化学杀虫剂对菜田节肢动物多样性的影响

分析了化学杀虫剂对菜田节肢动物结构组成、多样性变化等的影响,结果表明化学杀虫剂对菜田节肢动物的影响主要表现在物种组成、多样性指数及物种分布的均匀性等方面,尤其是对害虫类、捕食性天敌和蜘蛛类的影响尤为明显。停止化学杀虫剂使用后,菜田优势害虫种群趋势指数降低,天敌的控制作用明显增强,节肢动物多样性指数增大。因此,限制和停止化学杀虫剂的使用,恢复由于杀虫剂使用而破坏了的菜田环境,逐步增强天敌对优势害虫的控制能力,这在菜田害虫生态控制中具有重要作用。     

菜田节肢动物群落特征及其多样性恢复的研究

探讨了化学杀虫剂对菜田节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响以及停止化学杀虫剂使用后多样性的恢复,结果表明化学杀虫剂对菜田节肢动物群落的物种组成,多样性指数及物种分布的均匀性等均有影响,菜田节肢动物群落结构变化同害虫类,捕食性天敌和蜘蛛类的特征变化关系密切,经常使用化学杀虫剂的菜田与停止使用后的菜田相比,物种数量显减少,多样性指数降低,停止化学杀虫剂使用后,优势害虫的种群趋势指数明显降低,大敌对主要害虫的控制作用增强,节肢动物多样性指数增大,因此,限制化学杀虫剂的使用,恢复由于化学杀虫剂的使用而破坏了菜田环境,增强天敌对主要害虫的控制能力,这在菜田害虫生态控制中起着重要的作用。     

Do weaver ants affect arthropod diversity and the natural‐enemy‐to‐pest ratio in horticultural systems?

High biodiversity is an important component of sustainable agricultural systems, and previous studies have found that increases in the diversity of the natural enemies of pests are associated with decreases in pest populations. Weaver ants are well known for their highly territorial and aggressive behaviour and for their control efficiency of many insect pests in tropical crop trees. Because of this, the ants have been used as a key component in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes for tropical crop trees. In implementing the IPM programmes, we received a number of enquiries related to whether weaver ants have negative effects on arthropod diversity and other natural enemies in orchard systems due to their aggressive behaviour. To answer these questions, we regularly sampled canopy arthropods in cashew and mango orchards in the Northern Territory of Australia in 1996, 2002 and 2003. We sampled, using a vacuum sampler, orchards with and without weaver ants. Cashew and mango plots with abundant weaver ants had similar or higher canopy arthropod and natural enemy diversity and similar ratios of natural enemies to insect pests, compared with plot where the weaver ant was absent. The study also showed that the application of insecticides reduced arthropod diversity and the ratio of natural enemies to insect pests in a mango orchard. However, insecticide spray did not affect natural enemy diversity and abundance, which may be related to a high immigration rate of natural enemies in small plots surrounded by areas that were not sprayed.     

蔬菜害虫防治技术的发展与应用

<正> 我国幅员广、气候差异大、蔬菜品种多、茬口复杂、其害虫种类已达300多种,重要的有40余种。其发生情况常因蔬菜品种、栽培制度、气候类型不同而异。其     

棉区夏玉米田节肢动物群落的研究

系统研究了夏玉米田节肢动物群落的相对多度,丰富度、生态优势度,多样性指散和均匀度的变动。分析提出了以保护利用天敌为主的综合防治对策。     

蔬菜害虫及其天敌昆虫群落多样性和相关性研究

在比较脆弱的菜田生态系统中,蔬菜害虫和天敌如果没有人为防治的干扰,天敌群落和害虫群落在结构上有动态的消长规律。江淮地区蔬菜害虫主要为菜缢管蚜(Brevicoryae brassicae)、瓜绢螟(Diaphania indica)、朱砂叶螨(Tetranychus cinnabarinus)及桃蚜(Myzus persicae)等;昆虫天敌主要为异色瓢虫(Harmonia axyndis)、广赤眼蜂(Trichogramma evanescens)及七星瓢虫(Coccinella septempunctata)等。8月下旬～9月下旬,菜田昆虫种类丰富、个体发生量大,多样性指数及均匀度指数较大。经典型相关分析,蔬菜害虫和天敌群落间典型相关系数达极显著水平,其中载荷较大的指标为多样性指数和均匀度,即两个群落结构间的相关,主要是多样性指数和均匀度的相关。     

