studied. The results showed that the effect of chemical insecticides on the arthropods in vegetable fields could be characterized the species structure, the diversity index and the evenness of species distribution. Components of arthpod species depended closely on the species number of insect pests, predatory natural enemies and spiders. Investigations showed that the numbers of species in the vegetable fields managed with chemical insecticides were obviously reduced, and their diversity indices were lower comparing with that without chemical insecticides. When the applications of chemical insecticides were stopped in vegetable fields, the index of population trend ( I ) of dominant insect pests decreased greatly, the control effect of natural enemies on major insect pests increased, and the diversity index of arthropod increased at the same time. Thus, limiting the application of chemical insecticides, resuming the environment of vegetable fields destroyed by using chemical insecticides, escalating the control ability of natural enemies on main insect pests will play an important role in the ecological control of insect pests in vegetable fields.     

菜田节肢动物群落特征及其多样性恢复的研究

探讨了化学杀虫剂对菜田节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响以及停止化学杀虫剂使用后多样性的恢复,结果表明化学杀虫剂对菜田节肢动物群落的物种组成,多样性指数及物种分布的均匀性等均有影响,菜田节肢动物群落结构变化同害虫类,捕食性天敌和蜘蛛类的特征变化关系密切,经常使用化学杀虫剂的菜田与停止使用后的菜田相比,物种数量显减少,多样性指数降低,停止化学杀虫剂使用后,优势害虫的种群趋势指数明显降低,大敌对主要害虫的控制作用增强,节肢动物多样性指数增大,因此,限制化学杀虫剂的使用,恢复由于化学杀虫剂的使用而破坏了菜田环境,增强天敌对主要害虫的控制能力,这在菜田害虫生态控制中起着重要的作用。     

稻螟赤眼蜂田间自然繁殖利用研究

多年调查表明,稻螟赤眼蜂是我省多择性卵寄生天敌的优势种．同时发现．稻螟蛉卵可认为是水稻上几种主要害虫天敌的天然优良寄主．由于它的被寄生率高．天敌繁殖量大．控制后继害虫的功效显,所以在水稻生产上稻螟蛉实是益大于害的．在早稻害虫防治实践中．应该减少农药使用,或避开天敌活动期和早稻前期用药．以使世代短的天敌,在近期内迅速形成庞大的种群数量。控制相继发生的二化螟、稻纵卷叶螟和稻苞虫的为害．可减少早稻用药1-2次．上述方案．无须人工生产天敌,即以田间自然繁殖保护天敌的新技术,所能达到稻田以虫治虫的功效．不亚于以往工业生产天敌的举措．实具有经济、生态和社会三方面的效益．     

几种化学农药对稻田优势种蜘蛛杀伤力的研究

用５种化学农药对稻田优势种蜘蛛杀伤力的盆栽与田间进行测试。结果表明,５种化学农药对稻田４种优势种蜘蛛都有较大的杀伤力,总的杀伤率达６２．１％－９１．７％,盆栽施药比田间施药对蜘蛛的杀伤力大。田间试验结果应当比较符合实际;田间试验对照组蛛虫减退的民政部进一步说明,蜘蛛对目标害虫具有良好的控制作用,在晚稻后期,如果蛛虫比在１：５以下,用不着使用化学农药防治。     

Field spray abdominal gland secretions of rove beetles: Effects on the pest abundance and arthropod community

Alternative environmentally friendly methods for pest control are in high demand because of the environmental impacts of pesticides. Notably, predator-released kairomone is a natural compound released by natural enemies, which mediates non-consumptive effects between natural enemies and prey. However, this novel pest control agent is underutilized relative to pesticides and natural enemies. Additionally, the effects of spraying predator kairomone on the number and diversity of arthropods in fields and whether this method is environmental-friendly are poorly understood. In the present study, a predator kairomone, rove beetle (Paederus fuscipes Curtis) abdominal gland secretion (AGS), was sprayed in rice fields to investigate whether AGS can suppress pest populations or will affect the fields’ arthropod communities. After AGS spraying, the abundance of arthropods decreased throughout the first 12-d period, including arthropod pests such as hemipterans (small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén), brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), and leafhoppers), and lepidopterans (rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée). The abundance of arthropod predators was not affected, except for predatory spiders, which decreased, and rove beetles (P. fuscipes), which increased. In the terms of arthropod diversity, neither pests nor their natural enemies were changed by AGS application. This work highlights that predator kairomone can temporarily suppress pest populations in fields but has no adverse effects on arthropod diversity; thus, this approach is environmentally friendly and can be used in real-world applications. Broadly, present studies suggest that the application of predator kairomone may have synergistic or cumulative effects on pest suppression.