不同杀虫剂对大豆田节肢动物群落结构的影响

通过田间调查明确了大豆田节肢动物群落构成及其优势种群,利用群落参数并结合笔者提出的群落扰动系数比较分析了马拉硫磷、阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯和敌敌畏等杀虫剂对大豆田节肢动物群落及其亚群落的影响,研究结果表明:不同杀虫剂对田间天敌、害虫和中性昆虫亚群的丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数影响存在较大差异,其中对中性昆虫亚群影响最大。4种杀虫剂中,阿维菌素对群落的影响最小;高效氯氰菊酯对群落的影响最大,大量杀伤了天敌并引起大豆蚜的再猖獗;不同杀虫剂作用下节肢动物群落恢复速度亦存在明显差异,其中阿维菌素防治田群落恢复速度较快,其它药剂防治田的群落恢复明显滞后或根本无法恢复。     

棉田生态系统中害虫、天敌群落结构与功能关系的研究

为探讨生物群落结构与功能的关系,有效地开展棉田害虫、天敌的生态调控,作者在系统调查与测定华北棉区８种不同时空类型棉田害虫、天敌群落物种丰富度、总个体数、能流量多样性指数及群落生产力的基础上,分析了各类型棉田害虫、天敌群落结构与功能的关系,总结了如下的一般规律：１）上一营养层（棉株或害虫）的生产力越高,其所支持的下一营养层（害虫或天敌）群落的总个体数和生产力增加;２）害虫群落的物种丰富度与其群落生产     

Conservation biological control and IPM practices in Brassica vegetable crops in China

Brassicas are major vegetable crops in China but the systems for growing the crops are complex. During the last 30 years, the area of vegetable crops has increased steadily, however, the control of insect pests on brassica vegetables has largely relied on the heavy use of chemical insecticides, resulting in high levels of resistance, insecticide residues hazardous to human health and other serious consequences. Nevertheless, efforts to develop practical and sustainable integrated pest management (IPM) strategies for brassica vegetables have been implemented. Here we first review the work on surveys of natural enemies of insect pests in brassicas and describe the biology and ecology of a few important parasitoids. We then introduce the progress of conservation biological control by reviewing studies on evaluation of natural enemies and selective insecticides, the work on the development of action thresholds and some successful examples of IPM field trials at the cropping system level. The successful examples of IPM practices in brassicas show the great potential of conservation biological control to reduce chemical pesticide input and improve vegetable production in the future.     

蚜虱净对苜蓿田节肢动物群落结构及动态的影响

以物种丰富度(S)、个体数量(N)、香农指数(Shannon’sindex,H′)和均匀度指数(E)作为多样性指标,研究了蚜虱净对苜蓿田节肢动物群落结构和季节动态的影响.结果表明:蚜虱净对天敌亚群落物种数的影响大于害虫亚群落,使总群落和害虫亚群落的优势集中性显著增加,但5月底施药对传粉蜜蜂类亚群落的优势集中性无显著影响.喷药初期,蚜虱净显著降低了蚜虫、蓟马等害虫数量,7d后蚜虫、蓟马等种群数量迅速回升,40d后超过对照;施药初期天敌亚群落的物种数大幅减少,多样性和均匀度指数较低,7d后天敌的物种数逐渐回升,到后期与对照田基本一致,但个体数量一直未恢复至对照水平.     

山东水稻病虫害系统最优控制研究

1994～1996年研究了稻田13种可控因素对水稻病虫害、天敌和产量的综合效应以及分期混合施药技术。根据既控制病虫增产又保护生态的原则,综合评价了可控因素,提出了水稻病虫害系统最优控制为中国91或辐4-2,N150kg/hm     

间种牧草杂交杏李园节肢动物群落的结构及动态

对间种牧草杂交杏李园节肢动物群落结构与组成的系统定位观察与分析表明:杂交杏李园害虫种类有蚜虫类、叶螨类、食心虫类、介壳虫类、吮吸类、食叶类等,危害最为严重的是蚜虫类、叶螨类和食心虫类,这三种害虫的数量直接影响果实的产量。蓄草果园的天敌种类主要有蜘蛛类、瓢虫类和草蛉类,这三类天敌对主要害虫具有一定的控制作用,而且对维持果园害虫及其天敌之间平衡起着重要作用。对各功能类群的数量结构、生态优势度和多样性分析表明,间种牧草果园节肢动物群落结构比较稳定,各种群落指标相对平衡,天敌自然控害效果比较明显。分析认为果园有害生物综合治理应坚持大量利用自然天敌为主的生态控制的途径,不断优化果园生物群落结构、提高群落多样性和均匀度,减少群落生态优势度,增强群落自身调节控害能力,辅助使用农药,逐步达到生态控制果园有害生物的目的。     

稻田节肢动物群落多样性

本文运用种类丰富度(S)、均匀性(V)和申农指数(Shannon's index.H')分析稻田节肢动物群落和各亚群落多样性的空间层次差异、季节动态、以及杀虫药剂的作用.稻田节肢动物群落的多样性值较低,H'值一般在3以下,表明群落稳定性差;多样性季节变化较大.在不用农药条件下,8月底以后的H'值较高;水稻群体上部群落的S、和V'值均大于下部的对应值;杀虫药剂的应用虽提高了群落总体的H'和V'值,但对亚群落的分析表明,杀虫药剂促进害虫亚群落的H'和V'值上升,却降低了各天敌亚群落的有关值,从而扩大了害虫和天敌之间稳定性的差距,使两者的同步关系受到损害;杀虫药剂的应用还使各天敌亚群落种类数和个体数明显减少,特别是寄生天敌昆虫种类数、个体数均大幅度下降,使其难以起到控制害虫的应有作用,这又为害虫的再猖獗提供有利条件.通过分析认为,就稻田节肢动物而言,多样性仍然是群落稳定性的一个重要测定指标.     

Tea: Biological control of insect and mite pests in China

Tea is one of the most economically important crops in China. To secure its production and quality, biological control measures within the context of integrated pest management (IPM) has been widely popularized in China. IMP programs also provide better control of arthropod pests on tea with less chemical insecticide usage and minimal impact on the environment. More than 1100 species of natural enemies including about 80 species of viruses, 40 species of fungi, 240 species of parasitoids and 600 species of predators, as well as several species of bacteria have been recorded in tea ecosystems in China. Biological and ecological characteristics of some dominant natural enemies have been well documented. Several viral, bacterial, and fungal insecticides have been commercially utilized at large scale in China. Progress in biological control methods in conjunction with other pest control approaches for tea insect pest management is reviewed in this article. Knowledge gaps and future directions for tea pest management are also discussed.     

苜蓿人工草地节肢动物群落的时间格局

调查了甘肃省庄浪县苜蓿人工草地节肢动物群落的组成及多样性变化,应用主分量分析和最优分割法对节肢动物群落的时间格局进行了研究。结果表明,苜蓿人工草地节肢动物群落的物种丰富度,多样性和均匀度指标在时间过程中的变化有明显的差异和规律性,6月下旬害虫和天敌的物种丰富度均达到最大值,但天敌的个体数量高峰明显落后于害虫,在时间变化过程中,影响节肢动物群落的主导因素和时间格局分化明显,根据研究结果,将苜蓿人工草地节肢动物群落在时间动态中的变化划分为5月上旬以前,5月中旬-6月上旬,6月中旬-7月中旬,7月中旬以后4个阶段,并结合气候,物候变化,分析了各阶段内主要害虫和天敌的发生特点,提出了害虫的治理对策。     

化学防治对不同类型棉田害虫和捕食性天敌群落多样性的影响

分析比较了化学防治对8种不同类型棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落多样性的影响。研究结果表明,化学防治对棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落的多样性指数、均匀性指数、丰富度及个体数的变化有较大的影响,尤其对捕食性天敌群落的影响显著。但这种作用依不同类型棉田或棉花不同生育阶段而异：化学防治对套作棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落的影响较小,而对单作棉田和豆间棉棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落的影响较大;晚播棉田害虫与捕食性天敌群落较早播棉田受化学防治的影响更大;化学防治对免耕棉田害虫、天敌群落的影响更大,非免耕棉田害虫、捕食性天敌群落受其干扰较小;春套棉边害虫、捕食性天敌群落与其它棉田类型相比,受化学防治的影响较少;棉花害虫在棉花生育前期对化学防治较棉花生育后期敏感,而捕食性天敌在棉花整个生育期均对化学防治敏感。     

Field spray abdominal gland secretions of rove beetles: Effects on the pest abundance and arthropod community

Alternative environmentally friendly methods for pest control are in high demand because of the environmental impacts of pesticides. Notably, predator-released kairomone is a natural compound released by natural enemies, which mediates non-consumptive effects between natural enemies and prey. However, this novel pest control agent is underutilized relative to pesticides and natural enemies. Additionally, the effects of spraying predator kairomone on the number and diversity of arthropods in fields and whether this method is environmental-friendly are poorly understood. In the present study, a predator kairomone, rove beetle (Paederus fuscipes Curtis) abdominal gland secretion (AGS), was sprayed in rice fields to investigate whether AGS can suppress pest populations or will affect the fields’ arthropod communities. After AGS spraying, the abundance of arthropods decreased throughout the first 12-d period, including arthropod pests such as hemipterans (small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén), brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), white-backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), and leafhoppers), and lepidopterans (rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée). The abundance of arthropod predators was not affected, except for predatory spiders, which decreased, and rove beetles (P. fuscipes), which increased. In the terms of arthropod diversity, neither pests nor their natural enemies were changed by AGS application. This work highlights that predator kairomone can temporarily suppress pest populations in fields but has no adverse effects on arthropod diversity; thus, this approach is environmentally friendly and can be used in real-world applications. Broadly, present studies suggest that the application of predator kairomone may have synergistic or cumulative effects on pest suppression.     

Reprint of: Biological control of rice insect pests in China

Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world. China has the second largest area of the rice growing in the world and the highest yield of rice produced. Infestation by insect pests, especially rice planthoppers, stem borers and leaf folders, is always a serious challenge to rice production in China. Current methods for controlling insect pests in China mainly include good farming practices, biological control, breeding and growing resistant varieties, and the use of chemical insecticides. However, for farmers, the favorite method for insect pest control is still the application of chemical insecticide, which not only causes severe environmental pollution and the resurgence of herbivores but also reduces populations of the natural enemies of herbivores. To control insect pests safely, effectively and sustainably, strategies encouraging biological control are currently demanded. Here we review the progress that has been made in the development and implementation of biological controls for rice in China since the 1970s. Such progress includes the species identification of the natural enemies of rice insect pests, the characterization of their biology, and the integration of biological controls in integrated pest management. To develop effective ecological engineering programs whose aim is to implement conservation biological controls, further research, including the evaluation of the roles of plants in non-crop habitats in conservation biological controls, volatiles in enhancing efficiency of natural enemies and natural enemies in manipulating insect pests, and education to increase farmers’ knowledge of biological controls, is proposed.     

粉蚧化学生态学研究进展

粉蚧是农林经济作物的一类重要害虫，由于体表覆盖一层蜡粉，化学防治常需要大剂量反复用药该虫才能得以控制，易造成环境污染及害虫再猖獗。本文从昆虫化学生态学的角度综述了粉蚧类害虫的寄主植物范围、天敌应用以及三重营养关系研究进展，归纳已鉴定粉蚧性信息素化学结构特点及其在综合防治中应用概况，探讨粉蚧类害虫化学生态学未来研究方向，为其绿色防控提供理论基础。     

茶园间作不同绿肥对节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响

【目的】研究在茶园中合理间作绿肥对茶园节肢动物群落结构和多样性的影响。【方法】本文在茶园中分别设间作铺地木兰+罗顿豆、圆叶决明+白三叶、白三叶+平托花生3种不同绿肥组合处理,并设不间作绿肥、常规除草的茶园为对照。【结果】间作不同绿肥均能提高茶园节肢动物群落的物种丰富度和群落多样性,提高茶园捕食性天敌昆虫、蜘蛛和寄生性天敌在茶园冠层群落的比率;不同处理茶园冠层节肢动物Shannon-wiener多样性指数(H)、Simpson指数(D)和均匀度指数变化趋势基本一致;茶冠层的节肢动物群落多样性指数在4类不同处理茶园间差异显著;间作绿肥增加了茶园的生物多样性,4类不同处理茶园茶冠层群落相似性系数在0.741~0.892之间,表明4类不同处理茶园冠层群落在物种组成上有较高的相似性。4类不同处理茶园害虫与天敌两类群功能团的丰盛度之间成显著的正相关,表明天敌对害虫的空间数量跟随效应强,主要表现为二者数量间的相互作用。灰色关联度分析表明在4类不同处理茶园中的群落节肢动物物种数/个体数、天敌物种数/害虫物种数、害虫丰富度与多样性指数和均匀度指数的关联系数较高,反应了群落的多样性和稳定性。【结论】间作增强了茶园群落的生物多样性,提高害虫天敌的种类和个体数,有利有效发挥天敌对有害生物的生态控制。